TVT-O和TVT治疗单纯女性压力性尿失禁的远期疗效:立足随机对照试验的Meta分析(更新)

目的:更新系统评价经阴道-闭孔尿道中段无张力吊带术(trans-obturator va-ginal tape,TVT-O)和阴道无张力性尿道中段悬吊术(tention free vaginal tape,TVT)治疗女性压力性尿失禁的远期成功率和并发症。方法:计算机检索配合手工检索以下数据库:Cochrane图书馆CCRT(2000年至2010年11月),MEDLINE(1966年至2010年11月),EMBASE(1988年至2010年11月),中国生物医学文献数据库CMCC(1979年至2010年11月)等,同时查阅未发表文献(灰色文献),纳入比较TVT-O和TVT术治疗SUI的随机对照试验(RCT),两位评价员按照Cochrane协作网推荐的纳入标准,独立进行文献筛查、质量评价和资料提取。应用Review Manager 5.0软件对纳入研究进行综合定量评价,然后按GRADE系统对Meta分析各个结局指标进行分级推荐。结果:纳入20个随机对照试验。TVT-O与TVT的总"客观成功率"相似,相对危险度RR=0.99,95%CI(0.95～1.02),"1年客观成功率"[RR=1.03,95%CI(0.99～1.07)]、"2年客观成功率"[RR=0.97,95%CI(0.89～1.06)]和"2年以上客观成功率"[RR=1.00,95%CI(0.94～1.07)]均相似(P>0.05),以上结论为GRADE高级;"主观成功率"相似[RR=0.98,95%CI(0.93～1.04)],GRADE分级为中级。TVT-O术后"疼痛和不适感"发生率高于TVT[RR=2.35,95%CI(1.57～3.51)](P<0.01);TVT-O术后"血肿"概率低于TVT[RR=0.37,95%CI(0.16～0.86)](P<0.05);"尿路感染"[RR=1.14,95%CI(0.78～1.65)]相似(P>0.05);以上为GRADE中级。TVT-O"吊带排斥"[RR=0.90,95%CI(0.48～1.67)]、"尿路症状"[RR=1.60,95%CI(0.67～3.79)]、"尿潴留"[RR=0.96,95%CI(0.61～1.49)]、"重新留置尿管"[RR=0.93,95%CI(0.59～1.44)]和TVT相似(P>0.05),TVT-O"膀胱损伤"[RR=0.20,95%CI(0.09～0.45)]概率低于TVT(P<0.01),以上结论GRADE为高级证据。结论:TVT-O较TVT疼痛风险增加,特别是术后腹股沟区疼痛发生率增加,血肿和膀胱损伤的风险性减小,两术式远期成功率和其它并发症相似。     

压力性尿失禁4种不同手术方式治疗的临床效果分析

目的:分析应用尿道折叠术、耻骨后库柏韧带悬吊术(Burch)、阴道无张力尿道中段悬吊带术(TVT)以及经闭孔经阴道尿道中段悬吊带术(TVT-O)治疗压力性尿失禁(SUI)患者的临床效果.方法:回顾分析83例尿失禁合并子宫、阴道脱垂患者的临床资料,根据行不同手术治疗,将其分为行尿道折叠术组(32例)、Burch组(15例)、TVT组(22例)以及TVT-O组(14例),并对4组的术中、术后及并发症情况进行比较.结果:①TVT-O组患者手术时间最短77.6±4.0分钟,与其他3组比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).TVT-O组和TVT组的患者在手术时间、留置尿管时间和住院天数上,与尿道折叠术组和Burch组比较,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05).②TVT-O组吊带侵蚀1例,术后排尿困难1例;TVT组吊带侵蚀1例,术后排尿困难3例;Burch组排尿困难4例;尿道折叠术组外阴血肿2例,下肢静脉血栓形成1例,术后排尿困难7例.③TVT-O组手术治愈率最高100%,TVT-O组患者2年治愈率92.86%.结论:TVT-O操作简单、治愈率高,在保证较低手术并发症的同时,实现了2年随访期限内理想稳定的治疗效果.TVT-O术是目前治疗压力性尿失禁的比较理想的手术方法.     

