腹腔镜下胆囊管嵌顿结石的处理

目的: 总结腹腔镜胆囊切除术(laporoscopic cholecystectomy,LC)中胆囊管结石嵌顿的处理经验.方法: 回顾分析2001年3月至2005年3月施行的LC临床资料,共1 180例,其中33例胆囊管结石嵌顿,行胆囊管切开取石,并选择性行术中胆道造影.结果:32例成功,其中包括1例术中胆道造影提示胆总管结石者,行腹腔镜下胆总管切开胆道镜下网篮取石术;1例因嵌顿结石紧靠胆总管取出困难而中转开腹.结论: 胆囊管结石嵌顿经适当处理均能在腹腔镜下完成胆囊切除术.如合并胆总管结石则可在腹腔镜下胆管切开胆道镜取石或中转开腹.     

术中造影对MRCP提示可疑性胆总管结石的诊断意义

目的 探讨术中胆道造影对可疑性胆总管结石的诊断价值。方法 2011年9月至2015年9月在我科术前行MRCP提示胆总管下段可疑结石的52例患者,术前生化提示均无梗阻性黄疸,行腹腔镜下胆囊切除术;同时术中行胆道造影,如造影提示阳性,则行腹腔镜下胆总管探查,如为阴性,则手术结束。术后定期复查随访。结果 52例患者中39例阳性,其中16例行腹腔镜下胆总管一期缝合,22例行腹腔镜下胆总管T管引流,还有1例既往有左半结肠手术史,腹腔粘连尚可,术中造影提示胆总管有结石,行腹腔镜下胆总管一期缝合。12例阴性,其中11例直接行腹腔镜下胆囊切除术,1例胆囊炎症较重,三角结构不清,腹腔镜下无法完成而中转开腹,开腹后胆道探查及造影提示无结石,行胆囊切除+胆总管探查+T管引流术。还有1例造影显示不明确则仅行腹腔镜下胆囊切除术,术后1个月、6个月、12个月随访复查无异常临床表现。结论 对于术前MRCP提示可疑性胆总管结石的患者行术中造影有助于手术方式的确定,并且可以减少不必要的医患纠纷。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术中胆囊管切开探查的临床意义

目的 探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术(LC)中胆囊管切开探查的临床意义.方法 :回顾分析1722例LC病例中306例胆囊管切开探查情况.结果 :胆囊管切开探查中,发现胆囊管结石109例;经胆囊管切口行胆道造影46例,发现胆总管结石16例(其中胆囊管、胆总管均有结石者10例),发现胆管损伤1例,胆管异常3例.总阳性发现率为38.9%.结论 :LC病例选择性胆囊管切开探查,可为术中胆道造影检查、胆道镜取石提供途径,可减少并发症,提高LC质量.     

胆囊管结石的诊断和腹腔镜胆囊切除术中的处理策略

目的 探讨胆囊管结石的诊断和腹腔镜胆囊切除术中胆囊管结石的处理技术要点.方法 回顾2006年10月至2011年12月在我院行腹腔镜胆囊切除术的102例胆囊管结石患者的临床资料,并对其诊断方法、手术处理方法和治疗效果进行分析.结果 术前经影像学诊断胆囊管结石39例(38.2％),所有病例均经手术证实胆囊管结石.101例顺利完成腹腔镜下手术,1例(0.98％)中转开腹.35例行术中经胆囊管胆道镜探查,其中3例发现胆总管结石并用网篮取出结石.本组术后未发生胆管损伤、出血、胆漏.1例发现胆总管残余结石,经非手术治疗成功结石.结论 腹腔镜胆囊切除术中应仔细探查胆囊管以防止胆囊管结石的遗漏.灵活运用腹腔镜的处理技巧及术中胆道镜,腹腔镜胆囊管结石手术是安全可行的.     

术中胆道造影在急诊腹腔镜胆囊切除术中的应用价值

目的 探讨经胆囊管术中胆道造影在急诊腹腔镜胆囊切除术中的价值.方法 对95例急性胆囊炎胆囊结石患者行急诊腹腔镜胆囊切除术,术中行经胆囊管胆道造影,对胆总管结石、胆囊管结石的发生率及发现胆管误伤和解剖变异情况进行回顾性分析.结果 经术中胆道造影发现胆总管结石11例、胆囊管结石6例、迷走胆管1例、肝总管损伤1例、Mirizzi综合征2例、胆道变异2例.结论 经胆囊管术中胆道造影在急诊腹腔镜胆囊切除术中可发现术前未发现的胆总管、胆囊管结石,指导治疗,减少术中胆管损伤,及时发现胆管损伤并正确处理,减轻急性炎症带来的手术困难.     

