Correction: prevalence and socioeconomic correlates of overweight and obesity among Pakistani primary school children

ABSTRACT: Since the publication of our article [1], we have noticed some errors in the final published version, for which the corresponding author accepts full responsibility. Page references are to the final PDF version. Page 3: Results, second paragraph Lines 1-2: "BMI... 20.7 (5.02) kg/m2..." should read "BMI... 16.0 (3.0) kg/m2..." Lines 6-8: "According to the IOTF cut-offs, overweight and obesity prevalence was 33% (95% CI 31.1-35.3) and 24% (95% CI 22.4-26.2) respectively" should read "According to the IOTF cut-offs, overweight and obesity prevalence was 8.3% (95% CI 7.1-9.6) and 4.7% (95% CI 3.8-5.7) respectively" Page 4: Table 1 The values for mean and standard deviation (SD) for BMI (kg/m2) are revised. Page 4: Table 2 The values for mean BMI (SD) and overweight and obesity prevalence according to the IOTF cut-offs are revised. Page 5: Figure 2 The values for grade- and gender- specific mean BMI are revised. Page 6: Second paragraph Lines 1-8: "Prevalence of overweight by the IOTF cut-offs was twice the prevalence by the WHO 2007 reference (33% versus 17%) and prevalence of obesity by the IOTF cutoffs was three times higher than that calculated by the WHO 2007 reference (24% versus 7.5%). Using IOTF cut-offs for overweight and obesity in Pakistani schoolaged children would result in higher estimates than the WHO 2007 reference." should read "Prevalence of overweight by the IOTF cut-offs was half the prevalence by the WHO 2007 reference (8% versus 17%) and prevalence of obesity by the IOTF cutoffs was two-third of that calculated by the WHO 2007 reference (5% versus 7.5%). Using IOTF cut-offs for overweight and obesity in Pakistani schoolaged children would result in lower estimates than the WHO 2007 reference. A relatively lower overweight and obesity prevalence with use of the IOTF cut-offs as compared to the WHO reference had been reported elsewhere [2-3]." In present study, the estimates for overweight included obese children.     

A preliminary investigation into the prevalence and trends of overweight and obesity of northern Tasmanian primary school children

Obesity has many serious health consequences for adults and children alike. Despite such knowledge, the prevalence of overweight and obesity among Australians is rapidly increasing. OBJECTIVE: This study attempted to conduct initial research into the prevalence of overweight and obesity among primary school children in Launceston, Tasmania, and to compare the data with that of other Australian youth. METHODS: Weight and height for body mass index (BMI) calculations were obtained from four randomly selected schools in Launceston, Tasmania, using a portable stadiometer and Sohenle digital bathroom scales. RESULTS: Of 329 participants, 24% were regarded as being overweight and obese on the basis of BMI scores. When compared with BMI data from the 1985 Australian Health and Fitness Survey, six of the eight age and gender subgroups were significantly higher (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS: Further research, using much larger and randomly selected samples, needs to be conducted so that trends can be monitored, baseline data for Tasmanian schoolchildren established, and both community and school intervention strategies implemented.     

The high prevalence of overweight and obesity in Mexican children

OBJECTIVE: To establish the prevalence of overweight and obesity in Mexican children 10 to 17 years of age according to the percentiles from both the Centers of Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the International Obesity Task Force (IOTF). RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES: Heights and weights were measured in children from nationally representative, randomly chosen households in the Mexican National Health Survey 2000. The study population consisted of 7862 boys and 8947 girls, 10 to 17 years of age. Measurements used were the percentage of children in the corresponding BMI categories for overweight and obesity specified by the CDC and the IOTF BMI percentiles. RESULTS: The children were short, with mean Z scores for height by age varying from - 0.62 +/- 1.26 to -1.12 +/- 1.06 in boys and from -0.45 +/- 1.25 to -1.19 +/- 1.12 in girls. CDC-based overweight prevalences varied by age from 10.8% to 16.1% in boys and 14.3% to 19.1% in girls, with obesity prevalences from 9.2% to 14.7% in boys and 6.8% to 10.6% in girls; these prevalences did not relate to stunting. IOTF-based excess weight prevalences were similar, with higher overweight rates (boys, 15.4% to 18.8%; girls, 18.4% to 22.3%) but lower obesity rates (boys, 6.1% to 9%; girls, 5.9% to 8.2%). DISCUSSION: Mexican children have one-half the overweight/obesity prevalences of U.S. Mexican-American children; however, there are higher rates in Northern Mexico, which is closer to the U.S. These escalating rates of excess weight demand new prevention, as well as management, policies.     