经闭孔阴道无张力尿道中段悬吊带术治疗女性压力性尿失禁的远期结局及进展

压力性尿失禁(SUI)是影响女性身心健康的常见疾病,有多种治疗方法,其中阴道无张力尿道中段悬吊带术是一线手术治疗SUI的常用方法,目前临床上多选择闭孔路线。经闭孔从外向内穿刺的无张力尿道中段吊带术(TOT)及经闭孔从内向外穿刺的无张力尿道中段吊带术(TVT-O)安全性高、手术时间短、疗效好、并发症少,可显著提高SUI患者的生活质量、维持或改善性功能,且膀胱穿孔、肠管损伤及排尿功能障碍等围手术期并发症的发生率均较低。经闭孔路径悬吊带术(包括TVT-O和TOT)的特有并发症为下肢疼痛,可以通过药物治疗或随着时间推移减轻症状。     

经耻骨后与经闭孔无张力尿道悬吊术治疗女性压力性尿失禁并发症分析

目的比较经耻骨后无张力尿道悬吊术（TVT）和经闭孔无张力尿道悬吊术（TVT—O）治疗女性压力性尿失禁的手术并发症。方法回顾性分析我院2002年9月-2007年6月应用TVT和TVT—O治疗女性压力性尿失禁患者167例（TVT术74例,TVT-O术93例）的临床资料。结果术中膀胱穿孔：TVT组发生率为9．46％,TVT—O组为1．08％（P〈0．05）;术中出血〉100ml：TVT组发生率为16．22％,TVT—O组6．45％（P〈0．05）,其他术中、术后并发症发生率两种手术方法比较,差异无显著性（P〉0．05）。结论与TVT比较,TVT-O手术并发症的发生率低,且手术操作简便、手术时间短,是一种较理想的治疗女性压力性尿失禁的手术方法。     

TVT-A与TVT-O治疗女性压力性尿失禁术后发生腹股沟疼痛情况分析

目的:比较使用改良式经闭孔经阴道无张力尿道中段悬吊术(tension-free vaginal tape-abbrevotm,TVT-A)与传统经闭孔无张力尿道中段悬吊术(tension-free vaginal tape-obturator,TVT-O)治疗女性压力性尿失禁术后发生腹股沟疼痛情况。方法:回顾性分析2014年1月至2016年4月87例采用TVT-A治疗压力性尿失禁及33例采用TVT-O治疗压力性尿失禁患者的临床资料,比较分析两组患者的术后效果及术后腹股沟疼痛的发生情况。结果:TVT-A和TVT-O两组手术均顺利完成,平均手术时间、术中出血量及治愈率差异无统计学意义(P0.05);术后腹股沟疼痛发生率TVT-A组明显小于TVT-O组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);疼痛VAS评分TVT-A组小于TVT-O组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:TVT-A治疗女性压力性尿失禁,安全有效,TVT-A较TVT-O术后腹股沟疼痛的发生率明显降低。     

单切口经阴道无张力尿道中段悬吊带术TVT-Secur治疗女性压力性尿失禁前瞻性研究

目的:评估单切口经阴道无张力尿道中段悬吊带术(TVT-Secur)治疗女性压力性尿失禁术后2年的疗效。方法:对经尿动力学检查证实为压力性尿失禁同时伴有不同程度的阴道后壁膨出的21例患者,行单切口经阴道无张力尿道中段悬吊带术及阴道后壁修补术治疗,记录围手术参数、疼痛评分及并发症,并随访了术后2年内的临床效果。结果:实行TVT-Secur手术的21例患者均在静脉麻醉下完成;平均手术时间9.7min;平均术中出血量36.9ml;患者均在术后24h内自行排尿,19例(91%)残余尿为0,2例(9%)残余尿<50ml。术后视觉模拟疼痛评分(VAS)均<3分,平均1.86分。术中有3例发生阴道壁穿透,无术后并发症及术后病率。术后以患者主观感觉和客观尿垫试验为评价标准,平均随访17.3个月,主观治愈率95.2%(20/21),客观治愈率85.7%(18/21),改善率9.5%(2/21)。结论:单切口经阴道无张力尿道中段悬吊带术是治疗女性压力性尿失禁微创、低疼痛和安全的手术方法,近期疗效满意。     

