呼吸操训练对COPD行肺减容术后患者肺功能的影响

目的:探讨全身呼吸操训练对慢阻肺(COPD)患者肺减容术(LVRS)后肺功能的影响。方法:102例COPD行肺减容术后患者分为观察组52例和对照组50例,均于术后当日配合常规呼吸训练,观察组增加全身呼吸操。结果:训练6个月时2组肺功能(FEV1、FVC、FEV1/FVC)均较训练1及3个月时有明显提高,观察组提高更明显(均P0.05)。结论:增加全身呼吸操训练对提高LVRS患者的肺功能有显著促进作用。     

呼吸训练对胸腔镜肺减容术后病人康复的影响

目的 研究呼吸训练对重度慢性阻塞性肺疾病病人胸腔镜肺减容术后康复的影响.方法 选取2003年6月至2007年1月在我院胸外科住院拟行胸腔镜肺减容术的病人40例,按入院的先后顺序随机分为对照组20例,呼吸训练组20例.对照组按胸外科的一般护理常规护理,呼吸训练组除按胸外科的一般护理常规外采用予膈腹肌式深呼吸训练、人工阻力呼吸练习、上肢肌力的训练,观察术后病人康复的情况.结果 训练组术后肺部并发症也显著减少(P＜0.05),两组患者手术前后肺功能各项指标明显改善(均P＜0.01);训练组术后3个月与6个月肺功能各项指标明显优于对照组(均P＜0.05).结论 患者能坚持正确的呼吸功能训练可减少术后并发症,有利于患者术后呼吸功能的早日恢复.     

循证护理在胸腔镜肺减容术患者中的应用

目的探讨循证护理在胸腔镜肺减容术(LVRS)患者围术期中的应用效果。方法选择2016年1月至2018年1月在我院行胸腔镜肺减容术治疗的肺气肿患者82例作为研究对象,随机等分为对照组和观察组,对照组采用肺减容术常规护理,观察组采用循证护理解决肺减容术患者围术期较易出现的身心问题。比较两组患者术前、出院前1 d肺功能指标、运动能力指标及舒适度评分变化;统计两组患者住院时间、机械通气拔管时间、术后并发症发生情况。结果出院前两组患者肺功能指标(VC,FVC1,FEV,GCQ)评分均较术前明显升高,且观察组患者肺活量(VC),舒适度评分(GCQ)均较对照组高(P 0. 05);两组患者残气量(RV)均较术前明显下降(P 0. 05)。观察组患者术后拔管时间、住院时间、并发症发生率均明显低于对照组(P 0. 05)。结论循证护理可针对LVRS患者治疗期间存在的问题采取预防措施,减轻患者的身心负担,提升护理质量。     

经支气管镜植入活瓣肺减容术治疗重度慢性阻塞性肺疾病的护理

目的探讨经支气管镜植入活瓣肺减容术治疗重度慢性阻塞性肺疾病的临床护理方法。方法对6例重度[第一秒用力呼气量(FEV1)预计值的50%]COPD患者行经支气管镜植入活瓣(EBV)肺减容术,同时加强术前、术中及术后的护理;观察患者预后。结果 6例患者的手术均顺利完成,术后呼吸困难都有所缓解。随访1年均未出现支架破碎、活瓣咳出、严重肺部感染等情况。结论全面优质的护理对促进经支气管镜植入活瓣肺减容术的顺利进行,减少术后并发症发生,提高临床治疗效果意义重大。     

Chartis肺评估系统辅助下经支气管镜单向活瓣置入治疗巨大张力性肺大泡的护理

<正>慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)是一组常见的慢性呼吸道疾病,病情进展至肺气肿时,往往因肺泡壁变薄,扩大的肺泡腔破裂而形成肺大泡,进而影响肺功能[1]。COPD合并较大肺大泡患者一般可通过外科肺减容手术治疗。巨大张力性肺大泡患者行外科肺减容手术存在风险大、并发症多、术后恢复慢、住院时间长、病死率高等缺点,因此,临床上不建议行外科肺减容手术。支气管镜单向活瓣置入肺减容术是一种支气管镜直视下在靶肺叶段     

