肝动脉栓塞化疗和经皮肝穿刺冷冻联合治疗肝癌

目的 研究肝动脉栓塞化疗（TACE）和经皮肝穿刺冷冻（PHCT）联合治疗肝癌的近期疗效和安全性。方法 30例不能手术切除的肝癌病人行1－3个周期TACE的,予PHCT治疗。结果 综合治疗后1个月复查,综合治疗的肿瘤,缩小≥50％为36．4％（12／33）,单纯TACE的肿瘤,缩小≥50％为25．0％（2／8）。术后血AFP和CEA水平均有不同程度下降。术后不良反应轻。结论 TACE和PHCT联合治疗肝癌为一种较好的综合治疗方法。     

Isolated hepatic perfusion chemotherapy for unresectable malignant hepatic tumors

Treatment failure with conventional approaches, including systemic and regional chemotherapy, for refractory advanced primary or metastatic hepatic cancers has evoked periodic waves of enthusiasm for isolated hepatic perfusion (IHP) over the past 50 years. With technical refinements of the procedure and the introduction of a novel biochemical regimen combining tumor necrosis factor and melphalan, several hepatobiliary-oncological centers initiated clinical trials of IHP in the 1990s. In parallel, a percutaneous technique of IHP has been developed in this era as a minimally invasive, simple form of IHP, and phase I and II studies have been done in some specialized centers. This study attempts to review past and current techniques of IHP, and to outline their possible role in the treatment of unresectable hepatic tumors, with special reference to hepatocellular carcinoma and colorectal hepatic metastases. Received: January 10, 2002     

Treatment of hepatic cancer by hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy

A group of 213 patients with advanced primary hepatic carcinomas and 353 patients with metastatic liver cancers were treated by the prolonged intra-arterial infusion of mitomycin C and 5-fluorouracil through a surgically placed catheter over a period of time from 1966 to 1987. Regionalized chemotherapy by hepatic arterial infusion for hepatic cancer produced a greater degree and higher incidence of response than are obtainable through systemic administration. Intra-arterial infusion chemotherapy seems to offer an exciting new avenue of approach to the control of hepatic cancer.     

肝动脉变异在肝门淋巴结廓清中的临床意义

目的:探讨肝动脉变异在肝门淋巴结廓清中的识别与预防损伤策略。方法:回顾性分析2013年1 月至2014年7 月蚌埠医学院第一附属医院肝胆外科62例肝门淋巴结廓清中12例肝动脉变异患者术中处理情况。结果:12例肝动脉变异类型分为:MichelsⅢ型3 例（25.0%）,MichelsⅥ型2 例（16.7%）,MichelsⅨ型1 例（8.3%）,Hiatt6 型1 例（8.3%）,肝右动脉与肝总管空间位置变异2 例（16.7%）,肝左右动脉共同起源于肝总动脉2 例（16.7%）,以及肝右动脉起自胃十二指肠动脉1 例（8.3%）。 12例患者无肝动脉损伤;2 例发生术后并发症,其中1 例胰漏,另1 例切口感染;无术后出血、胆漏及肝脓肿等并发症发生。整体恢复良好。结论:在熟知各种肝动脉解剖变异类型的前提下,术前完善的影像学检查与评估,加以术中谨慎且精细的操作,将使肝动脉损伤明显减少。      

Infantile hepatic haemangioendothelioma

Three cases of infantile hepatic haemangioendotheliomas are described. Two demonstrate the natural history of regression of this benign tumour with no associated complication. The last case demonstrates life-threatening complications, which included cardiac failure, thrombocytopenia, disseminated intravascular coagulation and bleeding. Imaging modalities with plain films, ultrasound, computed tomography and angiograms are presented. Pathological findings in two of the cases are also described.     

The hepatic bridge

Background

The hepatic bridge forms a tunnel of liver parenchyma that may obscure peritoneal metastases associated with the round ligament. Visualization and then resection of nodules associated with this structure is necessary.