基于学校环境的重庆市中小学生超重肥胖干预效果评价

目的 探讨基于学校环境的学生超重肥胖综合干预效果,为预防和控制中小学生超重肥胖提供依据。方法 采用多阶段分层整群抽样方法抽取重庆市主城区12所中小学9 933名学生,随机分为6所干预校和6所对照校,对干预校采取学校环境政策干预、健康教育、体育活动指导结合的综合干预,干预前后进行体格检查和问卷调查。结果 干预后干预校超重率在原有基础上(12.9%)上升了0.2%,肥胖率(7.4%)未变化;对照校超重率、肥胖率分别在原有基础上(11.5%、7.7%)上升了0.5%、0.1%。干预前两组学校正常体重的学生在干预后BMI、腰围、臀围均升高(P<0.05),干预校超重肥胖的学生在干预后BMI、腰围均下降(P<0.05),对照校超重肥胖的学生在干预后臀围升高、腰围降低(P<0.05);干预校学生在干预后肥胖相关饮食问题正确率上升,不健康饮食行为报告率下降(P<0.05)。结论 基于学校环境的学生超重肥胖综合干预能控制肥胖相关指标的增长速度,改善中小学生的饮食行为。     

我国儿童青少年超重、肥胖流行现状调查

目的 了解我国儿童青少年超重和肥胖流行现状,为制定我国学生肥胖防控措施提供依据。方法 利用2013年《国家学生体质健康标准》修订工作所获得120 275名7~18岁中小学生资料,使用"中国学龄儿童青少年超重、肥胖筛查体重指数值分类标准"筛查超重和肥胖,分析不同群体的检出率。结果 我国儿童青少年肥胖率为7.1%（男生为9.1%、女生为5.2%）、超重率为12.2%（男生为14.6%、女生为9.8%）,肥胖率随着年龄增长总体呈逐年下降趋势（男生在9岁、女生在16~17岁稍有上升）;乡村儿童青少年肥胖进入增长阶段,肥胖率为4.6%,超重率为9.6%;汉族儿童青少年和少数民族学生相比,肥胖率高2.3%,超重率高3.2%;省级行政中心所在城市超重、肥胖率检出率最高。我国儿童青少年超重、肥胖检出率存在地域差异,华北、东北地区最高,分别高达27.9%和27.0%,而西南、华南地区较低,为13.4%和12.9%。结论 我国学龄儿童青少年超重肥胖在男性、小学生、乡村、汉族、省级行政中心城市、华北和东北地区的流行率较高,应根据各自特点制定有针对性的措施,达到防控学生肥胖的目的。     

The effectiveness of nutrition education programme for primary school children

This study was conducted to determine changes in nutrition knowledge, attitude and practice of 8-year-old school children after receiving a nutrition education package. A total of 418 school children from urban and rural areas participated in this study. The intervention group consisted of 237 children while 181 children who did not receive the nutrition education package acted as controls. The nutrition education programme that was conducted for 3 weeks comprised of a video viewing session and a comic reading session followed by exercise questions as reinforcement for each session, and also classroom activities. Knowledge, attitude and practice questionnaires were distributed to the children before (pre-intervention) and after (postintervention) receiving the nutrition education programme. A follow-up visit was conducted six months after the programme had elapsed. The results obtained indicated that the nutrition knowledge score increased significantly in the intervention group from 48.3±13.2 at pre-test to 54.6±16.2 in post-test and 55.0±14.3 in follow-up test (p<0.05). The nutrition attitude score also increased significantly from 68.7±15.5 at pre-intervention to 72.6±15.0 and 74.7±15.8 during post-test and follow-up test respectively (p<0.05). However, the nutrition practice score had no significant improvement in both groups throughout the study period. There were no significant changes in the control group in knowledge, attitude and practice scores at pre, post and follow-up tests. In conclusion, this study showed that a good nutrition education programme had a positive impact whereby better nutrition knowledge, attitude and healthy eating habits in children were seen. It is hoped that the improvements would be sustained throughout their lives.     

