胰岛素泵治疗糖尿病合并感染患者的临床疗效

[目的]探讨胰岛素泵治疗在糖尿病合并感染治疗中的效果及安全性.[方法]糖尿病合并感染患者68例,分为两组：胰岛素泵持续皮下输注治疗36例（CSII组）,多次胰岛素皮下注射治疗32例（MSII组）.比较两组患者治疗后血糖变化及血糖达标时间、胰岛素用量、低血糖发生率、住院总天数等的差异.[结果]治疗后两组患者血糖均明显下降（P〈0.01）,CSII组对空腹血糖的控制优于MSII组（P〈0.05）,血糖达标时间、胰岛素用量、低血糖发生率均低于MSII组（P〈0.01,P〈0.05）.[结论]在糖尿病合并感染患者应用胰岛素泵治疗可迅速控制血糖,缩短血糖达标时间,减少低血糖的发生.     

甘精胰岛素联合阿卡波糖治疗老年2型糖尿病疗效观察

目的：比较使用甘精胰岛素联合阿卡波糖与使用预混胰岛素治疗老年2型糖尿病的疗效差异。方法：将60例血糖控制差的老年2型糖尿病患者随机分为甘精胰岛素组（A组）和预混胰岛素组（B组）。A组采用甘精胰岛素联合阿卡波糖治疗,B组采用预混胰岛素2次/d,皮下注射。观察治疗后两组血糖达标时间、胰岛素日用量、低血糖发生率。结果：两组在血糖达标时间上差异无统计学意义,但A组在胰岛素日用量、低血糖发生率方面均显著低于B组（P〈0.05）。结论：甘精胰岛素联合阿卡波糖治疗老年2型糖尿病安全、有效,方法简单易行。     

胰岛素泵与多次胰岛素皮下注射强化治疗2型糖尿病疗效比较

目的:比较胰岛素泵与多次胰岛素皮下注射两种强化治疗方案控制血糖的有效性和安全性。方法:选取需要强化治疗2型糖尿病患者67例,随机分为2组。胰岛素泵组(CSII组)29例,多次胰岛素皮下注射组(MSII组)38例。对2组病例均行三餐前后及睡前指血血糖监测情况并进行分析,比较2组治疗后7点血糖、血糖达标时间、胰岛素用量及低血糖的发生率。结果:2组治疗后7点血糖均有显著下降,但CSII组空腹血糖及三餐后血糖下降幅度优于MSII组(P0.05)。CSII组达标时间是(4.68±1.28)d,显著短于MSII组;CSII组在达标时胰岛素剂量为(30.09±10.09)U/d,显著少于MSII组。轻度低血糖发作次数,CSII组显著少于MSII组(p0.05)。结论:两种胰岛素强化治疗方案均能够有效控制T2DM患者的血糖,促进短期血糖达标。CSII治疗在降低血糖方面更显著,并能够缩短血糖达标时间,减少胰岛素用量和降低低血糖的发生率。     

胰岛素泵临床应用研究

目的对胰岛素泵与诺和笔两次皮下注射两种给药方式治疗糖尿病的效果进行比较。方法将2006年6月～2008年4月在我院住院的96例2型糖尿病患者随机分成两组,胰岛素泵组的患者采用胰岛素泵持续皮下注射,诺和笔治疗组的患者采用诺和笔3内装诺和灵30R笔芯每天早、晚餐前15min皮下注射,观察两者在患者治疗后全天血糖控制情况,并比较两组患者血糖达标所需的时间,胰岛素用量,低血糖发生率,住院天数,治疗费用情况。结果胰岛素泵组与诺和笔治疗组相比,在血糖达标所需的时间,胰岛素用量及低血糖发生率,住院天数,治疗费用等方面比较差异有极显著意义(P0.01)。结论胰岛素泵和诺和笔治疗对2型糖尿病患者强化降糖治疗均有效,且胰岛素泵降糖效果明显优于诺和笔。     

甘精胰岛素联合门冬胰岛素对血糖控制不佳的2型糖尿病患者临床疗效分析

目的探讨甘精胰岛素联合门冬胰岛素治疗血糖控制不佳的2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者的临床疗效。方法将86例T2DM患者随机分为2组,每组43例。观察组给予甘精胰岛素联合门冬胰岛素,对照组给予精蛋白生物合成人胰岛素联合生物合成人胰岛素。比较治疗3个月后2组空腹血糖(FPG)、餐后2 h血糖(2 hPG)、糖化血红蛋白(HbAlc)水平的变化,以及血糖达标时间、体质量增加量、胰岛素日用量、血糖日波动量及低血糖发生率的差异。结果观察组FPG、2hPG、HbAlc水平的改善幅度大于对照组;观察组血糖达标时间、体质量增加量、血糖日波动量及低血糖发生率均显著小于对照组。结论对于血糖控制不佳的T2DM患者,甘精胰岛素与门冬胰岛素联合应用可理想控制血糖,减少体质量增加量,降低低血糖发生率,是安全而有效的胰岛素强化治疗方案。     