Treatment of hepatic metastases by percutaneous hepatic arterial infusion.

Better palliation for patients with hepatic metastases requires improved quality and duration of survival with a low complication rate and acceptable expense. Eligible patients between 1967 and 1977 were treated with a program of systemic chemotherapy until progression of hepatic metastases, then hepatic arterial infusion and subsequent maintenance on systemic chemotherapy. The angiography department was able to place the infusion catheter into the common hepatic artery percutaneously in 85% of all patients. The reasons for failure appeared related to anatomic variations and not to the physical characteristics of the liver cancer. A group of 24 patients with colorectal cancer and another group of 28 patients with 13 different primaries were treated. The colorectal cancer patients attained a median treatment time of 8 months before hepatic arterial infusion, and 9 more thereafter. The median survival of 17 months is much better than that reported for systemic chemotherapy alone. In a group of 28 patients with various primaries treated in the same way, the median survival time was 10 months. The nature of complications and the 6% incidence were the same in both groups. In summary, this is a modality yielding improved quality of life and longer survival with a low complication rate and acceptable costs.     

Intrahepatic bilomas after hepatic arterial embolization of malignant hepatic neoplasms

Reviewed and discussed are six cases of intrahepatic biloma that developed after hepatic arterial embolization therapy for malignant hepatic tumors. All six cases were administered emulsion of adriamycin and lipiodol and/or sponge gel particles, as the etiology of their disease was considered to be bile duct necrosis due to obstructions of peripheral supplying arterial branches. From the 23rd to the 76 days after embolization therapy, each lesion was detected by CT scan, and every case showed an elevation of serum alkaline phoshatase. Further, in 4 cases, hepatobiliary scintigraphy revealed a delayed bile clearance in the hepatic lobe. In one case followed up for 2 months, only one of two lesions disappeared. And in 5 cases that were followed up for more than 4 months, recovery occurred in 4 cases without any further treatment, but another case required percutaneous drainage for 3.5 months to be cured. An intrahepatic biloma, or bile duct necrosis, is a complication that can arise from hepatic arterial embolization therapy, so that careful follow-up must be given.     

Focal hepatic glycogenosis

Foci of altered hepatocytes (FAH) including clear cell foci excessively storing glycogen (focal hepatic glycogenosis) are well known as preneoplastic lesions in animal models of hepatocarcinogenesis induced by chemical, physical or viral agents. The occurrence of similar lesions has been studied in a series of 67 explanted and 2 resected human livers using histological and histochemical approaches. A high incidence of FAH was found in the liver of patients suffering from hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC, 14/14) and liver cirrhosis (21/42). FAH were also detected in one patient each with inborn hepatic glycogenosis type 1a, and cholangiocellular carcinoma. Two patients with focal nodular hyperplasia had FAH-like enzymatic changes within these lesions. No FAH were found in 5 donor livers. FAH excessively storing glycogen including clear and mixed cell foci predominated in most cases with these lesions. The focal hepatic glycogenosis was associated with a significantly increased cell proliferation compared to the extrafocal parenchyma, and with alterations in the activity of various enzymes. In the 175 FAH studied by enzyme histochemistry, two enzymes involved in glycogen breakdown, namely glycogen phosphorylase and glucose-6-phosphatase, showed the most consistent changes, being reduced in 98% and 95%, respectively. In addition, the activities of adenosine triphosphatase and gamma-glutamyltransferase were reduced in 46% and 53% of FAH, respectively. Inconsistent changes were observed in FAH concerning a number of other enzymes. The 14 HCCs investigated histochemically often contained clear cell populations rich in glycogen in well differentiated portions, but were poor in glycogen in moderately and poorly differentiated tumors or tumor components. There were some similarities in the enzyme histochemical pattern of HCC and FAH but also important differences were evident. In contrast to FAH, all HCCs (except one carcinoma of the fibrolamellar type) showed an increase in the activity of the mitochondrial glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, and 50% of the cases had increased glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity. The activities of glucose-6-phosphatase and gamma-glutamyltransferase usually showed a reactivation, or even an increase compared to the extrafocal parenchyma, in moderately and poorly differentiated HCCs. Our results indicate that the focal hepatic glycogenosis is a putative preneoplastic lesion in human beings similar to laboratory animals. The focal hepatic glycogenosis appears to be a frequent initial step in neoplastic transformation of hepatocytes, a process associated with a fundamental shift in energy metabolism.     