电视胸腔镜下肺减容术对重度慢性阻塞性肺气肿患者炎性因子、肺功能及生活质量的影响

目的探讨电视胸腔镜下肺减容术对重度慢性阻塞性肺气肿患者炎性因子、肺功能及生活质量的影响。方法选择2009年5月-2013年12月在该院接受肺减容术治疗的慢性阻塞性肺气肿患者57例为研究对象,根据入院时间先后顺序随机分为观察组32例和对照组25例,对照组接受开胸肺减容手术,观察组接受电视胸腔镜下肺减容手术,比较两组患者手术指标、血清炎性因子含量、肺功能和生活质量。结果手术指标:观察组术中出血量、胸引流量和住院时间等均明显低于对照组(P0.05);炎性因子:手术3天后,观察组血清肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、白细胞介素-1(IL-1)、白细胞介素-6(IL-6)含量明显低于对照组(P0.05);肺功能:手术12个月后,两组患者的第1秒用力呼气容积(FEV1)、肺总量(TLC)和残气量(RV)比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05);圣乔治呼吸问卷(SGRQ)评分:手术后12周,观察组呼吸症状、活动能力、疾病影响和总分等评分均明显低于对照组(P0.05)。结论电视胸腔镜下肺减容术有助于减轻手术创伤程度,缓解炎性反应,提高生活质量。     

术前肺康复运动训练对老年肺癌合并中度慢性阻塞性肺疾病病人肺康复的影响

[目的]探讨术前肺康复运动训练对老年肺癌合并中度慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)病人肺功能、运动耐力、术后住院时间及肺部并发症的影响。[方法]选取86例诊断为肺癌,且肺功能提示中度COPD的老年病人,随机分为试验组和对照组,试验组病人术前在常规护理的同时完成为期2周的肺康复运动训练,于肺康复运动训练前后对两组病人分别进行肺功能、血气分析及6min步行试验(6-MWT)检测,同时观察其住院时间及术后肺部并发症的发生情况。[结果]试验组病人肺功能、二氧化碳分压(PaO2)、6-MWT在肺康复运动训练后均明显高于对照组病人(P0.05),住院时间短、术后肺部并发症少(P0.05)。[结论]术前行肺康复运动训练能够改善肺癌合并老年COPD病人肺功能、血氧饱和度及运动耐力,缩短术后住院时间,减少术后肺部并发症。     

芪白平肺胶囊治疗痰瘀阻肺型COPD临床观察

目的:观察芪白平肺胶囊对慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)的疗效。方法:将50例COPD患者随机分为2组各25例,在常规治疗基础上,治疗组加用芪白平肺胶囊,对照组加用安慰剂,30d为1个疗程并观察疗效,观察2组患者肺功能指标。结果:治疗后对照组的肺功能指标较治疗前有所降低(P0.05),治疗组较治疗前下降更为明显(P0.05或P0.01),2组比较有显著性差异(P0.05)。结论:芪白平肺胶囊对COPD患者有较好的疗效。     

支气管镜肺减容术在极重度慢性阻塞性肺疾病中的应用

目的总结采用Zephyr单向活瓣进行支气管镜肺减容术治疗的极重度慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)患者的临床资料,提高临床医师对该技术的理解和认识。方法患者男性,52岁,肺减容术前FEV1占预计值19.3%,诊断为慢性阻塞性肺疾病(极重度)。胸部CT显示双侧非均质性肺气肿。采用ChartisR系统测定肺旁路通气,结合同位素肺通气/灌注测定结果选择肺减容的靶肺叶。采用可弯曲支气管镜行单向活瓣肺减容术。结果于右上叶B1、B2、B3段支气管置入Zephyr活瓣共3枚。术后1和8个月复查肺功能显示FEV1、FVC、DLco增加,RV下降,6 min步行试验由术前的210 m增加到术后8个月的400 m。复查胸部CT示右肺上叶局限性肺膨胀不全,右上叶肺容积缩小。术后无不良事件发生。结论采用Zephyr单向活瓣的支气管肺减容术是治疗经过严格筛选的极重度COPD的一项安全有效的方法。     

肺康复训练对慢性阻塞性肺疾病稳定期患者的疗效观察

目的:观察慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)进行肺康复训练的效果。方法:COPD稳定期患者78例随机分为观察组和对照组各39例,2组都给予常规药物对症支持治疗,对照组在治疗期间给予常规肺康复,观察组在对照组康复的基础上给予三球式呼吸训练器康复。结果:治疗3个月后,观察组临床控显率显著高于对照组(P0.05);2组的FEV1/FVC均显著高于治疗前(P0.05),且观察组高于对照组(P0.05);观察组治疗后的最大摄氧量(VO2max)、最大功率均显著高于治疗前及对照组(P0.05),对照组治疗前后差异无统计学意义;治疗后,观察组的圣乔治问卷(SGRQ)症状分、活动分、影响分与总分评分均显著低于对照组(P0.05)。结论:COPD稳定期患者应用三球式呼吸训练器进行肺康复训练可以改善患者肺功能与运动耐力,提高治疗效果,促进生活质量的改善,有很好的应用价值。     

