有创-无创序贯正压机械通气治疗心脏病术后呼吸衰竭2例

经鼻(面)罩无创正压通气(NPPV)具有使用方便、创伤小和呼吸机相关肺炎(VAP)少等优点.有创-无创序贯机械通气治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)等所致严重呼吸衰竭,可显著缩短有创通气时间,减少VAP等人工气道相关并发症,提高患者抢救成功率.我们采用有创-无创序贯通气,成功救治了2例脱机困难的心脏病术后呼吸衰竭患者,现报告如下.     

有创-无创序贯机械通气治疗老年慢性阻塞性肺疾病合并呼吸衰竭临床研究

目的:探讨有创-无创序贯机械通气对老年慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)合并呼吸衰竭患者的疗效.方法:对46例老年COPD合并呼吸衰竭患者早期进行气管插管机械通气治疗,随机分为有创-无创序贯机械通气组(治疗组)和有创机械通气组(对照组),在肺部感染控制窗出现后,治疗组拔出气管插管,改用经鼻面罩无创通气模式,逐渐减低压力参数,直至成功脱机.对照组继续有创通气治疗,逐渐减低SIMV频率及PSV水平直至脱机成功.观察2组患者有创通气时间、总机械通气时间、呼吸机相关性肺炎(VAP)发生例数和住ICU时间.结果:治疗组的有创通气时间、总机械通气时间较对照组明显缩短(P<0.05),VAP发生率明显减少(P<0.05),住ICU时间明显缩短(P<0.05).结论:对于老年重症COPD合并呼吸衰竭患者在肺部感染控制窗出现后,应用有创-无创序贯机械通气可缩短机械通气时间,减少VAP发生率,缩短ICU住院时间.     

有创与无创序贯通气治疗在COPD并急性呼吸衰竭中临床效果

目的探讨有创与无创序贯通气治疗在COPD并急性呼吸衰竭中临床效果及注意事项。方法 COPD合并呼吸衰竭患者56例,给予抗感染、解痉、平喘等综合治疗,插管上机用同步间歇强制通气＋压力支持通气（SIMV＋PSV）模式通气,在肺部感染控制窗出现后,随机分观察组及对照组各28例：观察组实施有创-无创通气序贯通气治疗,对照组继续实施有创通气。结果两组脱机时呼吸频率、心率、收缩压、PaO2、PaCO2、PH值比较无差异（P〉0.05）;观察组有创通气时间、总机械通气时间、住院时间均短于对照组、VAP发生例数、死亡例数也少于对照组（P〈0.05）。结论有创-无创通气序贯治疗抢救COPD合并急性呼吸衰竭患者,效果满意,是临床有效脱机方案。     

对慢性阻塞性肺疾病呼吸衰竭机械通气治疗的再认识

目的探讨对慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD）呼吸衰竭机械通气的策略。方法回顾性总结82例需机械通气的COPD患者的治疗情况。结果75例患者脱机成功（91．5％）死亡7例（8．5％）。相关并发症：呼吸机相关肺炎8例,气管导管阻塞6例,单肺通气3例,低血压2例,气胸1例。结论及早行机械通气是治疗呼吸衰竭最有效和迅速的方法,加强气道管理、合适的通气策略、营养支持、控制感染是减少并发症和提高抢救成功的关键。     

双水平无创正压通气在治疗COPD呼吸衰竭的应用

目的 探讨无创通气在慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD）急性加重期、并发呼吸衰竭时的应用价值。方法 56例COPD并发呼吸衰竭患者行无创通气26例,药物治疗30例,观察其治疗效果、费用等。结果 无创通气治疗组接受无创通气22例,成功18例;药物治疗16例成功,14例因病情加重改用面罩无创通气或气管插管机械通气治疗。结论 无创通气对抢救COPD呼吸衰竭患者,安全、经济、有效。     

经鼻气管插管机械通气抢救呼吸衰竭97例临床分析

目的探讨经鼻气管插管机械通气治疗呼吸衰竭的应用价值。方法对97例慢性呼衰急性加重或急性呼衰患者行纤维支气管镜引导下经鼻气管插管机械通气治疗。结果88例抢救成功，顺利脱机拔管，死亡9例。抢救成功率90．7％。结论通过该法建立人工气道并机械通气抢救呼吸衰竭疗效满意。     

序贯性机械通气在救治老年慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性呼吸衰竭患者中的应用

近年来国内外对从有创机械通气过渡到无创通气的研究较多，如何更合理、更有效使用序贯机械通气，是治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD）急性呼吸衰竭的重要课题。我们通过有创-无创序贯性机械通气抢救COPD急性呼吸衰竭患者24例，取得了较好效果，现报道如下。     