选择性肝动脉栓塞治疗肝海绵状血管瘤

目的 研究使用平阳霉素碘油乳剂经导管超选择插入肝动脉栓塞治疗肝海绵状血管瘤的方法和效果。方法 对32例肝海绵状血管瘤进行平阳霉素碘油乳剂经肝动脉栓塞治疗，将导管超选择插入肝血管瘤的供血动脉，以平阳霉素碘油乳剂栓塞。男14例,女18例，年龄28～62岁,平均44岁，术前均经US、CT、DSA检查确诊。结果 所有病例均成功实施了栓塞治疗;32 例中有30例分别于术后1 ～24个月进行CT或B超随访;瘤体缩小〉50%者25例,〉 30%者5例，其中B超随访肿瘤完全消失1例;1例患者肿瘤缩小不明显.30例临床有症状患者中,临床症状消失28例，明显减轻1例，总有效率96.7 %（29/30）。术中及术后无严重并发症。结论 平阳霉素碘油乳剂经肝动栓塞是治疗肝海绵状血管瘤的安全、有效的首选方法。     

Regression of hepatic metastases from gastrointestinal leiomyosarcoma after hepatic arterial chemoembolization

Two patients with gastrointestinal leiomyosarcoma metastatic to the liver were treated by hepatic chemoembolization with cisplatin and polyvinyl sponge followed by hepatic arterial infusion of vinblastine. Effective palliation in terms of durable tumor regression was achieved in both patients after two chemoembolization-infusion procedures. These results suggest that regional therapy may offer new hope for the subset of sarcoma patients who have liver metastases resistant to combination systemic chemotherapy.     

肝星状细胞与肿瘤肝转移的研究进展

肝脏是人体各类恶性肿瘤易于发生转移的部位,而肝星状细胞（HSC）在肿瘤肝转移中扮演着极为重要的角色。HSC能够促进和构成肿瘤细胞肝转移的微环境,肿瘤细胞又诱导HSC活化,活化的HSC又反作用于肿瘤细胞促其生长,两者双向作用呈现级联扩大效应,最终促进肿瘤侵袭、转移及生长。     

Double cone-unit laparoscopic hepatic resection for tumors adjacent to the hepatic vein

BackgroundIn tumor adjacent to the hepatic vein, it is important to treat two tertiary Glissonean pedicles that straddle to the hepatic vein in order to remove the tumor with a negative margin. The anatomical resection of the smallest unit may be considered to be the resection of the double cone-unit (DCU) in small tumor adjacent to the vein.Patients and methods127 patients who had undergone laparoscopic hepatectomy at the Jikei Medical University Hospital from 2020 through 2021. In 5 cases, Laparoscopic DCU resection was performed. If the CT image shows a hepatic vein near the tumor and the tumor is relatively small, less than 50 mm in size, DCU resection should be considered. After approaching the target Glissonean pedicles, the Bulldog Clamps were used to testing clamp it. After clamping it, the ICG was injected from peripheral veins. A few minutes later, the tumor-bearing portal territory could be identified as negative regions of fluorescence in the near infrared imaging system. The target hepatic vein, which runs between the two territories, was dissected where it transitions from the first to the second territory.ResultsThe median operative time in these 5 patients was 279 min, and the median volume of blood loss was 290 g. The average tumor size was 33 mm and the average surgical margin was 4.5 mm.ConclusionIn small tumor adjacent to the hepatic vein, the anatomical hepatectomy of the smallest unit may be the Double Cone-Unit resection.     

Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty for hepatic arterial occlusion following hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy

We report a case in which hepatic arterial occlusion developed during repeated hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy through an implanted port‐catheter system for advanced malignant hepatic neoplasia. After successful recanalization of the hepatic artery by using percutaneous transluminal angioplasty, another port‐catheter system was placed percutaneously by interventional radiology techniques, allowing the continuation of hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy.     

Giant cavernous hepatic hemangioma: treatment by ligation of the hepatic artery

We present a case of a giant hepatic hemangioma. We found it at laparotomy and we decided on the course of treatment on the operating table. As right lobectomy was not feasible, we performed ligation of the hepatic artery. The patient made an uneventful recovery. A selective hepatic angiography and a liver scan were performed 8 months postoperatively and they both showed regression of the tumor. The tumor was not demonstrable in the right hepatic artery. The patient is in excellent health 2 years after the operation; the liver is smaller in palpation and the tumor itself is nonpalpable. In this case the ligation of the hepatic artery was a successful therapeutic procedure.     

Radioembolization of hepatic tumors

Unresectable primary and metastatic liver tumors are a leading cause of cancer mortality and morbidity. This remains a challenging and key task for every oncologist despite significant advances that have been made with selective targeted systemic agents and in technology advances with radiotherapy delivery. Radioembolization (RE) is a technique of permanently implanting microspheres containing Yttrium-90 (⁹⁰Y), a beta-emitting isotope with a treatment range of 2 mm, into hepatic tumors. This form of brachytherapy utilizes the unique dual vascular anatomy of the liver to preferentially deliver radioactive particles via the hepatic artery to tumor, sparing normal liver parenchyma. The main treatment inclusion criteria are patients with solid tumors, compensated liver functions, life expectancy of at least three months, and ECOG performance status 0-2. Benefit of RE has been proven in patients that have low-to-moderate extrahepatic disease burden, prior liver radiotherapy, heavy prior chemotherapy and biologic agent exposure, and history of hepatic surgery or ablation. Most of the clinical evidence is reported in metastatic colorectal, and neuroendocrine tumors (NET), and primary hepatocellular cancer. A growing body of data supports the use of RE in hepatic metastatic breast cancer, intrahepatic cholangiocarinoma, and many other metastatic tumor types. Side effects are typically mild constitutional and GI issues limited to the first 7-14 days post treatment, with only 6% grade 3 toxicity reported in large series. Potentially serious or fatal radiation induced liver disease is extremely rare, reported in only 1% or fewer in major series of both metastatic and primary tumors treated with RE. Currently, high priority prospective clinical trials are testing RE combined with chemotherapy in first line therapy for colorectal hepatic metastases, and combined with sorafenib for hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs). Fortunately, this beneficial and now widely available therapy is being increasingly incorporated into the standard therapy algorithms of multidisciplinary GI cancer teams worldwide. This form of radiotherapy differs significantly from daily external beam radiotherapy in many ways, particularly in dose rate, dosimetric coverage and duration of radiation delivery, side effects, and patient selection factors. A wealth of experience using RE in solid tumors exists and ongoing major prospective clinical trials will soon clarify the role of RE in the management of metastatic colorectal liver metastases.     

Palliation of hepatic tumors

Palliation is treatment aimed at alleviating the symptomatic effects of a disease rather than at curing the disease. The four most common types of liver tumors that often require palliative treatment include hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), cholangiocarcinoma (CC), metastatic colorectal carcinoma (mCRC), and metastatic neuroendocrine tumors (mNET). Modalities employed in the palliative treatment of these tumors most often include resection, stenting, chemotherapy, radiation, ablation, and the general treatment of liver failure symptoms. Many of these modalities can be applied to the palliative care of all hepatic tumor types, regardless of the specific tumor histology--as incurable cancers often converge along a final common pathway. We herein provide a review of the therapeutic approaches to palliate hepatic tumors, as well as how such therapies are designed to alleviate the symptoms of patients with end-stage liver tumors.