胰腺囊性良恶性病变的CT诊断

目的分析胰腺囊性病变的CT表现, 提高胰腺病变的CT诊断准确率。方法 回顾分析经手术、病理证实的22例胰腺囊性病变的CT表现。螺旋CT机为TOSHIBA Aquilion 16多层螺旋CT机, 采用平扫和双期(动脉期, 门静脉期)增强扫描, 层厚7.0mm, 螺距1.0, 非离子型碘对比剂总量100mL, 注射流率3mL/s, 动脉、门脉期扫描分别为30s和70s。结果 胰腺假性囊肿12例, 平扫为囊状水样密度影, 增强扫描囊壁轻度强化, 内无分隔。胰腺脓肿4例, 平扫为类圆形液性密度, CT值为24Hu左右, 内见小气泡影, 增强扫描囊壁呈环形明显强化。胰腺囊腺瘤4例, 平扫为类圆形的水样或肌肉样密度影, 增强扫描囊壁分隔及壁结节呈不规则强化, 囊壁厚度＜2mm。胰腺囊腺癌2例, 平扫呈囊状水样密度及壁结节, 其内有分隔, 增强扫描囊壁、壁结节及分隔可见不规则明显强化, 囊壁厚度＞2mm, 1例伴有肝内转移及腹膜后淋巴结转移。结论 胰腺囊性病变有各自的CT特征, 但相似之处较多, 结合临床病史、必要时密切随访加以鉴别, 可提高胰腺病变的CT诊断准确率。     

恶性与交界性胰腺囊性疾病的临床因素分析

目的探讨良恶性胰腺囊性疾病（cystic lesions of the pancreas,CLP）的临床因素。方法回顾性分析手术后经病理证实的49例CLP的临床特征。结果胰腺管状腺癌囊性变5例;肉瘤样癌囊性变1例;黏液性囊性肿瘤8例（恶性2例,交界性5例,良性1例）;胰腺实性假乳头状肿瘤14例（恶性1例,交界性13例）;囊性胰腺内分泌肿瘤2例（良恶性各1例）;浆液性囊腺瘤10例（均为良性）;无恶性潜能的CLP9例（海绵状血管瘤2例,慢性胰腺炎伴潴留性囊肿3例,胰腺黏液性非肿瘤性囊肿1例,胰腺假性囊肿1例,潴留性囊肿1例,良性上皮性囊肿1例）。恶性肿瘤组患者的年龄为（64．70±11．23）岁,明显高于交界性肿瘤组[（34．33±15．83）岁]和良性病变组[（47．29±14．068）岁]。恶性肿瘤组肿瘤最大直径（8．09±3．98）cm,明显大于良性病变组[（5．25±3．22）cm]。恶性肿瘤组CA19-9的阳性率为60．0％,明显高于交界性肿瘤组（0）和良性病变组（11.8％）。恶性肿瘤组CEA的阳性率为40．O％,其余两组均正常。CT诊断CLP的符合率为87．9％,肿瘤的边界是否清楚、有无实性成分有助于区别良恶性。结论对于男性、年龄大,血清肿瘤学标志物升高明显、影像学表现为边界不清或有实性成分的CLP患者应采取积极治疗。     

Diagnosis and management of cystic lesions of the pancreas

Pancreatic cystic lesions (PCLs) are being increasingly identified in recent years. They show a wide spectrum of imaging and clinical features. The diagnosis and discrimination of these lesions are very important because of the risk for concurrent or later development of malignancy. PCLs are usually first diagnosed and characterized by conventional imaging modalities such as trans-abdominal ultrasonography (US), computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). However, their ability to differentiate the benign and malignant lesions remains limited. Endoscopic US may be more helpful for the diagnosis and differentiation of PCLs because of its high resolution and better imaging characteristics than cross-sectional imaging modalities. It also allows for fine-needle aspiration (FNA) of cystic lesions for biochemical, cytological and DNA analysis that might be further helpful for diagnosis and differentiation. The management options of PCLs are to observe, endoscopic treatment or surgical resection. However, the decision for management is sometimes hampered by limitations in current diagnostic and tissue sampling techniques. As further diagnostic and non-invasive management options become available, clinical decision-making will become much easier for these lesions.     

Carcinoma of the pancreas: results of irradiation for unresectable lesions

From 1973 to 1977, 20 patients who had histologically proven unresectable adenocarcinoma of the pancreas with no distant metastases were irradiated at the Medical College of Wisconsin Affiliated Hospitals. The patients received megavoltage external irradiation to minimum tumor doses ranging between 3000 rod in 4 weeks and 5700 rod in 7 weeks (median 4600 rod in 6 weeks their actuarial survival was 54% at 12 months and 21% at 24 months.Fourteen patients who received 4500 rod or more in 6–7 weeks had a median survival of 13 months. Six patients received less than 4500 rod in 3–6 weeks, and their median survival was 7 months. At this writing, three patients are alive and apparently disease free more than 2 years after treatment.Complications were seen in two patients. One died from GI bleeding 2 months after completion of radiation therapy, and the other patient developed pancreatic insufficiency.These results and recent reports in the literature show that aggressive irradiation can result in long-term disease free survival in a small proportion of patients with unresectable pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Further exploitation of this approach alone or combined with chemotherapy is warranted.     

Intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms of the pancreas: a surgical perspective

Intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms (IPMNs) of the pancreas represent a relatively "new", but increasingly recognized entity. The emergence of this entity is due primarily to the widespread use of modern imaging methods, but also to a heightened awareness of physicians regarding this cystic neoplasm of the pancreas. No signs or symptoms are pathognomonic of IPMNs, but frequently, patients have a pancreatitis-like abdominal pain. Fully one-third of patients with IPMN are asymptomatic at the time of diagnosis. Cross-sectional imaging (ultrasonography, computed tomography, magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography), endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, and endoscopic ultrasonography are the diagnostic and staging methods of choice in the evaluation of patients with IPMNs. IPMNs show a wide spectrum of histologic changes, ranging from adenoma to invasive neoplasm, even within the same neoplasm, suggesting a "field defect" predisposing major segments or even the entire ductal epithelium to the development of IPMN. Fine-needle aspiration/cytology and/or analysis of the cystic fluid may be useful diagnostic tools; however, these examinations are associated with high false-negative rates. Complete surgical resection is the therapeutic method of choice. The extent and type of pancreatectomy remain somewhat controversial but should be based on morphologic changes of the pancreas. Even the role of adjuvant therapy remains unclear; however, being "duct-derived" neoplasms of potential malignant character, some form of adjuvant chemo- or ratio-therapy seems indicated in the presence of invasive disease, despite a "curative" resection. In the absence of invasive disease, prognosis after R0 resection is highly favorable with recurrences of 5-10%. However, invasive IPMNs behave quite similar to ductal adenocarcinoma of the pancreas when analyzed stage-by-stage, with a slightly better prognosis; however, even after an R0 resection, recurrence is common.     

Primary pancreatic cystic neoplasms revisited. Part III. Intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms

Intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms (IPMNs) represent about 25% of all primary pancreatic cystic neoplasms and are increasingly recognized during the last two decades. They are characterized by intraductal proliferation of neoplastic mucinous cells forming papillary projections into the pancreatic ductal system, which is typically dilated and contains globules of mucus. IPMNs may be multifocal and have malignant potential. Modern imaging is essential in establishing preoperative diagnosis and in differentiating different subtypes of IPMNs (i.e., main-duct vs. branch-type disease). Endoscopic retrograde or magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography accurately delineate the morphologic changes of the pancreatic ductal system. Endoscopic ultrasonography (usually used in conjunction with image-guided FNA and analysis of the aspirated material) is commonly used for differential diagnosis of IPMNs from other pancreatic cystic lesions. Surgical resection (usually anatomic pancreatectomy, depending on the location of the disease) is the treatment of choice. Total pancreatectomy may occasionally be required in selected patients, but is associated with formidable long-term morbidity. A conservative approach has recently been proposed for carefully selected patients with branch-duct IPMNs. Recurrences following surgical resection can be observed, especially in patients with multifocal disease or in the presence of underlying malignancy.     

The malignant nature of papillary and cystic neoplasm of the pancreas

Two new cases of papillary and cystic neoplasm of the pancreas are reported. One patient was a 20-year-old woman with massive unresectable liver metastases, and the other was a 15-year-old boy. To study the natural history and malignant potential of this tumor, the English literature was reviewed to obtain an additional 56 cases. Clinical characteristics include pain and a mass in most patients, although many are found incidentally. Jaundice, hemoperitoneum, nausea, and vomiting are unusual findings. Most patients are treated by wide resection with good results. These tumors appear to be indolent. However, 16% of patients had major organ or blood vessel invasion, and 7% had liver metastases at some time during the course of their disease, illustrating the malignant nature of this tumor. Long-term follow-up is necessary to evaluate the efficacy of treatment, especially in the case of locally advanced and metastatic disease.     

成束蛋白和膜联蛋白I在食管鳞状细胞癌癌前病变中的表达

背景与目的：研究食管鳞状细胞癌癌变早期异常改变的蛋白质以发现与食管癌早期病变相关的特征性标志分子。探讨了成束蛋白和膜联蛋白Ⅰ在食管癌癌前病变中的表达情况。方法：应用免疫组化方法分析食管癌高发现场癌前病变样本中成束蛋白和膜联蛋白Ⅰ的表达水平，用X^2检验对比成束蛋白和膜联蛋白Ⅰ在不同程度癌前病变和食管癌中的表达差异。其中包括，食管鳞状细胞癌癌前病变54例、正常食管上皮8例和中晚期食管癌9例成束蛋白的表达水平；以及食管鳞状细胞癌前病变52例、正常食管上皮11例和中晚期食管癌7例的膜联蛋白Ⅰ表达水平。结果：与正常食管鳞状上皮相比，成束蛋白在食管癌及其癌前病变中表达增强，其表达阳性率为低度癌前病变（轻度和中度不典型增生）85．7％（24／28）、高度癌前病变（重度不典型增生和原位癌）84．6％（22／26）和中晚期食管癌88．9％（8／9）。然而，膜联蛋白Ⅰ在食管癌及其癌前病变中表达降低或丢失，其表达阳性率分别为低度癌前病变14．3％（4／28）、高度癌前病变8．3％（2／24）和中晚期食管癌0％（0／7）。与正常食管上皮相比，成束蛋白和膜联蛋白Ⅰ在食管低度癌前病变中表达程度的异常均具有显著意义，P值分别为0．003和0．000。结论：成束蛋白异常增强和膜联蛋白Ⅰ的丢失与食管癌癌前病变相关。     

