体位复位联合后路钉棒内固定治疗胸腰段椎体骨折的临床应用

目的探讨体位复位联合后路钉棒内固定治疗胸腰段椎体骨折的临床疗效。方法 2007年8月至2009年12月,采用体位复位联合后路钉棒内固定治疗胸腰段椎体骨折28例,术后随访3～26个月,平均16个月。结果本组患者全部获得随访,所有患者的骨折椎体均获得愈合,未发现骨折复位丢失及内固定物松动、断裂。结论体位复位联合后路钉棒内固定是治疗胸腰段椎体骨折的一种有效方法。     

纵向撑开钉板系统在胸腰段骨折脱位中的应用

目的　探讨在胸腰段骨折脱位治疗中 ,后路施行椎弓根钉板系统固定的治疗作用。方法　对于 13例新鲜的胸腰段骨折脱位的患者早期施行后路手术 ,按 Weinstein法选择椎弓根钉进针点 ,拧入椎弓根钉后 ,安装钉板系统。结果　术后即开始随访至 6个月 ,发现对于胸腰段爆裂骨折脱位 ,复位率 10 0 %,椎体高度恢复达 90 %以上 ,截瘫平均有 Frankl分级一级以上恢复。讨论　具有纵向撑开作用的椎弓根钉板系统 ,在胸腰段骨折脱位早期就具有椎体高度复好 ,脱位复位满意的效果 ,术中再结合选择性椎板减压是一种较好的治疗方法 ,值得推广。     

过伸复位手法在胸腰段骨折脱位中的指导意义

目的探讨在胸腰段骨折脱位治疗中,过伸复位手法的指导意义。方法对24例新鲜的胸腰段骨折脱位的患者早期施行后路手术,先给予过伸复位,然后常规安装钉棒系统。结果术后随访3～12个月,胸腰段爆裂骨折脱位,复位率95％,截瘫平均有Frankl分级1级以上恢复。结论术中先行过伸复位,再结合选择性椎板减压和钉棒系统固定治疗,具有缩短手术时间、操作简单、椎体高度恢复好及复位满意等优点。     

椎弓根钉内固定治疗胸腰椎骨折

目的：探讨脊柱胸腰段骨折椎弓根钉内固定治疗效果。方法：临床收治脊柱胸腰段骨折72例，均采用后路减压，Dick或RF系统钉内固定手术治疗。比较手术前后骨折复位及神经功能恢复情况。结果：术后椎体高度完全或基本恢复占95．8％，神经功能有Frankel一级以上改善，不完全截瘫占90％，完全截瘫占53．1％。随访3—38个月，无螺钉折断、后退及脊柱矫正度丢失。结论：开放复位后路椎弓根钉内固定是治疗胸腰椎骨折的有效方法。     

前路减压或后路单一切口270°减压治疗A3.3型胸腰段脊柱骨折的疗效分析

目的探讨采用前路减压(前路组)或后路单一切口270°减压、钛网植骨、钉棒系统内固定术(后路组)治疗A3.3型胸腰段脊柱骨折的临床疗效。方法采用上述方法治疗A3.3型胸腰段脊柱骨折71例。结果 71例获13～66个月的随访;两组手术时间及术中失血量比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),术后神经功能评分、12个月植骨融合率比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);前、后路组在Cobb角、椎体前后缘高度、椎管狭窄率等方面手术前后比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.001)。结论前路减压或后路单一切口270°减压、钛网植骨、钉棒系统内固定术均是治疗A3.3型胸腰段脊柱骨折的有效方法,能获得较好的神经功能恢复,但前路手术出血多,手术时间相对长。     