双水平无创正压通气治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病并呼吸衰竭的临床研究

目的探讨双水平无创正压（BiPAP）通气治疗对慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD）并呼吸衰竭的治疗作用。方法选择入住ICU的16例慢性阻塞性肺疾病并呼吸衰竭患者，经常规治疗后病情不能缓解者给予双水平无创正压通气治疗，并观察治疗前后患者动脉血PaO2、PaCO2、pH值。结果16例患者最后抢救成功14例，抢救成功率87.5％。无创机械通气治疗后呼衰症状明显缓解，动脉血PaO2明显升高，PaCO2明显降低（P〈0．05）。结论无创通气是对慢阻肺呼吸衰竭治疗疗效肯定，且副作用、并发症少的一种机械通气技术。     

有创-无创序贯机械通气救治非COPD急性严重呼吸衰竭的疗效观察

目的探讨有创-无创序贯机械通气救治非COPD病因所致急性严重呼吸衰竭的临床效果及应用价值。方法选择非COPD病因所致急性严重呼吸衰竭患者20例为序贯通气组,先经口气管插管有创通气,根据病情在3~7 d内拔除气管插管改为无创正压通气;选择相似病情病例20例作为对照组,经口气管插管有创通气,以同步间歇强制通气＋压力支持通气方式撤机。观察两组病例的机械通气时间、呼吸机相关性肺炎（VAP）发生率、撤机成功率、住院死亡率、总住院时间等。结果序贯通气组VAP发生率、有创通气时间、总机械通气时间、总住院时间明显低于对照组（P〈0.05）。结论有创-无创序贯机械通气策略不仅可应用于COPD所致的重症呼吸衰竭,对非COPD病因所致急性严重呼吸衰竭的救治也具有一定优势。     

肺康复对慢性阻塞性肺疾病合并重度呼吸衰竭治疗的促进作用

目的探讨肺康复对于慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)合并重度呼吸衰竭治疗的促进作用。方法选取2012年1月至2014年7月该院ICU科收治的72例COPD并行机械通气患者,随机分为对照组(单纯常规治疗)37例和康复组(常规治疗联合肺康复)35例,两组患者开始时均采取有创机械通气模式,在肺部感染控制窗出现后,撤去有创通气序贯无创机械通气,直至脱机好转转出ICU。康复组常规治疗下联合个体化康复训练,对照组仅常规治疗。记录两组机械通气前、拔除气管插管改用无创机械通气的生命体征及氧合指标;总结两组再插管率、死亡率、有创机械通气时间、总通气时间、住ICU时间。结果康复组与对照组相比再插管率、总机械通气时间、ICU住院日减少(P0.05)。结论 COPD合并重度呼吸衰竭患者个体化肺康复训练有利于呼吸功能恢复。     

不同撤机指标对慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者撤机的预测价值研究

目的比较不同撤机指标对COPD患者撤机的预测价值。方法选取机械通气48h以上且已达到撤机标准的17例COPD患者,采用T型管方法进行自主呼吸试验2h,在自主呼吸试验进行30min时检测气道闭合压（P0.1）、最大吸气压（Pimax）和呼吸浅快指数（RSBI）值,探讨它们在预测COPD患者撤机中的价值。结果lO例COPD患者撤机成功,7例失败。成功组患者的P0.1,和RSBI值明显小于失败组,而Pimax值则明显大于失败组,其差异均具有显著统计学意义（P〈0．05）。P。预测COPD患者撤机的价值明显优于Pimax和RSBI,其灵敏度、特异性和准确性均高于Pimax和RSBI,它们分别为89％、75％和82％。结论P0．1、Pimax和RSBI对COPD患者的撤机均具有指导意义,其中P0．1的价值最大。     

无创通气在慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者撤机中的应用

目的：探讨无创通气应用于慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD）患者有创机械通气撤机中的作用。方法：62例cOPD合并呼吸衰竭应用有创通气后撤机拔管的患者，分为治疗组32例，对照组30例，治疗组在常规药物治疗基础上应用无创通气，对照组应用常规治疗（药物治疗＋吸氧）。观察两组的血气分析指标、再插管率、住院天数及住院病死率等。结果：治疗组给予无创通气后与对照组比较动脉血气PaO2明显上升（P〈0．05），PaCO2下降明显（P〈0．05），两组再插管率为9%和30％（P〈0．05），住院天数为（32±10）d和（38±15）d（P〈0．05），住院病死率为6．2％和23．3％（P〈0．05）。结论：撤机拔管后立即开始应用无创通气的患者再插管率下降，住院天数减少及病死率下降。     

Prediction of successful ventilator weaning using airway occlusion pressure and hypercapnic challenge