胰腺实性假乳头状瘤的CT表现及良、恶性鉴别

背景与目的：胰腺实性假乳头状瘤(solid pseudopapillary tumor of pancreas,SPTP)在临床上较为少见,良恶性SPTP的治疗方法及预后存在差异。该研究旨在探讨良恶性SPTP的CT影像学表现特征及鉴别诊断,以提高术前诊断的准确性。方法：回顾性分析了69例经手术切除及病理学证实的胰腺实性假乳头状瘤患者的临床资料及CT表现,由3位放射诊断学医师比较分析两组患者影像学表现,联系其临床表现及病理结果进行良恶性鉴别。结果：恶性组患者共13例(18.84%),其中女性9例(69.23%),男性4例(30.77%)。良性组患者共56例(81.16%),其中女性45例(80.36%),男性11例(19.46%),两组患者性别比例差异无统计学意义(P=0.458)。恶性组患者平均年龄为39(16~56)岁,明显大于良性组患者的31(14~56)岁(P=0.001)。恶性组肿瘤最大径均值为6.2(2.2~12.0) cm,良性组肿瘤最大径均值为5.5(1.2~13.0) cm(P=0.435)。31例肿瘤最大径大于等于5 cm,其中恶性组10例(76.92%),良性组21例(37.50%)(P=0.014)。28例肿瘤包膜不完整,其中恶性组9例(69.23%),良性组19例(33.93%)(P=0.028)。两组肿瘤在部位、形态、囊实性比例、钙化及强化方式的差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05)。结论：恶性SPTP患者年龄大于良性患者,且肿瘤最大径大于等于5 cm及包膜不完整是恶性SPTP相对特征性的影像学表现。     

Bilateral primary malignant lymphoma of the ureter

We report the case of a 68-year-old Japanese man who presented with postrenal azotemia due to bilateral upper ureteral stenosis. The patient's right kidney was nonfunctional; therefore, right nephroureterectomy was performed for the purpose of pathologic diagnosis. Histopathologic examination revealed follicular lymphoma with diffuse change in the ureter. With chemotherapy for malignant lymphoma, the stenosis of the left ureter was alleviated, and left renal function was preserved. Primary malignant lymphoma of the ureter is extremely rare. In cases of ureteral stenosis with ureteral wall thickening for which the cause is uncertain, the possibility of malignant lymphoma of the ureter should be considered.     

Predominance of hospital-associated MRSA among cystic fibrosis patients in a Turkish reference cystic fibrosis centre

Abstract

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains are the major causative agents of numerous hospital- and community-acquired infections. Increasing prevalence of MRSA in cystic fibrosis (CF) populations is reported all over the world. Although there are papers reporting the prevalence and genetic backgrounds of MRSA isolates from different settings in Turkey, there is no information regarding the situation in the CF community. This study was conducted to characterize the MRSA strains recovered from CF patients followed-up at a Turkish reference CF centre. Microbiological testing of isolates was performed via conventional microbiological techniques. Molecular characterization of MRSA isolates was carried out by SCCmec typing by multiplex PCR and PVL gene determination. Among a total of 604 CF patients included in the study, 325 patients were found to harbour S. aureus (53·8%). Of those 325 patients, 24 were positive for MRSA during their follow-up (7·4%). Thirty-two MRSA isolates from these patients were chosen for further assessment of molecular characteristics. Twenty-six MRSA isolates exhibited a pattern like SCCmec type III (81·2%) and six consecutive MRSA isolates of a single patient revealed SCCmec type IV (18·7%). Our findings definitely support the need for further surveillance studies for CF-MRSA strains and highlight the need for infection control measures in the setting of CF centres.     

伯尔定腔内给药治疗恶性浆膜腔积液的临床观察

目的评价卡铂(伯尔定)腔内给药治疗恶性浆膜腔积液的疗效及其毒副作用。方法对于恶性浆膜腔积液患者，采用中心静脉导管穿刺并置管，适量抽弃腔内积液后，腔内注入伯尔定150～450mg，每周给药1～2次，直至积液消失或判定无效后换药。结果本组76例可以评价疗效和毒副反应，治疗后完全缓解(CR)21例(28％)，部分缓解(PR)33例(43％)，无效(NR)22例(29％)，总有效率71％。其中胸腔积液34例，有效率为79％(27／34)；腹腔积液26例，有效率为50％(13／26)；心包积液16例，有效率为87％(14／16)。全组毒性反应轻微，主要为Ⅰ～Ⅱ度骨髓抑制。结论伯尔定腔内治疗恶性浆膜腔积液疗效确切，毒副作用小，是一优选药物。