The prevalence of childhood obesity in primary school children in urban Khon Kaen,northeast Thailand

Childhood obesity is a serious public health problem because of its strong association with adulthood obesity and the related adverse health consequences. The published literature indicates a rising prevalence of childhood obesity in both developed and developing countries. However no data exists on the prevalence in Northeast Thailand, one of the poorest regions of the country and one that has experienced a recent economic transition. The objective of this study was to estimate the prevalence of obesity in seven to nine year old children in urban Khon Kaen, Northeast Thailand. A cross-sectional school based survey was conducted to determine the prevalence of obesity in children of urban Khon Kaen, Thailand. Multi-staged cluster sampling was used to select 12 school clusters of 72 children each between the ages of 7 and 9 years, in primary school grades 1, 2 and 3 from government, private and demonstration schools. A total of 864 seven to nine year old school children were studied. Anthropometric measurements of standing height and weight were taken for all subjects to the nearest tenth of a centimetre and tenth of a kilogram respectively, Childhood obesity was defined as a weight-for-height Z-score above 2.0 standard deviations of the National Center for Health Statistics/World Health Organisation reference population median. The prevalence of childhood obesity was 10.8% (95% CI: 7.6, 13.9). Obesity was significantly more prevalent in boys than girls. The biggest difference was observed between the three school types, with the highest prevalence of obesity found at teacher training demonstration schools and the lowest at the government schools. This study provides the first data on childhood obesity prevalence in Northeast Thailand. The prevalence of 10.8 per cent is lower than that found in two other urban areas of Thailand but slightly higher than expected for this relatively poor region. If this prevalence rate increases, as observed in other countries in economic transition, the incidence of non-communicable diseases associated with obesity is also likely to increase, thus raising cause for concern and reason for intervention to both control and prevent obesity during childhood.     

学校健康促进干预对中学生超重肥胖的影响

目的 评价学校健康促进对中学生超重肥胖的干预效果,为有效预防控制学生超重肥胖提供参考依据.方法 采用分层整群随机抽样方法,在三门峡市10所中学中随机抽取干预组和对照组初中、高中各1所,再从被抽取的4所中学中,初、高中一二年级每个年级随机抽取2个班的在校学生为研究对象(干预前,干预组489人,对照组451人;干预后,干预...     

利用学校环境对肥胖儿童进行集体干预效果分析

【目的】探讨利用学校环境对儿童青少年单纯性肥胖症的防治方法。【方法】采用“12周连续膳食与运动干预法”，根据在校小学生的特点，通过实施有利于控制肥胖的学校健康促进策略，于2001年10～12月对肥胖儿童开展集体干预活动。同时，对肥胖儿童饮食和运动行为给予个体指导。【结果】参与干预活动的90名肥胖儿童中有86．67％的体重得到了有效控制，与此同时，肥胖儿童身高、臀围、腹围、肺活量、总胆固醇等生理、生化指标也发生了明显改善。【结论】利用学校环境采用连续的饮食运动的集体干预和个体指导相结合的方法是控制儿童肥胖症的有效途径。     

