骨筋膜室减压术诱发患者心跳骤停1例

患者,男性,年龄17岁,右下肢摔伤,活动受限6h入院.查体:右大腿畸形,高度肿胀,局部无明显皮下淤血,无皮肤裂口,局部压痛明显,右小腿肿胀较重,右下肢纵向叩击痛,右足底、足背感觉明显减退,右下肢皮肤温度偏低,未能触及右足背动脉.入院诊断:右股骨干骨折、右大腿骨筋膜室综合征、右股动静脉损伤、右小腿骨筋膜室综合征.既往身体健康,无心肺等重要脏器疾病病史.拟在全身麻醉下行骨筋膜室减压术和骨折切开复位内固定术.     

肾病综合征致反复下肢动脉栓塞一例

患者男,47岁,因左下肢发凉10 d伴疼痛7d入院.查体:全身浮肿,全身皮肤可见散在多发斑丘疹.左髋关节强迫屈曲位,大腿中段以下皮温低,小腿皮肤花斑样变,足青紫,足踝浅感觉丧失,踝及足趾运动不能,大腿及小腿肌群挤压痛,股动脉及足背动脉搏动未扪及.既往有牛皮癣病史20余年;发现肾病综合征3个月.实验室检查:白细胞14.47×109/L,血小板220×109/L、白蛋白14 g/L、总胆固醇8.0 mmol/L、甘油三酯2.32/L、尿蛋白3+.彩超示左髂总、髂外、股总、股浅动脉内呈实性回声;髂内、腘、胫前、胫后、足背动脉走形区未测及血流信号;股总、股浅静脉血流速度极低并呈高凝状态;腘静脉、胫前静脉、胫后静脉走形区未测及明显血流信号.关节外科以“左下肢动脉血栓形成并小腿坏疽”行左髋关节离断术,术中可见股动静脉血栓形成,术后给予抗炎等治疗.术后16d突然出现右下肢麻木、发凉,膝下10 cm以下皮温低,足背动脉未扪及,ABI(踝肱指数)为0,彩超检查示右腘动脉、胫后动脉栓塞.遂转入我血管外科行股动脉切开取栓术,术中取出混合血栓长约30 cm,术后给予抗凝、祛聚、溶栓、降脂、激素等治疗,右下肢皮温恢复正常,ABI=1.1.第2次术后9d再次复发右下肢动脉栓塞,再次行动脉取栓术,术中取出混合血栓长约15 cm,术后积极治疗.第3次术后4d再次复发右下肢动脉栓塞,转肾内科治疗原发病,同时积极抗凝、溶栓治疗.经治疗,尿蛋白转阴,白蛋白升至33 g/L、24 h尿蛋白定量0.77 g/24 h,右下肢皮温逐渐恢复,足趾活动自如.住院54 d,出院.     

腰椎硬脊膜内畸胎瘤伴脊柱侧凸一例

患者 男,51岁.因双下肢麻痛、乏力4年,于2007年8月26日入院.患者2003年7月因腰痛伴右下肢放射痛,在当地医院行L4,5椎间盘切除术;术后右下肢放射痛未见好转,并出现左下肢麻痛,经保守治疗效果不佳,双下肢麻痛、乏力渐进性加重,需借助支具行走.     

双侧多节段骶神经根硬膜囊样变异1例

1病例介绍 王某,女性,32岁,商场售货员,山东人,因腰痛3年伴双下肢麻木、间歇性跛行3个月,门诊以腰椎间盘突出症,L5双侧椎弓根峡部陈旧性崩裂收入院.体格检查:一般情况好,心肺正常,肝脾不肿大.月经史:14,3～5/28～30,量色正常.25岁足月分娩一女.腰椎生理曲度变直,腰椎各方功能活动明显受限,前屈25°时右小腿麻木至足底,左小腿内外侧麻木.后伸15°时右小腿及双足底麻痛.右侧屈15°时左大腿疼痛至膝部、右下肢麻痛至足底.左侧屈15°时右下肢放射痛至足底.L5、S1棘突旁固定压痛点并放射至右小腿及足跟.直腿抬高试验双侧均50°阳性,双髋各方功能良好.双小腿外侧及足背感觉减退,鞍区及肛周感觉正常.     