全国妇科泌尿学与盆底重建外科手术研讨会即将召开

由北京大学人民医院妇科承办卫生部国家级继续教育项目“妇科泌尿学与盆底重建外科手术研讨会”初步定于2005年3月24-27日在北京举行。会议将邀请国内该领域著名专家进行专题讲座，并演示各种手术方法，包括阴道无张力尿道中段悬吊术(TVT)、经阴道无张力吊带悬吊术(IVS)、经闭孔尿道中下段悬吊术(TVT-O)、腹腔镜耻骨后膀胱颈悬吊术(Burch韧带悬吊术)、     

两种悬吊术治疗女性压力性尿失禁疗效比较

目的探讨经闭孔尿道中段无张力悬吊术和改良尿道中段无张力悬吊术在治疗女性压力性尿失禁中的疗效。方法 2008年5月至2009年5月在南京医科大学附属常州市第二人民医院将100例压力性尿失禁患者随机分成两组,一组进行经闭孔尿道中段无张力悬吊术,简称闭孔组,作为对照组;另一组行改良尿道中段无张力悬吊术,简称改良组;比较两组术中情况及术后疗效。结果分别对两种方法的手术时间,术中出血量,排气时间及住院时间等指标进行统计学分析(P<0.05),结果表明改良组较对照组手术时间短,术中出血少,住院时间短(P<0.05);而改良组在术后1年的复发率较对照组差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论改良尿道中段无张力悬吊术手术更简单,短期疗效满意,对患者生存质量有很大改善,但对其长期疗效还有待进一步研究。     

经阴道无张力尿道悬吊术治疗女性压力性尿失禁40例分析

目的：观察经阴道无张力尿道悬吊术(TVT)治疗女性压力性尿失禁的临床疗效。方法：2001年10月至2003年1月采用经阴道无张力尿道悬吊术治疗40例女性压力性尿失禁。结果：40例手术后尿失禁均得到控制，经随访2—26个月无一例出现尿失禁现象。平均手术时间54min，平均出血量80mL。40例患者恢复正常排尿后到残余尿均＜50mL。结论：TVT手术治疗女性压力性尿失禁具有手术创伤小、在局麻下手术、吊带悬吊效果可靠、作用持久、手术悬吊适度、手术并发症发生率低等优点，适宜临床推广应用。     

阴道无张力尿道中段悬吊术与单纯盆底修复手术治疗压力性尿失禁临床疗效比较

目的:比较压力性尿失禁合并盆腔脏器脱垂(POP)的患者,行阴道无张力尿道中段悬吊术(TVT)与单纯盆底修复术的疗效差异。方法:32例压力性尿失禁或同时伴有不同程度盆腔脏器脱垂的患者,20例接受TVT手术,12例未行TVT手术,只进行了盆底修复或(和)其他妇科手术,术前、术后进行评估。结果:手术总时间、术中出血量、术后住院时间,两组患者之间没有统计学差异。TVT组术中出现膀胱穿孔1例,术后两组均无严重并发症。TVT组随访4~26个月,90%完全治愈,10%明显改善。单纯修复组随访7~24个月,治愈率66.7%,1例复发,1例加重。结论:TVT治疗女性压力性尿失禁是一种安全、有效的手术,与盆底修复同时进行可显著提高压力性尿失禁的治愈率。     

Comparing vaginal tape and transobturator tape for the treatment of mild and moderate stress incontinence.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy and safety of the tension-free vaginal tape (TVT) and transobturator suburethral tape (TVT-O) procedures for the treatment of mild and moderate stress urinary incontinence (SUI). METHODS: A total of 56 women were randomly selected to undergo the TVT-O or the TVT procedure. In some patients, vaginal repair or vaginal hysterectomy was done simultaneously for associated indications. RESULTS: Mean blood loss and hospital stay duration were the same for the 2 groups, but mean +/- SD operative time was significantly shorter in the TVT-O than in the TVT group (16+/-4 min vs 27+/-6 min; P<0.001). On the second day following surgery a residual urine volume less than 100 mL was noted in 86% and 89% of the patients in the TVT-O and TVT groups, respectively; cure was achieved in 92.9% and 92.6% of the patients. No serious complications occurred in either group. Outcome was subjectively assessed, with the patients followed-up for a mean of 27.6 months. CONCLUSION: No significant differences in rates of cure, postoperative urine retention, or operative complications were found following the TVT-O or the TVT procedure.     