二镜联合经胆囊管治疗继发性胆总管结石20例分析

目的 探讨联合腹腔镜与纤维胆道镜经胆囊管治疗继发性胆总管结石的安全性和可行性.方法 对2006年10月至2011年12月我院收治的20例胆囊结石合并有胆总管继发性结石患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析.术前经B超和MRCP检查确诊,采用腹腔镜下经胆囊管置入纤维胆道镜胆总管探查取石术.结果 20例胆总管结石均经腹腔镜下纤维胆道镜经胆囊管取石成功并证实胆道下端通畅,均未留置T管,无严重并发症.结论 腹腔镜联合纤维胆道镜经胆囊管治疗继发性胆总管结石安全、有效,值得推广.     

经胆囊管行胆总管探查33例临床体会

目的 探讨经胆囊管行胆总管探查的临床价值.方法 对33例胆囊结石合并胆总管继发性结石或可疑病变者,采用胆囊切除后经胆囊管行胆总管探查取石治疗.结果 发现胆总管结石12例,6例改行胆总管切开探查,6例经胆囊管取出结石,探查阴性21例.术后恢复顺利,术后随访无结石残余及复发.结论 经胆囊管探查取石避免了常规的胆总管切开T管引流.减少了术后并发症的发生及留置管的痛苦与不便,具有操作简单、创伤小及术后常规住院日缩短等优点.     

术中经胆囊管胆道镜检查胆总管的临床探讨

目的 探讨术中经胆囊管入路胆道镜检查胆总管并治疗胆总管结石的可行性和安全性. 方法 对1998年10月至2005年5月间20例具有胆道探查指征的患者,施行经胆囊管置入胆道镜进行检查、取石,治疗后结扎胆囊管残端,胆总管内不置引流. 结果 成功19例,失败1例.其中发现结石15例,结石取净率100%(15/15),阴性检查4例.术中无胆道损伤,术后无胆漏等并发症,随访未发现残余结石. 结论 术中经胆囊管入路胆道镜检查与传统的经胆总管前壁切开入路相比,具有创伤小、安全、不损伤胆总管、免除患者术后带T管等优点.适用于胆囊结石合并胆总管小结石或胆道扩张可疑结石的患者,是比较理想的方法之一.     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术后胆总管残留结石的预防

目的 分析腹腔镜胆囊切除术后胆总管残留结石的原因并探讨预防措施.方法 回顾分析31例腹腔镜胆囊切除术后胆总管残留结石的临床资料.2例行保守治疗,3例行开腹胆总管切开取石、T管引流,26例行内镜逆行性胰胆管造影(ERCP)+内镜括约肌切开(EST).结果 本组病例均痊愈出院,1例并发急性胰腺炎,27例均获随访,随访6个月~8年,原有症状消失.结论 腹腔镜胆囊切除术后胆总管结石应引起重视,术前发现胆总管结石,术中正确判断及操作,术后行鼻胆管造影是避免胆总管残留结石的关键.     

术中胆道造影在腹腔镜胆囊切除术中的应用价值

目的: 探讨降低腹腔镜胆囊切除术后胆总管残留结石发生率的方法.方法: 回顾性分析83例患者的病史、术前B超、生化检查、MRCP及术中胆管造影结果的临床资料.结果:83例中1例术中胆道造影失败;造影成功的82例中,发现合并胆总管结石12例,阳性率为14.6%(12/82).结论: 对于术前怀疑有胆总管结石的患者,应适当放宽术中胆道造影指征,可降低术后胆总管残留结石的发生率.     