多节段胸腰椎骨折后路椎弓根钉治疗

目的探讨经后路椎弓根钉内固定治疗多节段胸腰椎骨折的手术指征及治疗效果。方法经后路切开复位、椎弓根内固定术治疗多节段胸腰椎骨折19例。其中邻节段两椎体骨折7例，跨一节段两椎体骨折5例，跨两节段以上两椎体骨折4例，跨三椎体以上骨折3例。结果经12～36个月随访，平均21．5个月。术后骨折椎体高度无明显丢失，有神经损伤的患者术后大部有所改善或恢复正常。未发现内固定物松动、断裂，无继发性脊柱后凸畸形加重。结论多节段胸腰椎骨折严重影响脊柱的稳定性，需及时手术治疗，经后路椎弓根钉棒系统复位内固定和有限椎管减压．可有效重建脊柱稳定性，改善神经功能；在警惕其他脏器合并伤的同时，可适当放宽手术指征。     

后路椎弓根钉棒系统内固定治疗胸腰段椎体骨折临床观察

目的探讨后路椎弓根钉棒系统内固定治疗脊柱胸腰段椎体骨折的方法及临床效果。方法经后路椎弓根钉棒系统内固定治疗的31例胸腰段椎体骨折回顾性分析患者临床资料。结果 31例手术均顺利,术后切口Ⅰ期愈合,Cobb’s角由平均29.5°矫正至平均4.5°,椎体前缘高度由平均51%恢复至96%。随访12~20个月,骨折脱位复位满意,内固定物顺利取出,无钉棒折断、脊柱畸形等。8例不完全性神经损伤者不同程度恢复。结论后路椎弓根钉棒系统复位内固定治疗脊柱胸腰段椎体骨折,符合脊柱稳定生物力学要求,复位良好,固定可靠,效果肯定。     

应用双螺纹Schanz钉治疗胸腰段脊柱骨折脱位

目的探讨应用AO双螺纹Schanz钉系统治疗胸腰段脊柱骨折脱位的疗效。方法2003年4月～2005年6月应用AO双螺纹Schanz钉系统治疗胸腰段脊柱骨折脱位18例,男16例,女2例；年龄19～54岁,平均34．6岁,均合并截瘫。受伤节段为T_(11)～L_2,侧位X线片示骨折椎体楔形变,其中11例椎体后缘高度丢失,骨折椎体高度压缩程度为1/4～3/4,上位椎体向前脱位程度25%～100%,3例合并侧方移位。均于伤后2周内行后路减压,AO双螺纹Schanz钉置入复位内固定融合术。结果术中无并发症发生,全部患者随访8～34个月,平均20个月。18例患者脱位椎体均完全复位,骨折椎体前缘高度平均恢复90%,患者神经功能部分恢复7例,完全恢复8例,无内固定失败患者。结论AO双螺纹Schanz系统治疗胸腰段骨椎骨折脱位复位效果满意,操作方便。     

后路减压及AF内固定治疗胸腰椎骨骨折并脊髓损伤

目的探讨胸腰段椎骨骨折并脊髓损伤的后路减压及AF内固定手术方法和临床疗效。方法对我院自1998年6月至2002年6月收治的19例胸腰段椎骨骨折,伴有不同程度脊髓损伤患者,经一期后路减压及AF内固定进行回顾性分析：结果19例患者术后随访10个月～5年,平均18个月,本组病人脊柱畸形均得到满意的矫正及椎管减压,骨折均于1年内全部愈合,16例神经功能恢复良好,2例大部分恢复,1例愈合差。结论对胸腰段椎骨骨折并脊髓损伤患者一期后路减压及AF内固定术,可获得满意的脊柱矫形、良好的椎管减压和神经功能恢复的疗效。     

多节段胸腰椎脊柱骨折的手术治疗

目的探讨椎弓根钉棒系统治疗多节段胸腰椎脊柱骨折的手术方式与疗效。方法采用后路切开复位、椎弓根钉棒系统内固定、选择性椎管减压及后外侧植骨融合手术治疗44例多节段胸腰椎骨折患者,对患者术前与随访时的ASIA分级、伤椎椎体高度矫正率进行分析。结果全部患者平均随访12个月,未发现内固定物松动、断裂,椎体高度由术前平均49.3%恢复至术后平均92.5%。ASIA分级较术前平均提高1.2级。结论后路切开复位、椎弓根钉棒系统内固定基础上选择性椎管减压＋植骨融合是治疗多节段胸腰椎脊柱骨折的理想选择。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.