Tension-free vaginal tape procedure is an ideal treatment for obese patients

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of obesity on the success of the tension-free vaginal tape (TVT) procedure for stress urinary incontinence. Specifically, do patients with a body mass index (BMI) of 35 kg/m(2) or greater have a lower cure rate of stress urinary incontinence?STUDY DESIGN: This retrospective cohort study identified 35 patient pairs who had undergone TVT in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, for stress urinary incontinence from November 1999 to July 2001. Obese patients (defined as BMI greater than or equal to 35 kg/m(2)) were paired with nonobese patients (defined as BMI less than or equal to 30 kg/m(2)). The subjects were matched for age (within 5 years) and prior continence surgeries. Patients with a maximum urethral closure pressure of less than or equal to 20 cm H(2)O were excluded. Follow-up was either by objective cough stress test or subjective cure assessed by telephone interview. Cure was defined as no postoperative stress incontinence. Statistical analysis was performed by conditional logistic regression for matched controls. RESULTS: The follow-up range was 6 to 24 months. There were seven failures in all, four in obese and three in nonobese patients, giving cure rates of 88.6% and 91.4%, respectively. This difference was not statistically significant (P>.05). There were five bladder perforations (identified at the time of the procedure), all occurring in nonobese patients (P< .05). CONCLUSION: These data do not demonstrate a difference in cure of TVT in obese versus nonobese patients. Given the finding of fewer complications, this procedure may be an ideal surgical treatment modality for stress urinary incontinence in obese women.     

Transobturator tape procedure versus tension-free vaginal tape for treatment of stress urinary incontinence

Objective

To compare the efficacy and safety of the tension-free vaginal tape (TVT) and inside-out transobturator tape (TVT-O) procedures for the treatment of stress urinary incontinence (SUI).

Methods

A total of 315 women with or without concomitant pelvic organ prolapse repairs were randomly allocated to undergo a TVT or TVT-O procedure. Demographic data, intra- and postoperative complications, and surgical outcomes were analyzed.

Results

Fifteen patients were lost to follow-up. There were no significant differences in cure rates between the 2 groups at 6, 12, 24, and 36 months' follow-up. Hematomas occurred in 4 patients and there were 6 vaginal tape erosions. Urinary retention and de novo urinary urgency were similar in both groups. The operative time was significantly shorter for TVT-O than for TVT without other procedures (P < 0.001) and postoperative groin/thigh pain was higher (P < 0.05) in the TVT-O group.

Conclusion

Both techniques appear equally effective for the treatment of SUI. However, TVT-O had a shorter operative time and a higher rate of groin/thigh pain.     

Results of tension-free vaginal tape in patients with or without vaginal hysterectomy

OBJECTIVE: To assess complications and cure rates of tension-free vaginal tape (TVT) procedure performed with or without vaginal hysterectomy. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective comparison of 41 women with urinary incontinence treated by a TVT procedure alone and 40 combined with vaginal hysterectomy. Objective cure was evaluated by clinical and urodynamic examination and by the contilife questionnaire. All patients were operated under regional anesthesia. RESULTS: The two groups were similar in age, parity, menopausal status and type and severity of incontinence. There was no difference in overall complication rates. In the TVT-hysterectomy group, there was a trend towards more bladder perforation (P=0.09). Post-operative urinary flow was lower in the TVT-hysterectomy group: 14 versus 24 ml/pc (P=0.02). The mean follow-up was similar: 23 and 25 months, respectively. No difference in objective and subjective cure rates was found between TVT group and TVT-hysterectomy group: 97.6% versus 92.5% and 68.3% versus 75%, respectively. CONCLUSION: TVT is a safe and effective surgical treatment of urinary incontinence. The association of the procedure with vaginal hysterectomy gave similar short-term objective and subjective cure rates than TVT technique alone.     