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??Laparoscopic transcystic common bile duct exploration??A clinical analysis of 68 cases SUN Min??LIU Xun-qiang??TENG Yi-shan et al. Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery 3, the 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University??Kunming 650101, China
Corresponding author?? TENG Yi-shan??E-mail??liuxunqiang1001@163.com
Abstract Objective To explore the curative effect and safety of laparoscopic transcystic common bile duct exploration in treating the small stones in common bile duct. Methods A total of 68 cases of laparoscopic transcystic common bile duct exploration were performed from August 2009 to August 2012 in Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery 3, the 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University. The therapeutic effects of cases were studied. Results Among them, 62 cases were performed operation successfully. The success rate of operation was 91.12%. The mean operation time was 86 minute. Six cases were changed to laparoscopic common bile duct incision exploratory stone operation. Four cases were performed laparoscopic common bile duct exploration and primary suture, and 2 cases were performed T tube drainage. The transfer rate was 8.88%. All cases were placed abdominal cavity drainage tube pulled out after 2-6 days. The average hospitalization time was 6 days. No bile leak, stone residue, biliary tract infection, biliary tract bleeding complications occurred. Conclusion Laparoscopic transcystic common bile duct exploration has many advantages such as small trauma, short time??less complications, quick recovery??safe??low cost, safety and effective, etc. It is the ideal common bile duct exploration and stone operation. But its indications must be grasped strictly.     

Prospective evaluation of a selective approach to cholangiography for suspected common bile duct stones

INTRODUCTION

Common bile duct (CBD) stones can cause serious morbidity or mortality, and evidence for them should be sought in all patients with symptomatic gallstones undergoing cholecystectomy. Routine intra-operative cholangiography (IOC) involves a large commitment of time and resources, so a policy of selective cholangiography was adopted. This study prospectively evaluated the policy of selective cholangiography for patients suspected of having choledocholithiasis, and aimed to identify the factors most likely to predict the presence of CBD stones positively.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

Data from 501 consecutive patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) for symptomatic gallstones, of whom 166 underwent IOC for suspected CBD stones, were prospectively collected. Suspicion of choledocholithiasis was based upon: (i) deranged liver function tests (past or present); (ii) history of jaundice (past or present) or acute pancreatitis; (iii) a dilated CBD or demonstration of CBD stones on imaging; or (iv) a combination of these factors. Patient demographics, intra-operative findings, complications and clinical outcomes were recorded.

RESULTS

Sixty-four cholangiograms were positive (39%). All indications for cholangiogram yielded positive results. Current jaundice yielded the highest positive predictive value (PPV; 86%). A dilated CBD on pre-operative imaging gave a PPV of 45% for CBD calculi; a history of pancreatitis produced a 26% PPV for CBD calculi. Patients with the presence of several factors suggestive of CBD stones yielded higher numbers of positive cholangiograms. Of the 64 patients having a laparoscopic common bile duct exploration (LCBDE), four (6%) required endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) for retained stones (94% successful surgical clearance of the common bile duct) and one (2%) for a bile leak. Of the 335 patients undergoing LC alone, three (0.9%) re-presented with a retained stone, requiring intervention. There were 12 (7%) requiring conversion to open operation.

CONCLUSIONS

A selective policy for intra-operative cholangiography yields acceptably high positive results. Pre-operatively, asymptomatic bile duct stones rarely present following LC; thus, routine imaging of the biliary tree for occult calculi can safely be avoided. Therefore, a rationing approach to the use of intra-operative imaging based on the pre-operative indicators presented in this paper, successfully identifies those patients with bile duct stones requiring exploration. Laparoscopic bile duct exploration, performed by an experienced laparoscopic surgeon, is a safe and effective method of clearing the bile duct of calculi, with minimal complications, avoiding the necessity for an additional intervention and prolonged hospital stay.     

Results of emergency ERCP in the treatment of acute biliary pancreatitis

Indication for emergency ERCP (< 48 hours after onset of symptoms) with stone extraction from the common bile duct (CBD) in patients with biliary pancreatitis remains controversial. In our hospital emergency ERCP with stone extraction from CBD is part of the therapeutical concept in patients with biliary pancreatitis. The aim of the study was to elucidate retrospectively results and impact of this concept on morbidity and lethality in surgical intensive care patients. We included all patients with a documented indication for emergency ERCP. Among 4 466 patients (1. 1. 1999-31. 12. 2000) treated in the SICU, 37 (0.9 %) required an emergency ERCP due to a biliary pancreatitis. (26 females/11 males, 62.0 +/- 15.4 years). After ERCP stones were present in 32 of the 37 patients with subsequent successful endoscopic extraction in all cases but one. The mean duration from admission to ERCP was 11.6 +/- 10.1 hours. Bilirubin as well as amylase and lipase decreased after ERCP (p < 0.05). Only in one case an elevation of pancreatic enzymes over the pre-ERCP values was observed, an aggravation of pancreatitis was not seen in our series. In 5 of the 37 cases bile duct stones were not found after ERCP despite strong clinical suggestion (elevation of bilirubin and pancreatic enzymes, ultrasound). During the observational period 2 patients died, in one case possibly due to the ERCP. Emergency ERCP removed in our series the pancreatitis causing agent. Still considering the limitations of a retrospective study these positive results are stimulating us to continue with our therapeutical concept.     