短期应用胰岛素泵与多次皮下注射胰岛素治疗2型糖尿病疗效比较

目的比较多次皮下注射胰岛素与胰岛素泵强化治疗血糖控制欠佳的2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者的疗效。方法观察对象分为胰岛素泵治疗组(CSII组)40例和多次皮下胰岛素注射组(MSII组)40例,CSII组采用胰岛素泵持续皮下注射短效胰岛素,MSII组采用三餐前皮下注射短效,夜间10点注射甘精胰岛素,应用剂量根据监测血糖来调整。比较两种治疗方法在控制血糖有效率、血糖达标时间、胰岛素均日用量及低血糖发生率等的不同。结果两组降糖方案均有效,空腹血糖、餐后血糖均较治疗前明显下降,但CSII组血糖达标时间、血糖的稳定性均优于MSII组(P<0.01),平均日胰岛素使用量低于MSII组(P<0.05),低血糖发生率无明显差别(P>0.05)。结论胰岛素泵治疗的患者血糖可更快地较稳地达到预期目标,且安全性较好。     

波特兰草案在危重症患者应激性高血糖管理中的应用

目的探讨波特兰草案在危重症患者应激性高血糖管理中应用效果。方法将2012年度在我院ICU住院的52例应激性高血糖患者作为对照组,护士在医嘱指导下对所有患者实施胰岛素治疗;选择2013全年在我院ICU住院的47例应激性高血糖患者作为观察组,基于波特兰草案的胰岛素治疗方案,对危重症患者血糖实施标准化的管理。记录两组患者在胰岛素使用前后血糖水平、血糖达标情况、低血糖发生率、院内感染发生率等情况。结果两组患者在胰岛素强化治疗后,血糖水平均达标;而观察组在治疗后血糖水平、低血糖发生率、院内感染发生率,明显低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论应用波特兰草案执行胰岛素治疗管理,可将危重症患者应激性高血糖的血糖快速、平稳地达标;还能降低低血糖的发生率、院内感染发生率。     

微量泵输注胰岛素治疗糖尿病急性并发症临床观察

目的:评价微量泵输注胰岛素治疗糖尿病急性并发症的临床效果。方法:对63例糖尿病急性并发症患者应用微量泵输注小剂量胰岛素控制血糖,对照组给予皮下注射或静脉滴注胰岛素,观察2组血糖、胰岛素用量、血糖达标天数及低血糖发生率。结果:微量泵输注胰岛素组与对照组比较,空腹血糖、餐后2h血糖、胰岛素用量、血糖达标天数及低血糖发生率有显著性差异(P0.05)。结论:微量泵输注胰岛素治疗糖尿病急性并发症方法安全有效,操作简单,适用于基层医院糖尿病急性并发症的抢救治疗。     

双C治疗早期糖尿病肾病的效果及护理体会

目的 探讨“双C”方案治疗早期糖尿病肾病的效果及护理。方法 早期糖尿病肾病患者28例,随机分为研究组和对照组,研究组采用“双C”方案治疗,对照组采取胰岛素泵 7/d末梢血糖监测治疗。对比两组治疗后血糖达标天数、胰岛素用量、低血糖发生率,两组治疗前后UAER,B2 -MG以及Ccr下降水平。结果 两组治疗后血糖达标天数、胰岛素用量、低血糖发生率比较,研究组发生率均低于对照组,将研究组与对照组治疗前后UAER及B2 -MG r进行测定比较,治疗后比治疗前均有显著下降,但研究组下降更为明显,Ccr结果变化不明显。结论 在早期糖尿病肾病的血糖控制中,“双C治疗”可以更快更稳的将血糖控制达标,并使糖尿病肾病患者UAER以及B2 -MG r明显下降,,对糖尿病肾病的治疗及病情控制有积极的意义。     

胰岛素泵在2型糖尿病患者骨科围手术期的应用研究

目的 比较2型糖尿病患者骨科围手术期不同胰岛素治疗方法的疗效及安全性。方法骨科围手术期2型糖尿病患者60例，分为胰岛素泵持续皮下输注组（CSⅡ组30例）和多次皮下注射胰岛素组（MSⅡ组30例）。比较两种方法在控制血糖、血糖控制时间、胰岛素用量、低血糖发生率、切口感染等方面的差异。结果两组患者经胰岛素治疗后各点血糖均较治疗前明显下降（P〈0．05），CSⅡ组对空腹血糖、餐后血糖的控制优于MSⅡ组，差异有显著性（P〈0．05），术前血糖控制的时间、住院总天数及低血糖发生率、切口感染率均低于MSⅡ组，差异有显著性（P〈0．05）。结论围手术期CSⅡ能快速有效地控制血糖，缩短术前血糖控制时间及住院总天数，低血糖及切口感染、延迟愈合等并发症的发生显著减少。因此，胰岛素泵持续皮下输注用于围手术期的血糖控制比多次皮下注射胰岛素更快速、有效、安全。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.