腰椎间盘突出症合并左髂总动脉瘤破裂1例

1 病例资料 患者,女,60岁.因腰痛6个月加重伴右下肢麻痛10余天入院.入院时查体:心肺及腹部未发现明显异常,脊柱无明显侧弯及后突畸形, L4～5右侧压痛,臀部压痛,伴右下肢小腿外侧窜痛,直腿抬高试验阳性(40°),膝跟腱反射右侧减弱,跷踇肌力右侧三级.CT示:L4～5椎间盘突出,Hb 118 g/L.入院诊断.L4～5椎间盘突出症.     

臀筋膜间室综合征2例报告

病例1：男,46岁,酒后昏迷7h收住内科。酗酒后倒在卫生间,7h后被发现送医院。入院时体检：呈深昏迷状态,压眶反射消失,右前额可见一血肿,右臀横纹处有擦痕。次日患者渐醒后,觉右臀部疼痛、肿胀、皮肤发亮,右下肢疼痛及小腿麻木。查体：右臀肿胀、张力高,局部皮温稍高,压痛明显,压之有右下肢放射痛,右髋关节伸髋及外展时疼痛明显,轴向叩击痛不明显,右小腿内外侧及足背皮肤感觉减退,躅背伸力下降。臀部X线片见软组织弥漫性肿胀。右臀部CT扫描：右臀部软组织显著肿胀,内有不规则低密度区,CT值为3924Hu。     

胭动脉栓塞误诊1例

1病例报告 患者,男,48岁,缆绳缠伤右髋部1天．当时感右髋部疼痛,予卧床休息。次日送至本院．伴有右小腿疼痛,麻木。患者有腰痛病史,门诊行右髋部X线片检查无殊,腰椎CT检查示L4/5椎间盘右后方轻度突出,拟“L4/5椎间盘突出症,右髋部软组织挫伤”收住本院。入院时查体患者体形偏瘦,生命体征平稳,L4/5右棘旁压痛,无下肢放射痛;右腹股沟部可见伤痕,局部肿胀有瘀斑,股动脉搏动正常;右小腿痛觉过敏,麻木,以小腿外侧及足背明显,膝关节以下肤温低,肤色基本同对侧,无肿胀,足趾活动可,足背动脉搏动可触及．但较左侧弱。     

永存坐骨动脉并发血栓形成外科治疗一例

正病人,女性,65岁。因右下肢发凉,麻木伴疼痛8天于2020年9月29日入院就诊。体格检查:双下肢对称,未见明显肿胀及皮肤破溃改变,右下肢皮肤颜色苍白,以小腿及足部为著。皮温低,足趾触痛(+),右股动脉搏动正常,右足背及胫后动脉搏动未触及,左侧股动脉、足背动脉可触及。右下肢感觉及运动功能均减退。下肢动脉CTA检查提示:右侧髂内动脉远端走向右侧臀部-右侧股骨     

Reiter综合症1例

患者：男、32岁、干部。以“右下肢疼痛1周并右足背红肿热痛3天”为主诉就诊。患者于发病前15天出现El腔粘膜溃疡,小便急迫感、无尿频、尿痛,15天出现右下肢疼痛,常有夜间疼醒,发病19天并见右足背红肿热疼,呈持续性疼痛,阵发性加剧,不能下蹲、行走;双眼烧灼、发痒、分泌物增多。胸部不适。     

尼卡地平治疗大血管手术中心肌缺血一例

患者,男,53岁,172 cm,63 kg,因"突发胸背部痛伴右下肢疼痛17 h"入院.患者胸背部呈撕裂样疼痛,伴有右下肢疼痛,伴大汗淋漓,无恶心、呕吐等不适.既往有高血压病史,最高血压为182/105 mmHg.查体:意识清晰,双肺呼吸音清,无心包摩擦音,右足背动脉波动稍弱.主动脉 CTA示:( 1) Standfo...     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.