经TRUS重复穿刺活检在前列腺癌高危人群中的诊断价值

【目的】探讨经直肠超声(TRUS)引导下重复穿刺对前列腺癌(PCA)高危人群的诊断价值。【方法】在首次穿刺活检诊断为前列腺良性病变的63例PCA高危人群中开展TRUS引导下重复穿刺活检。平均年龄73(53～89)岁;34例直肠指检异常,27例TRUS异常;前列腺特异性抗原范围0．5～90．0ng／ml,平均16．0ng／ml。【结果】在63例前列腺重复穿刺的患者中。54例穿刺2次,8例穿刺3次．1例穿刺4次;确诊PCA17例(27．0％),良性前列腺增生35例,前列腺上皮内肿瘤7例,慢性前列腺炎症4例。【结论】在PCA高危人群中开展TRUS引导下重复穿刺可以提高PCA的诊断率。     

前列腺特异抗原＜4μg/L前列腺癌经直肠超声引导穿刺活检的临床研究

目的 评价经直肠超声(TRUS)引导下前列腺穿刺活检对前列腺特异抗原(PSA)＜4μg/L前列腺癌(PCA)诊断的临床价值,借以探讨提高PSA＜4μg/L的PCA诊断率的方法.方法 选取59例PSA＜4μg/L怀疑PCA的患者进行TRUS引导下前列腺多点穿刺活检.分析其TRUS声像图特点尤其对前列腺内结节声像特点进行总结,并比较PCA与非PCA组患者间的PSA、前列腺特异抗原密度(PSAD)、前列腺游离抗原与总前列腺抗原比值(F/T)、前列腺体积(PV),进一步分析PSAD、F/T的各阈值范围内对PCA诊断的敏感性及特异性.结果 59例受检者中经病理证实PCA 16例,检出率为27%,12例PCA患者声像图检查显示前列腺结节性病变,均分布于外腺,且血流增加较良性病变及癌前病变高.PCA组与非PCA组间的PSA、PSAD、F/T、PV差异均有统计学意义.将PSAD阈值设为0.09μg/L2时有较高的敏感性及特异性,F/T值设为0.20时有较高的敏感性及特异性,但不及PSAD有优势.结论 TRUS前列腺穿刺活检是确诊PSA＜4 μg/L PCA的最有效方法之一,结合TRUS声像图特点及PSA修正方法可进一步提高PCA的检出率.     

经直肠超声引导前列腺穿刺并发直肠大出血及其处理

目的　探讨经直肠超声 (transrectal ultrasound,TRUS)引导前列腺穿刺活检引起的直肠大出血及其处理方法。方法　回顾性总结 10 96例次 TRUS引导前列腺穿刺活检引起的 11例直肠大出血的临床资料。结果　在 11例患者中 ,前列腺癌 (prostatic carcinoma,PCA) 5例 ,良性前列腺增生 (benign prostatic hyperplasia,BPH) 4例 ,前列腺上皮内肿瘤 (prostatic intraepithelial neoplasm ,PIN) 1例 ,前列腺炎 1例 ;7例直肠大出血自行停止 ,4例出血不止 ,并出现生命体征异常 ,需要局部止血和输血。结论　尽管 TRUS引导前列腺穿刺活检可能引起多种并发症 ,但一般不需处理 ,即便并发直肠大出血也能有效地治疗 ,因此 ,它仍然是诊断前列腺癌的可靠方法。     

超声引导经直肠前列腺穿刺活检术对术前诊断的意义

目的评价经直肠超声（TRUS）引导的前列腺穿刺活检术对术前诊断的意义。方法分析72例经直肠超声引导前列腺穿刺的患者并对比手术记录。结果穿刺阳性率56．9％，穿刺诊断与手术诊断符合率91．6％。结论经直肠超声引导的前列腺穿刺活检术，能明显提高前列腺癌（PCA）检出率和术前诊断符合率。     

TRUS引导下6＋X点穿刺活检对前列腺癌的临床价值

目的：旨意探讨经直肠超声（TRUS）引导下6＋X穿刺活检对前列腺癌的临床诊断价值。方法：对46例临床可疑前列腺癌的患者（血清PSA〉4μg／L、直肠指诊阳性或影像学检查不能排除前列腺癌者）先行TRUS扫查，观察前列腺位置、大小形态、包膜、内部回声及血供情况，并记录有可疑结节的部位，之后行其引导下6＋X穿刺活检术。结果：46例疑似患者穿刺取材后经病理及手术证实前列腺癌者18例，前列腺增生22例，前列腺炎1例，前列腺炎合并增生者3例，前列腺结核1例，非典型增生1例，前列腺癌检出率39．1％，灵敏度94．7％，特异度及阳性预测值均为100％。结论：TRUS引导下6＋X点穿刺活检术操作简便，定位准确，阳性取材率高，对前列腺癌疾病的鉴别及前列腺癌的早期诊断有很高的临床价值。     