腹腔镜指导下纤维胆道镜胆总管探查术的临床应用

目的讨腹腔镜指导下纤维胆道镜胆总管探查术可行性及应用价值。方法对具有胆道探查指征的患者,施行腹腔镜下胆总管切开,经此切开处置入胆道镜进行检查和治疗。探查完成后,放置T管或I期缝合胆总管。结果全组施行此术式152例,发现肝外胆管结石141例,术中结石取净率为100%;探查阴性11例。胆道镜检查和/或协助取石时间为8～35 min,平均15 min。152例微创手术均成功,无1例中转开腹,腹腔镜下胆总管Ⅰ期缝合42例,放置T管引流110例,术后3～4周拔T管,无1例结石残留;并发胆瘘2例,未发现有胆道狭窄及残石病例。术后住院时间4～7 d,平均为5 d。152例均获随访,随访时间为1～17个月,平均为8个月。经B超或MRCP证实,未发现有胆道狭窄及残石者。结论腹腔镜指导下纤维胆道镜胆总管探查术是安全、有效的方法,微创效果明显,如能在取净结石的情况下行胆总管一期缝合,微创效果尤为明显。     

三孔法腹腔镜胆总管探查术21例分析

目的:探讨三孔法腹腔镜胆总管探查与"T"管引流术在临床上的应用价值。方法:采用三孔法行21例手术,于腹腔镜下切开胆总管,纤维胆道镜探查胆总管,取石网篮取石后,置"T"管引流。术后45d拔"T"管,经"T"管窦道纤维胆道镜探查肝内外胆道情况。结果:手术均获成功,无中转开腹,手术时间(70±24)min,术后无胆漏。术后45d经"T"管窦道纤维胆道镜探查,发现胆总管残余结石2例,肝内胆管结石3例,均经胆道镜取出。结论:三孔法腹腔镜胆总管探查术操作安全、可靠,具有一定的临床应用价值。     

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目的：探讨应用腹腔镜技术治疗急性胆源性胰腺炎的可行性、有效性和手术方法。方法：1996～2002年收治急性胆源性胰腺炎39例，对20例有急性胆道梗阻者，行急诊或早期腹腔镜胆囊切除术．胆总管切开取石T管引流、小网膜囊腔胰腺区清创引流，术后予腹腔灌洗。对19例无胆道梗阻或经36h保守治疗胆道梗阻缓解者，待胰腺炎缓解后行延期腹腔镜确定性胆道手术。结果：急诊或早期手术的20例，18例胆总管结石取石顺利，2例探查阴性。延期手术19例，腹腔镜手术均予术中胆道造影。5例合并胆总管结石者行腹腔镜胆总管切开取石T管引流。14例胆囊结石行腹腔镜胆囊切除术(LC)。39例均治愈。结论：腹腔镜手术治疗急性胆源性胰腺炎，体现了微创手术的优点，可在一定程度上替代外科剖腹手术治疗。     

Spontaneous passage of bile duct stones: frequency of occurrence and relation to clinical presentation

BACKGROUND: Little is known about the spontaneous passage of bile duct stones. The aim of this study was to determine the rate of spontaneous stone passage and relate it to the clinical presentation of the bile duct stone. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Prospectively collected data were studied on a total of 1000 consecutive patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy with or without laparoscopic common duct exploration. Comparisons were made between 142 patients with common bile duct stones (CBDS), 468 patients who had no previous or current evidence of duct stones, and 390 patients who had good evidence of previous duct stones but none at the time of cholecystectomy. The evidence used for previous duct stones included a good history of jaundice or pancreatitis. In patients with biliary colic or cholecystitis, abnormal pre-operative liver function tests and/or a dilated common bile duct were taken as evidence of bile duct stones. RESULTS: Of the 1000 patients studied, 532 had evidence of stones in the common bile duct at some time prior to cholecystectomy. At the time of operation, only 142 patients had bile duct stones. By implication, 80%, 84%, 93% and 55% of patients presenting with pancreatitis, colic, cholecystitis and jaundice (73% overall) had passed their bile duct stones spontaneously. All 4 patients with cholangitis had duct stones at the time of operation. CONCLUSIONS: It is likely that most bile duct stones (3 in 4) pass spontaneously, especially after pancreatitis, biliary colic and cholecystitis but less commonly after jaundice. Cholangitis appears to be always associated with the presence of duct stones at the time of operation.     