不同路径阴道无张力尿道中段悬吊术治疗重度压力性尿失禁

目的 探讨经耻骨后路径阴道无张力尿道中段悬吊(TVT)术及经闭孔路径阴道无张力尿道中段悬吊(TVT-O)术治疗女性重度压力性尿失禁的临床效果.方法 前瞻性随机对照单盲方法选取重度压力性尿失禁患者69例(其中35例行TVT,34例行TVT-O),部分患者合并Ⅰ～Ⅱ度子宫脱垂及阴道前壁膨出.分别记录两种路径手术的手术时间、术中出血量、术后住院时间、住院费用,以及术中、术后并发症的类型和发生率.运用尿道疾病程度分类问卷(UDI-6)和尿失禁相关生活质量问卷(ⅡQ-7)对两组患者组内及组间手术前后生活质量的变化进行评估.结果 TVT-O组平均手术时间为(18±5)min,明显短于TVT组的(27±5)min,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).两组术中出血量、术后第1天B超测量残余尿量的合格率、并发症发生率、术后住院时间和住院费用均相似,差异均无统计学意义(P均＞0.05).术后随访率100%,平均随访时间14.5个月.TVT组治愈率88.6%(31/35),略高于TVT-O组[85.3%(29/34)],但两组间比较,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).吊带侵蚀发生率TVT组为5.7%(2/35),高于TVT-O组[2.9%(1/34)];耻骨上、腹股沟或大腿内侧酸痛发生率TVT组为5.7%(2/35),低于TVT-O组[14.7%(5/34)],但差异均无统计学意义(P均＞0.05).两组间手术前后UDI-6和ⅡQ-7问卷各项目评分及总体评分分别比较,差异均无统计学意义(P均＞0.05).两组内手术后UDI-6问卷(除梗阻项目)和ⅡQ-7问卷各项目评分及总体评分较手术前均明显降低,差异均有统计学意义(P均＜0.01),UDI-6问卷中梗阻项目评分,两组内手术前后比较,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 TVT-O路径较TVT路径手术时间短,术后短期随访结果显示,两种手术路径均可有效治疗重度压力性尿失禁、改善患者生活质量且不增加尿道梗阻风险,但长期疗效有待进一步随访观察.     

Tension-free vaginal tape versus tension-free vaginal tape obturator in women with stress urinary incontinence

BACKGROUND: To assess the efficacy and complications of tension-free vaginal tape (TVT) versus tension-free vaginal tape obturator in women with urodynamic stress incontinence. METHODS: Prospective, randomized study. Initially, 91 patients were included in the study and 89 of them were available at 12 months follow-up. Forty-six patients were subjected to classic TVT procedure and 43 to transobturator vaginal tape from inside to outside (TVT-O) operation. There was no significant difference between the groups for age, BMI, menopausal status and prolapse. No patients had cystocele greater than stage I. Subjective and objective cure and improvement rate, mean operative time, hospital stay and complications incidence were assessed. RESULTS: Mean operative time was significant shorter in the TVT-O group (17.4 +/- 6.9 min) compared to the TVT group (26.7 +/- 8.6 min). There was no significant difference in the duration of hospital stay between two groups. The objective cure rate for TVT group was 89%, the improvement rate was 6.5%, the failure rate was 4.3% and the subjective cure rate 73.9%. The objective cure rate for TVT-O group was 90%, the improvement rate was 7.6%, the failure rate was 2.5% and the subjective cure rate 76.7%. The hemoglobin loss ranged between 1.0 +/- 0.5 g/dl for TVT group and 0.9 +/- 0.4 g/dl for TVT-O group. CONCLUSION: The TVT-O technique presents success rates comparable to the classic TVT method in the short term.     

Outcome of the use of tension-free vaginal tape in women with mixed urinary incontinence, previous failed surgery, or low valsalva pressure