西藏藏族中小学生1991—2014年超重与肥胖变化趋势分析

目的 了解1991-2014年西藏藏族7~18岁学生超重肥胖的长期变化趋势和流行现状,为藏族学生超重肥胖的早期预防和相关政策制定提供依据。方法 利用1991、1995、2000、2005、2010、2014年6次全国学生体质与健康调研资料,使用"1985年身高标准体重法"判断超重和肥胖,分性别、年龄描述藏族7~18岁学生超重肥胖的长期变化规律及流行现状。结果 1991-2014年间,藏族7~18岁中小学生超重、肥胖率呈现逐年增长趋势,由1991年的1.01%和0.42%分别增长至2014年的9.39%和6.95%,男、女生肥胖率分别从0.25%和0.59%增长至8.98%和4.90%,男生增长幅度约是女生的2倍;7~9岁、10~12岁、13~15岁、16~18岁肥胖率分别增长7.26、7.07、6.11和5.66个百分点,超重率分别增长11.07、10.84、6.42和5.15个百分点,越小年龄组超重肥胖率增长越明显,超重和肥胖呈现出明显的低龄化趋势,其中男生的肥胖低龄化趋势尤其明显。结论 西藏藏族学生超重肥胖率明显增加,需引起足够重视,应积极采取早期干预措施,尤以小学生、男生为重点干预人群。     

小学生体力活动久坐行为与超重肥胖风险关系

  目的  探讨中度到大强度体力活动(moderate to vigorous physical activity, MVPA)和久坐行为与小学生超重/肥胖风险之间的关联, 为改善小学生不良生活方式提供参考。  方法  2018年11—12月对广东省某市949名9~12岁小学生进行横断面调查。根据体质量指数(BMI)将小学生划分为正常和超重/肥胖两组。实验对象24 h戴腕表式Gene active加速度计, 对MVPA和久坐时间进行区分和记录。由父母记录并提供小学生的屏幕时间。采用Possion回归分析MVPA、久坐时间、屏幕时间与超重/肥胖风险之间独立关联。  结果  20.8%(197名)的小学生超重/肥胖。小学生符合MVPA推荐值比例为22.1%(210名), 上学日久坐时间(不包括睡眠时间)为60.8%(577名), 高达8.5 h/d。仅有12.3%(117名)的小学生屏幕时间≤2 h/d。与Q4相比, MVPA为Q1的小学生与正常组小学生相比, 其超重/肥胖的风险比体质量正常的小学生高出4.38倍(P < 0.01), 且与久坐时间无关。与符合MVPA推荐值的小学生相比, 未达到MVPA推荐值的小学生的超重/肥胖风险增加了2.54倍(95%CI=1.59~3.77)。每天>2 h的小学生超重/肥胖的风险比每天≤2 h的小学生增加了1.87倍(95%CI=1.21~3.02)。  结论  MVPA时间越长, 超重/肥胖的风险越低。能达到MVPA时间要求的小学生比例偏低, 小学生的屏幕时间大多超出推荐值。     

中小学生饮食行为与超重、肥胖关系的研究

目的了解中小学生饮食行为与肥胖关系及其影响因素。方法采用分层随机抽样的方法,对上海市卢湾区6所学校1 228名中小学生及其家长进行问卷调查。结果 62.2%的中小学生有特别的食物偏好。大多数的中小学生有吃零食习惯,碳酸饮料和西式快餐食用率很高。早餐的食用情况良好,但存在营养搭配问题。超重及肥胖男孩比例高于女孩、小学生比例高于中学生。超重在不同性别间差异有统计学意义,肥胖在不同性别、年龄间差异有统计学意义。结论中小学生的饮食行为有待改进;预防和控制不良饮食行为需要社会、家庭和学校共同参与,尤其是加强对母亲的营养指导。     

Influence of school community and fitness on prevalence of overweight in Australian school children