Laparoscopic common bile duct exploration

BACKGROUND: Laparoscopic common bile duct (CBD) exploration is gaining favor in the treatment of patients with gallstones and CBD stones. Our aim is to report our results with this procedure, focusing on the technical aspects. PATIENTS AND METHODS: All patients with proven CBD stones undergo laparoscopic transcystic CBD exploration, preferably, or a choledochotomy if the former is not feasible. According to CBD stone load and diameter, a biliary drainage tube is positioned for postoperative biliary decompression. RESULTS: Among 284 patients who underwent laparoscopic CBD exploration, 4 (1.4%) were converted to open surgery. Transcystic CBD exploration was feasible in 163 cases (58.2%), but a choledochotomy was required in 117 (41.8%). Biliary drains were positioned in 204 patients (72.8%). Minor complications included hyperamylasemia (11; 3.9%) and minor subhepatic bile collection (7; 2.5%). Major complications were bile leakage (5; 1.8%), hemoperitoneum from cystic artery bleeding (2; 0.7%), subhepatic abscess (2; 0.7%), acute pancreatitis (1; 0.3%), and jejunal perforation (1; 0.3%). Retained CBD stones in 15 patients (5.3%) were removed through the biliary drainage sinus tract (8) or after endoscopy and sphincterotomy (6). In one patient, a small stone passed spontaneously (overall success rate 94.6%). Death from a cardiovascular complication was observed in one elderly high-risk patient (0.3%). Recurrent ductal stones in 5 patients (1.8%) were treated with ERCP and endoscopic sphincterotomy. One patient with re-recurrent ductal stones underwent hepaticojejunostomy. CONCLUSIONS: Laparoscopic CBD exploration during LC in unselected patients solves two problems during the same anesthesia with high success rates (94.6%), low minor (6.4%) and major (3.8%) morbidity rates, and a low mortality rate (0.3%). Standardization of the technique is mandatory to achieve high success rates.     

胆石性胰腺炎经胆囊管胆道镜胆管探查的临床应用

探讨胆石性胰腺炎经胆囊管胆道镜胆总管探查的临床应用价值。方法自1997年1月～2001年12月,l0l例胆囊结石并急性胰腺炎行胆总管探查患者中,16例行胆总管切开探查和T管引流术,85例行胆镜经胆囊管胆总管探查。结果胆总管探查的阳性率为25.7％(26／101),胆囊管扩张在5mm以上被认为是继发性胆总管结石导致胆源性胰腺炎的高危因素,其敏感性为88％,特异性为76％。结论胆囊管扩张在5mm以上是继发性胆总管结石导致胆源性胰腺炎的重要预测因素。胆道镜经胆囊管胆总管探查适用于胆囊结石并急性胰腺炎需行胆总管探查的患者。     

腹腔镜胆道探查取石术应用体会

目的探讨腹腔镜胆道探查取石术的可行性。方法回顾性分析38例腹腔镜胆道探查取石病人的临床资料,对手术适应证、手术方式及并发症的预防进行总结。结果38例病人中,胆总管结石36例,胆总管扩张未见结石2例。同时合并胆囊结石34例,合并有肝内胆管结石2例,合并肝囊肿2例。术前全部病人均行B超和MRCP检查。37例（97．4％）完成腹腔镜胆道探查取石术,1例因致密粘连中转开腹手术,36例同时行腹腔镜胆囊切除,2例同时行肝囊肿开窗引流术。14例行胆总管一期缝合,24例行胆总管T管引流。手术时间为1～4h,平均1．5h。住院时间3～12d,平均5．5d。术后发生胆瘘2例,胆总管下端残余结石1例,胸腔积液1例。结论腹腔镜胆道探查术安全、微创、美观,可明显缩短住院时间,是一种可选择的治疗方法。