超声引导下经直肠前列腺活检的临床应用

目的 探讨经直肠超声引导下前列腺穿刺活检在诊断前列腺疾病中的临床应用。方法对36例前列腺特异性抗原（PSA）〉4ng／ml或直肠指检（DRE）有结节或经直肠超声发现有异常的患者，行经直肠超声引导6针系统活检加异常区域处1～2针活检。结果36例经直肠超声引导前列腺穿刺活检，检出良性前列腺增生20例，占55．6％，前列腺癌9例，占25％，前列腺轻度不典型增生4例，占11．1％，前列腺良性增生合并前列腺炎性改变3例，占8．3％。无严重的并发症。结论经直肠超声引导前列腺穿刺活检术有助于前列腺疾病的诊断和鉴别诊断，为临床进一步诊治提供了依据。     

经直肠超声引导下经会阴前列腺10点穿刺活检术对前列腺癌的临床应用

目的探讨经直肠超声（TRUS）引导下经会阴前列腺10点穿刺活检术对前列腺癌的诊断价值。方法对105例前列腺特异性抗原（PSA）〉4 ng/mL、直肠指检异常或TRUS检查发现异常回声的患者行经会阴前列腺10点穿刺活检术,并与病理结果对照分析。结果穿刺活检病理结果证实为前列腺癌42例,阳性率40.0%;前列腺增生50例,占51.4%;不典型增生9例,占8.6%。结论 TRUS引导下经会阴前列腺10点穿刺准确率高,并发症少而轻,是诊断前列腺癌的重要方法之一。     

经直肠超声引导下经会阴前列腺改良穿刺法的价值

目的评价经直肠超声（transrectal ultrasonography，TRUS）引导下经会阴前列腺改良穿刺法在前列腺穿刺活检中的作用，以期寻找有助于提高前列腺癌（Prostatic Cancer PCa）检出率的手段或方法。方法对151例前列腺特异性抗原（prostate specific antigenPSA）升高（〉4ug／L）和（或）TRUS发现有结节的患者在经直肠超声引导下经会阴行前列腺改良穿刺活检，穿刺标本送病理检查。结果151例患者中，共检出PCa49例（32％），上皮内瘤12例（8％），慢性炎症48例（32％），良性增生42例（28％）。与标准系统穿刺法相比，改良穿刺法可将PCa的检出率提高18％。本组资料有25例（17％）的患者术后出现血尿，无其它并发症发生。结论经直肠超声引导下经会阴前列腺改良穿刺法，有助于提高PCa的检出率。     

经直肠超声引导前列腺穿刺活检在前列腺癌诊断中的应用

【目的】探讨经直肠超声前列腺标准6点系统穿刺结合靶向引导穿刺活检方案在前列腺癌诊断中的应用价值。【方法】对直肠指诊阳性、血清前列腺特异性抗原（PSA）〉10mg／L、超声检查前列腺声像图异常159例患者进行经直肠超声前列腺标准6点系统穿刺结合靶向引导穿刺活检。【结果】前列腺癌检出率为32．1％（51／159）,其中1例前列腺癌合并膀胱癌患者;前列腺增生70例,占44．0％;非典型增生32例,占20．1％;膀胱癌3例,占0．19％;前列腺肉芽肿、膀胱血管肉瘤及直肠癌各1例,占0．19％;所有患者均未出现严重并发症。【结论】对于PSA〉10．0ng／mL患者行经直肠超声前列腺标准6点系统穿刺结合靶向引导穿刺活检法是一种合理有效穿刺活检方案,操作简单、安全且准确性高、并发症极少,在前列腺癌诊断及鉴别诊断具有重要价值。     

经直肠超声引导穿刺活检研究前列腺外腺增生

目的 通过经直肠超声(TRUS)引导下的前列腺定点穿刺活检以探讨前列腺外腺是否存在增生。方法 27例患者因临床疑诊前列腺癌而行TRUS引导下前列腺外腺定点穿刺活检，共计47点。同一穿刺点上分别在纵向和横向引导下各穿刺1针；如果外腺有低回声结节，则对该结节穿刺2针。在双盲情况下进行病理诊断。结果 20例患者的前列腺内腺呈对称性增大；9例外腺受压变薄，18例受压征象不明显；3例外腺见低回声结节。47点前列腺穿刺活检均确诊为良性前列腺增生。结论 由于前列腺外腺属于腺性组织，因此，像内腺一样可以出现组织学上的增生。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.