The study objectives were (1) to determine the variation in prevalence of overweight between school communities, (2) to evaluate the relationship between cardiorespiratory fitness and the probability of being overweight among different school communities, and (3) to test whether this relationship varies between school communities. Using a repeated cross-sectional design, data from 31,424 (15,298 girls, 16,126 boys) Australian school children who had objective assessments of body composition and physical performance were used. Ninety-one schools located across 5 states and territories were included. Independent samples were taken across 12 school years (2000–2011). Analysis used generalised linear mixed models in R with a two-level hierarchical structure—children, nested within school communities. Predictor variables considered were: level 1—gender, age, cardiorespiratory fitness and year of measurement; level 2—school community. A total of 24.6% of the children were overweight and 69% were of low fitness. Variation in the prevalence of overweight between school communities was significant, ranging from 19% to 34%. The probability of being overweight was negatively associated with increasing cardiorespiratory fitness. The relationship was steepest at low fitness and varied markedly between school communities. Children of low fitness had probabilities of being overweight ranging between 26% and 75% depending on school community, whereas those of high fitness had probabilities of < 2%. Our findings suggest that most might be gained from a public health perspective by focusing intervention on the least fit children in the worst-performing communities.     

小学生肥胖综合干预效果评价

分析儿童肥胖综合干预效果,为儿童肥胖干预项目的有效开展提供依据.方法 从上海市、广东省、湖南省、重庆市、宁夏回族自治区、天津市和辽宁省7个省市分别抽取6~8所小学,共抽取一到五年级学生33 865名为研究对象,分为重点干预组、普通干预组和对照组.采用协方差分析和广义估计方程评价小学生体质量指数(BMI)与肥胖的改善情况.结果 重点干预组BMI降低了0.11 kg/m2,普通干预组BMI升高了0.02 kg/m2,对照组BMI升高了0.04 kg/m2,重点干预组、普通干预组BMI变化值与对照组相比差异均有统计学意义(调整均数差值分别为-0.16,-0.02 kg/m2,P值均<0.05).重点干预组超重肥胖检出率降低4.6百分点,降低值大于对照组(调整OR=0.905,95%CI=0.848~ 0.965,P=0.035).结论 肥胖综合干预可有效改善小学生超重肥胖现状.     

Overweight and obesity in primary school: native children versus migrant children

Aim

To compare the means of body mass index (BMI) and the prevalences of overweight and obesity between native Dutch and migrant primary school children and to assess to what degree differences between these children could be explained by socioeconomic position and BMI of the mother and the father.

Subjects and methods

A cross-sectional survey was performed among children at the age of 8–9 years old. Subjects were a total of 1,943 children and their primary caregiver. Outcome measures were BMIs and the prevalence of overweight, including obesity. Main independent variables were migrant background, based on country of birth of the parents, socioeconomic status, as indicated by educational level, and parental BMI. Other independent variables were the age and sex of the child.

Results

Overall, our findings show that overweight and obesity are significantly more prevalent among migrant children of non-Western descent as compared to native children and children of Western descent.

Conclusion

Parental BMI is an important predictor of a child’s BMI. However, socioeconomic position is not. Because children of non-Western migrant origin are at higher risk for overweight and obesity, insight into differences in both physical activity and energy intake as well as how these behaviors relate to cultural contrasts in parental beliefs and practices is needed.     

重庆某地区小学儿童超重和肥胖的危险因素研究

目的 了解重庆市某地区2所小学儿童超重、肥胖的危险因素,为儿童超重、肥胖的预防和控制提供依据.方法 采用多阶段随机整群抽样的方法对重庆市某市区2所小学511名学生进行体格检查和问卷调查,并对其家长进行问卷调查.结果 儿童超重和肥胖检出率分别为10.57％和10.18％.多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示,性别、不同学校、儿童吃饭速度和儿童出生时体重是超重和肥胖的影响因素（P＜0.05）,男生（OR=2.427,95％ CI：1.444～4.077）、城市学校（OR=2.537,95％ CI：1.578～4.079）、儿童吃饭速度快（OR=2.013,95％ CI：1.183～3.424）、儿童出生时体重越重（OR=3.344,95％ CI：2.098～5.331）则越容易导致超重、肥胖发生.结论 鉴于上述结果,呼吁相关部门重视儿童青少年超重、肥胖的防治,针对儿童肥胖的成因采取行之有效的干预措施.