Computed tomography angiographic parameters of pulmonary artery as prognostic factors of residual pulmonary hypertension after pulmonary endarterectomy

ObjectivesThis study aimed to retrospectively assess using computed tomography pulmonary angiography (CTPA) for predicting residual pulmonary hypertension (RPH) in patients with chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH) after pulmonary endarterectomy (PEA).MethodsWe retrospectively analyzed data of 131 patients with CTEPH who underwent PEA in our center (2008–2015). We measured several diameters of the pulmonary artery and thoracic aorta preoperatively. We evaluated the relationship between these measurements (and their indices) and signs of RPH represented by pulmonary artery systolic pressure (PASP) estimated by echocardiography.ResultsSignificant correlations were observed between the aortopulmonary index and prediction of any residual hypertension and moderate/severe hypertension 1 year after PEA, and any residual hypertension and severe hypertension 2 years after PEA. The aortopulmonary index was significantly related to a reduction in PASP 1 year after the operation. A lower aortopulmonary index (≤0.88 for the ascending aorta and ≤0.64 for the descending aorta) predicted lower RPH.ConclusionsPreoperative CTPA parameters can be used to assess the risk of RPH after PEA. The aortopulmonary index has significant predictive value for RPH and a reduction in PASP after PEA. Lower values of the aortopulmonary index suggest a better outcome after PEA.     

Massive pulmonary embolism

An otherwise healthy 48-year-old woman presented in respiratory extremis from massive pulmonary embolism and promptly arrested. She underwent open-chest cardiopulmonary resuscitation followed by portable partial cardiopulmonary bypass and embolectomy but could not be resuscitated. Massive pulmonary embolism is frequently a desperate situation, but aggressive therapy with thrombolysis or embolectomy (in patients with contraindications to thrombolysis) may be lifesaving.     

Endovascular treatment for chronic pulmonary hypertension: a focus on angioplasty for chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension

Introduction: Percutaneous transluminal pulmonary angioplasty (PTPA) was introduced for the treatment of chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH) in the late 20^th century, and first attempts in collective patients were made in 2001 with beneficial effects but a moderate amount of complications. It was refined around 2010, and has been recently established as an effective and safe treatment.

Areas covered: The indication was originally inoperable CTEPH with peripheral lesions, but has now widened to symptomatic or hypoxic patients. The lesion is typically a meshwork-like structure of organized thrombi and is sometimes not seen as a stenosis angiographically, necessitating other means of investigation such as measurement of distal pressure. The technique to treat lesions is the same as for coronary angioplasty except in several ways.

Expert commentary: The effects of PTPA are comparable to those of surgical endarterectomy, and the complications of reperfusion pulmonary edema and vascular injury are now controlled by several strategies and based on experience.     

Postobstructive pulmonary edema

Postobstructive pulmonary edema (POPE; also known as negative pressure pulmonary edema) is a potentially life-threatening complication in which pulmonary edema occurs shortly after the relief of an upper airway obstruction. The incidence of POPE has been reported to be as high as 1 in 1000 general anesthetic cases and commonly presents as acute respiratory distress that requires immediate intervention. This review examines the 2 subclasses of POPE and describes the etiologic factors, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostic criteria, and treatment strategies associated with each. The aim of this review was to equip clinicians with the knowledge base necessary to identify patients at increased risk for POPE and to expeditiously diagnose and treat this potentially catastrophic complication.     

肺动脉漂浮导管在肺动脉高压患者应用的护理

目的探讨肺动脉高压患者行肺动脉漂浮导管术的护理配合要点及经验。方法对12例经超声心动图诊断的肺动脉高压患者采用肺动脉漂浮导管测量肺动脉压,护理配合要点在于配合医生时注意无菌操作、密切观察压力曲线变化、准确准时记录肺动脉压、密切观察患者的生命体征及不适症状。结果 12例患者均顺利完成肺动脉漂浮导管术,8例患者确诊为肺动脉高压,无严重并发症出现。结论肺动脉漂浮导管术可明确诊断肺动脉高压,操作过程中严密的监测及护理配合可防止并发症的发生。     

Outcomes of percutaneous balloon pulmonary valvuloplasty in congenital pulmonary valve stenosis

Percutaneous balloon pulmonary valvuloplasty (PBPV) is the primary treatment for pulmonary valve stenosis (PVS). The study consisted of 228 children with PVS who underwent PBPV from January 2004 to October 2019 at a single center. The risk factors for ≥moderate pulmonary regurgitation (PR), residual stenosis, and restenosis were analyzed based on the baseline patient characteristics and measured value of corresponding inspection results. Among 228 patients, follow‐up results were obtained in 193 patients. The univariate analysis demonstrated that young age, low weight, small pulmonary annulus diameter, higher initial RV‐PA PSEG, increased RV/systemic pressure ratio, and severe PVS were associated with ≥moderate PR. The multivariate analysis demonstrated that higher initial RV‐PA PSEG and low weight were independently associated with ≥moderate PR, while higher initial RV‐PA PSEG was independently associated with residual stenosis and restenosis. PBPV is a preferred tre atment in PVS children with a higher success rate. Higher initial RV‐PA PSEG was a significant factor for ≥moderate PR, residual stenosis, and restenosis.     