AIM: To assess the safety and efficacy of the use of tension-free vaginal tape (TVT) for the treatment of stress urinary incontinence (SUI) in women with mixed incontinence, previous failed incontinence surgery or low valsalva leak point pressure (VLPP). METHODS: Six hundred and fifty-eight women with SUI underwent the TVT procedure. These included women with mixed stress and urge incontinence (n=128), previous surgery for SUI (n=118), low VLPP (n=80), and those over 70 years old (n=68). The procedure was carried out under spinal anesthetic and operative and immediate postoperative data was collected for all women. Six-month follow-up data was available on 454 women, with the first 300 women completing a quality of life (QOL) questionnaire before and after surgery. RESULTS: The overall subjective cure rate at 6 months was 91%, with 8% of women reporting significant (>50%) improvement in their symptoms. Subgroups with a body mass index > 30, age > 70 years, coexisting instability, previous failed surgery, and low VLPP showed cure rates of 81-89%. QOL improvements for all groups were highly significant. Significant complications included voiding difficulties in 29 women (4.4%), retropubic hematomas in four (0.6%), and thromboembolic episodes in three (0.5%). CONCLUSION: The simplicity and high efficacy of the TVT makes it the first choice for the treatment of women with SUI, including those with more complex problems or coexisting risk factors.     

Concomitant tension-free vaginal tape for urinary incontinence during laparoscopic hysterectomy

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of placing tension-free vaginal tape (TVT) during a laparoscopically assisted vaginal hysterectomy (LAVH) in women with stress urinary incontinence and coexistent benign gynaecological disease. DESIGN: Retrospective clinical study (Canadian Task Force classification II-2). SAMPLE: Thirty patients diagnosed with genuine stress incontinence and benign gynaecological disease were studied. METHODS: All the patients underwent LAVH and concomitant TVT procedure. RESULTS: There was no significant difference in urodynamic parameters before and after surgery. All patients were followed postoperatively for a mean duration of 24.6 +/- 11.5 months (range 12-40). The cure rate of stress urinary incontinence was 96.7%. CONCLUSIONS: Concomitant placement of tension-free vaginal tape during a laparoscopically assisted vaginal hysterectomy proved to be an efficacious and safe procedure for women with benign gynaecological disease and coexistent stress urinary incontinence.     

Pregnancy and delivery after tension-free vaginal tape (TVT) procedure: literature review and case report

The popularity of the TVT procedure for treating stress urinary incontinence has led to more women of childbearing age undergoing this surgery. Therefore the incidence of pregnancy after TVT procedure is likely to increase. We present a review of the current literature and we report the case of a 26-year-old woman previously treated with TVT-O. In the literature there is no evidence that an elective caesarean section protects against stress urinary incontinence in cases of pregnancy after TVT procedure. In our case an elective caesarean section was performed at 39 weeks’ gestation. Postnatal pelvic floor exercises successfully controlled the incontinence with a recurrence of the stress urinary incontinence 4 months after delivery on terminating physiotherapy. At 17 months after delivery the woman remained well with no incontinence or further treatment. In our opinion, vaginal delivery after TVT is not contraindicated. However, the mode of delivery must be considered individually and after fully advising the pregnant woman.     

Retropubic compared with transobturator tape placement in treatment of urinary incontinence: a randomized controlled trial

OBJECTIVE: To compare the intraoperative and immediate postoperative performance of the retropubic tension-free vaginal tape (TVT) procedure with that of the transobturator tension-free vaginal tape (TVT-O) procedure as primary treatment for female urinary stress incontinence. METHODS: Randomized multicenter comparative trial including four university hospitals and three central hospitals in Finland. Assessment preoperatively and 2 months postoperatively included a cough stress test and the following condition-specific quality of life questionnaires: the Urinary Incontinence Severity Score (UISS), the Detrusor Instability Score, the Incontinence Impact Questionnaire-Short Form, the Urogenital Distress Inventory-Short Form, and a visual analog scale (VAS). Operation time, theater time, hospital stay, intraoperative and immediate postoperative complications were recorded. RESULTS: Of the 273 originally randomized patients, 267 underwent the allocated operation, 136 in the TVT group and 131 in the TVT-O group. No significant differences in objective or subjective cure rates were detected. Patients in the TVT-O group had a significantly longer hospital stay, needed significantly more postoperative opiate analgesia and had significantly more complications than the patients in the TVT group. Patients in both groups had a significant postoperative improvement in quality of life, as indicated by the results of all the questionnaires used, with no difference between the groups. CONCLUSION: The TVT and the TVT-O procedures perform equally in terms of objective and subjective cure. The statistically significant higher complication rate in the TVT-O group is not regarded as clinically significant. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: (www.ClinicalTrials.gov), NCT00379314 LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: I.