We studied eleven patients during 14 attempts at weaning from mechanical ventilation to determine whether central ventilatory drive, measured as airway occlusion pressure 0.1 s after onset of inspiration (P 0.1), during spontaneous breathing before and during a brief hypercapnic challenge, could accurately predict the success or failure of the attempt. All patients were recovering from acute respiratory failure and could breathe spontaneously for 20 minutes on a T-piece but were judged clinically to be marginal weaning candidates. Minute ventilation (VI) and P 0.1 were measured while breathing spontaneously and were repeated during a hypercapnic challenge that raised end-tidal PCO2 approximately 10 mm Hg. Seven of the 14 weaning attempts were unsuccessful, requiring reinstitution of mechanical ventilation. Although the failure group had lower mean maximum inspiratory force and higher spontaneous respiratory rate, no threshold value separated the failure from the success group. Ventilation increased more during hypercapnic challenge in those patients whose weaning attempt was successful, but overlap of results between the two groups rendered this test inaccurate for predicting weaning success. In contrast, successfully weaned patients had greater augmentation of P 0.1 during hypercapnia, expressed as the ratio of P 0.1 during CO2-stimulated to P 0.1 during baseline values, than did those who failed weaning (p less than 0.005). This ratio succeeded, and was thus both specific and sensitive as a predictor of successful weaning from mechanical ventilation in these patients.     

机械通气治疗COPD撤机失败原因的回顾性研究

目的研究机械通气治疗COPD患者撤机失败的原因。方法收集我院2004年1月至2008年12月住院的38例共45次COPD患者撤机失败、进行回顾性研究,总结撤机失败的原因。结果38例45次撤机失败的原因：感染未控制18例次（40．0％）;呼吸肌疲劳10例次（22．2％）;呼吸机依赖7例次（15．6％）;并发症致再次接机6例次（13．3％）;误吸致再次接机3例次（6．7％）,其他1例次（2．2％）。结论有效的抗感染治疗,加强营养支持,防治并发症和注意心理疏导是防止撤机失败的主要措施。     

Effectiveness and safety of a protocolized mechanical ventilation and weaning strategy of COPD patients by respiratory therapists

Introduction

Prior researches have showed that weaning protocols may decrease the duration of mechanical ventilation. The effect of these protocols on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients is unknown. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of an extensive mechanical ventilation protocol including weaning applied by a respiratory therapist (RT) on the duration of mechanical ventilation and intensive care unit (ICU) stay in COPD patients.

Materials and methods

A novel mechanical ventilation protocol including weaning was developed and initiated for all intubated COPD patients by a respiratory therapist. Outcomes of patients treated using this protocol during a 6-month period were compared to those of patients treated by physicians without a protocol during the preceding 6 months.

Results

A total of 170 patients were enrolled. Extubation success was significantly higher (98% vs. 78%, P=0.014) and median durations of weaning, mechanical ventilation and ICU stay compared with time to event analysis were significantly shorter in the protocol based group (2 vs. 26 hours, log rank P<0.001, 3.1 vs. 5 days, log rank P<0.001 and 6 vs. 12 days, log rank P<0.001, respectively). Patients who were successfully extubated and patients in the protocol based group were more likely to have shorter ventilation duration [HR: 1.87, 95% confidence intervals (CI): 1.13-3.08, P=0.015 and HR: 2.08, 95% CI: 1.40-3.10, P<0.001 respectively].

Conclusions

In our center, a protocolized mechanical ventilation and weaning strategy improved weaning success and shortened the total duration of mechanical ventilation and ICU stay in COPD patients requiring mechanical ventilation.     

Capnometric recirculation gas tonometry and weaning from mechanical ventilation

The aim of this study was to describe changes in regional intramucosal PCO(2) (Pr(CO(2)) measured with capnometric recirculation gas tonometry [CRGT]) in patients with acute respiratory failure, who proceed from mechanical ventilation to weaning. In addition, we compared the predictive power for the weaning outcome of CRGT measurements obtained during mechanical ventilation to the frequency/ tidal volume (f/VT) ratio. A total of 24 patients (31 weaning trials) were included in the study, but four of the 24 patients (17%) were excluded because of extubation failure. Of the remaining 27 weaning trials in 20 patients, 12 (44%) were unsuccessful. Changes observed in patients with weaning failure (increase in Pr(CO(2)) from 60.4 +/- 15.0 mm Hg in mechanical ventilation to 67.4 +/- 21.0 mm Hg, in weaning) were significantly different (p = 0.046) from those observed in patients with weaning success (fall in Pr(CO(2)) from 61.5 +/- 15.0 mm Hg in mechanical ventilation to 56.3 +/- 16.7 mm Hg in weaning). However, absolute values of Pr(CO(2)) were not significantly different between patients with weaning success and failure, neither during mechanical ventilation (success, 61.5 +/- 15.0 versus failure, 60.4 +/- 15.0 mm Hg, p = 0.848) nor during weaning (success, 56.3 +/- 16.7 versus failure, 67.4 +/- 21.0 mm Hg, p = 0.135). The best single predictor for weaning outcome was the f/VT ratio measured early during weaning (area under the curve: 0.844 +/- 0.081; adjusted odds ratio for threshold value 相似文献   