慢性阻塞性肺疾病合并肺纤维化临床分析

目的 了解慢性阻塞性肺疾病合并肺纤维化的临床特点，探讨其临床意义。方法 对比分析我院1990～2002年诊断的慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPI))合并肺纤维化14例及特发性肺纤维化(IPF)20例患者的症状、体征、X线胸片、胸部高分辨CT(HRCT)、肺功能、血气分析结果。结果 COPD合并肺纤维化及IPF在发病年龄、性剐方面无差别，而前者从发病至就诊时间明显较后者长。COPD合并肺纤维化常在慢性咳嗽基础上出现进展较快的呼吸困难及Velcro啰音，具有两种病变并存的X线及CT表现，常为混合型通气功能障碍，低氧血症明显，二氧化碳潴留则有所减轻。结论 慢性阻塞性肺疾病与肺间质纤维化具有不同的临床特点，当二者并存时，各自的特点则不明显，兼有二者的特征。     

肺隔离症的CT表现

目的：探讨肺隔离症（PS）的CT表现及特点。方法：回顾分析12例经临床病理证实的PS的CT表现,观察其位置、大小、形态、内部结构、边缘征象、外周改变及增强表现,总结其CT影像特征。结果：12例PS中,男8例,女4例,年龄最大62岁,最小2岁;平均20．21岁。10例位于左肺下叶,2例位于右肺下叶,9例叶内型,3例叶外型。影像表现6例异常的肺实质内含有充液或不充液的囊腔,3例可见囊或结节环绕的低密度区,2例见多发扩张的血管,1例示软组织密度肿块。12例对比剂增强螺旋CT扫描10例显示了病变的异常血管。结论：Ps多具肺内感染性病变影像表现。对比剂增强螺旋CT扫描是PS诊断及鉴别诊断的重要手段。     

慢性阻塞性肺疾病合并肺间质纤维化的临床研究

目的研究慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD）合并肺间质纤维化的临床特点及意义,并探讨其临床诊断要点.方法对近8年来临床确诊的36例COPD合并肺间质纤维化病例进行临床与影像学的回顾性分析研究,其中肺气肿合并肺纤维化11例,肺心病合并肺纤维化25例.结果 COPD合并肺间质纤维化的临床表现多数界于上述两种病变之间,胸部X线及CT兼具二者特点,肺纤维化病变在肺心病组多见.结论 COPD合并肺间质纤维化具有其独特的临床与影像学特征,其中临床症状及胸片是诊断的重要线索,高分辨率CT是临床确诊的最佳方法.     

造血干细胞移植后侵袭性肺曲霉病患者12例的肺功能改变

目的观察12例造血干细胞移植(HSCT)后并发侵袭性肺曲霉病(IPA)对患者肺功能参数及动脉血气的影响。方法 2007年2月~2009年10月本院接受HSCT后并发IPA患者12例,男8例,女4例,中位年龄34岁(26~67岁)。移植前后均行肺功能测试、动脉血气分析以及影像学检查。结果中位随访时间为132 d(97~432 d),无1例发生Ⅲ、Ⅳ度急性移植物抗宿主病(GVHD)。2例在移植1年后发生慢性GVHD。12例均为病理确诊或临床诊断IPA者,移植前肺功能测定仅有弥散功能轻度减退。抗真菌治疗8周后肺功能测试发现所有患者均存在不同程度的阻塞性通气障碍,其中8例患者呈小气道病变[FEF50和FEF75分别为(55.9±3.4)%和(41.9±4.1)%],4例患者则出现混合性通气障碍,总弥散量(DLCO)也显著降低[(47.4±2.9)%预计值],动脉血氧分压(PaO2)仅为(68.7±4.1)mmHg,但弥散常数(DLCO/VA)尚正常,与移植前无显著差异(P0.05)。结论 HSCT后并发IPA可对患者的肺功能造成不同程度的损害,肺内多部位感染或反复发生IPA的患者可出现较严重的混合性通气障碍,弥散也显著减退。