自主呼吸试验在机械通气脱机过程中的应用

目的 自主呼吸试验(SBT)作为程序化拔管步骤在机械通气脱机过程中的应用.方法 程序化拔管患者行前瞻性研究,非程序化拔管患者行回顾性分析,比较两组机械通气时间、呼吸机相关性肺炎(VAP)发生率、48 h复插管率、住ICU天数及ICU病死率.对于程序化拔管组患者,比较SBT成功与SBT失败、拔管成功与拔管失败组SBT前后监测指标的变化.结果 程序化拔管组较非程序化拔管组机械通气小时数(经Ln数据转换后)缩短(4.01±0.71 vs 4.51±0.85,P<0.05).住ICU天数(经Ln数据转换后)缩短(1.86±0.82 vs 2±48±0.92±P<0.05),VAP发生率及48 h复插管率差异无统计学意义.程序化拔管组SBT成功与SBT失败患者SBT前后心率、呼吸频率、浅快呼吸指数(f/Vt)、PaC_2的变化差异有统计学意义;而拔管成功与拔管失败患者SBT前后监测指标的变化差异无统计学意义.5例拔管失败患者中3例由于痰液引流障碍导致48 h内复插管.结论 程序化拔管可缩短机械通气时间.减少住ICU天数,不增加48 h复插管率.SBT前后心率、呼吸频率、f/Vt、PaCO_2变化对于判断SBT是否成功较其他指标更为重要.对于拔管后可能存在痰液引流障碍的患者需谨慎拔除气管插管.     

不同切换时机的序贯机械通气治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病合并呼吸衰竭临床效果的网状Meta分析

背景 序贯机械通气是治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)合并呼吸衰竭的强有力手段,其治疗关键是选择恰当的切换时机,但目前切换时机的界定标准尚未统一.目的 采用网状Meta分析方法比较不同切换时机的序贯机械通气治疗COPD合并呼吸衰竭患者的临床效果,旨在为序贯机械通气切换时机的选择提供参考.方法 计算机检索PubMed、We...     

无创正压通气治疗COPD并呼吸衰竭的研究概况

近年来元创正压通气（NPPV）的临床应用日益广泛,尤其在慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD）并呼吸衰竭治疗中的价值得到越来越多的肯定。NPPV能改善COPD并呼吸衰竭患者的肺功能,提高生活质量,减少有创一无创序贯机械通气患者呼吸机相关性肺炎（VAP）发生,降低再插管率和病死率。该文就NPPV在COPD并呼吸衰竭患者中的应用进展作一综述。     

The role of non-invasive home mechanical ventilation in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease requiring prolonged weaning

Background and objective: Patients with COPD who require prolonged weaning from invasive mechanical ventilation show poor long‐term survival. Whether non‐invasive home mechanical ventilation (HMV) has a beneficial effect after prolonged weaning has not yet been clearly determined. Methods: Patients with COPD who required prolonged weaning and were admitted to a specialized weaning centre between January 2002 and February 2008 were enrolled in the study. Long‐term survival and prognostic factors, including the role of non‐invasive HMV, were evaluated. Results: Of 117 patients (87 men, 30 women; mean age 69.5 ± 9.5 years) included in the study, weaning from invasive ventilation was achieved in 82 patients (70.1%). Successful weaning was associated with better survival 1 year after discharge from hospital (hazard ratio (HR) 2.24, 95% CI: 1.16–4.31; P = 0.016). Among the 82 patients who were successfully weaned, non‐invasive HMV was initiated in 39 (47.6%) due to persistent chronic ventilatory failure. Initiation of HMV was associated with a higher rate of survival to 1 year as compared with patients who did not receive ventilatory support (84.2% vs 54.3%; HR 3.68, 95% CI: 1.43–9.43; P = 0.007). In addition, younger age and higher PaO₂, haemoglobin concentration and haematocrit at discharge were associated with better survival. In an adjusted multivariate analysis, initiation of non‐invasive HMV after successful weaning remained an independent prognostic factor for survival to 1 year (HR 3.63, 95% CI: 1.23–10.75; P = 0.019). Conclusions: These findings suggest that based on the potential for improvement in long‐term survival, non‐invasive HMV should be considered in patients with severe COPD and persistent chronic hypercapnic respiratory failure after prolonged weaning.