Rho／ROCK信号转导通路与支气管哮喘气道重塑

支气管哮喘（简称哮喘）是多种细胞及其组分参与的慢性非特异性炎症性疾病,气道反复炎症损伤与修复造成的气道重塑是哮喘主要的病理生理学特征,预防气道重塑是哮喘干预治疗的重要潜在靶点,是改善哮喘预后的重要手段。Rho通过激活下游效应物Rho相关卷曲螺旋形成蛋白激酶（Rho associated coiled coil forming protein kinase,ROCK）作用于气道平滑肌细胞及调节细胞因子和炎性因子等的产生,在哮喘气道重塑的形成与发展中起关键的作用,ROCK抑制剂能有效抑制哮喘动物模型的气道炎症和气道重塑作用。     

Rho/ROCK信号转导通路与支气管哮喘气道重塑

支气管哮喘(简称哮喘)是多种细胞及其组分参与的慢性非特异性炎症性疾病,气道反复炎症损伤与修复造成的气道重塑是哮喘主要的病理生理学特征,预防气道重塑是哮喘干预治疗的重要潜在靶点,是改善哮喘预后的重要手段.Rho通过激活下游效应物Rho相关卷曲螺旋形成蛋白激酶(Rho associated coiled coil fotruing protein kinase,ROCK)作用于气道平滑肌细胞及调节细胞因子和炎性因子等的产生,在哮喘气道重塑的形成与发展中起关键的作用,ROCK抑制剂能有效抑制哮喘动物模型的气道炎症和气道重塑作用.     

Rho/Rho激酶信号通路与低氧所致肺纤维化

小G蛋白Rho参与了细胞黏附、迁移、生长、细胞收缩及细胞分裂等多种生物学行为.近来研究显示Rho/Rho激酶信号通路的异常活化参与了肺部疾病的发生,如肺动脉高压和肺纤维化.低氧作为一种潜在的促纤维化因素主要通过促内皮细胞凋亡、血管生成及炎症反应的调节来参与纤维化的发生.且Rho/Rho激酶信号通路与低氧所致肺纤维化的过程中所涉及主要细胞因子都有着直接或IhJ接的关系.因此,本文就Rho/Rho激酶信号通路的生物学特征及其与低氧致肺纤维化过程中细胞凶子的关系作一综述.     

Rho激酶与呼吸系统疾病

Rho/Rho激酶通过GDP-Rho与GTP-Rho之间的转换调节细胞的收缩、黏附、增殖、迁徙、凋亡等生物学行为.目前一系列研究已证实Rho/Rho激酶信号通路参与了许多呼吸系统疾病的发生、发展,如慢性阻塞性肺疾病、支气管哮喘、肺高压、特发性肺纤维化、肺癌等.本文旨在讨论Rho激酶在呼吸系统疾病中的作用及相关机制.     

T细胞在哮喘免疫调节中的作用

哮喘是由T细胞、嗜酸粒细胞、肥大细胞等多种炎症细胞参与的气道慢性炎症性疾病,气道慢性炎症导致气道高反应性（AHR）的形成.其中Th2细胞通过分泌IL-4、IL-5、IL-9、IL-13等多种细胞因子在哮喘发病中起主要作用,而Th1分泌的IFN-γ抑制Th2的功能,近年来研究发现CD4^＋T细胞还包括多种具有调节功能的细胞群体并参与哮喘的免疫调节.另外,NKT细胞和CD8^＋T细胞在哮喘免疫调节中亦具有一定的作用.     

转录因子T-bet与支气管哮喘

转录因子T bet可以调节T辅助细胞 1(TH1 )和T辅助细胞 2(TH2 )的平衡。TH1 /TH2水平降低,是哮喘发病的重要机制之一。本文就T bet调节TH1 /TH2平衡,以及调节TH1细胞释放的相关细胞因子,从而调节哮喘的炎症反应作一综述。     

酪氨酸激酶信号级联与支气管哮喘发病的关系

支气管哮喘的发病机制涉及炎症细胞和气道结构细胞、细胞因子、趋化因子、生长因子和炎症介质的相互作用.酪氨酸激酶信号级联在变应性气道炎症中起重要作用,活化的酪氨酸激酶激活了多重下游信号转导途径如磷酯酰肌醇3激酶、丝裂原活化蛋白激酶和核因子κB,导致细胞的分化、存活、增殖、脱颗粒和趋化.     

酪氨酸激酶信号级联与支气管哮喘发病的关系

支气管哮喘的发病机制涉及炎症细胞和气道结构细胞、细胞因子、趋化因子、生长因子和炎症介质的相互作用。酪氨酸激酶信号级联在变应性气道炎症中起重要作用，活化的酪氨酸激酶激活了多重下游信号转导途径如磷酯酰肌醇3激酶、丝裂原活化蛋白激酶和核因子κB，导致细胞的分化、存活、增殖、脱颗粒和趋化。     

钙/钙调神经磷酸酶-活化T细胞核因子信号通路与T细胞活化及支气管哮喘关系的研究进展

钙/钙调神经磷酸酶-活化T细胞核因子信号通路作为T细胞内重要的生物信号转导通路,在T细胞活化中起到调节枢纽的作用,与Th细胞的分化及多种细胞因子的产生有密切关系;而T细胞的浸润和活化在支气管哮喘(简称哮喘)气道慢性炎症及气道重塑的发生、发展过程中具有重要的意义,因此,钙/钙调神经磷酸酶-活化T细胞核因子信号通路可能与哮喘的发生有密切关系,其在哮喘T细胞活化机制中的研究对于揭示哮喘的发病机制和治疗有重要的意义.     

Rho/Rho激酶信号通路与缺血性脑血管病

Rho/Rho激酶信号通路是体内普遍存在的一条信号通路,它通过调节细胞内肌动蛋白骨架的聚合状态而扮演着"分子开关"角色,参与多种细胞功能.Rho/Rho激酶信号通路在缺血性脑血管病的危险因素、发病机制和病理生理学过程中发挥着重要作用,抑制Rho/Rho激酶信号通路能够取得显著的神经保护作用.     

Crosstalk network among multiple inflammatory mediators in liver fibrosis

Liver fibrosis is the common pathological basis of all chronic liver diseases,and is the necessary stage for the progression of chronic liver disease to cirrhosis.As one of pathogenic factors,inflammation plays a predominant role in liver fibrosis via communication and interaction between inflammatory cells,cytokines,and the related signaling pathways.Damaged hepatocytes induce an increase in proinflammatory factors,thereby inducing the development of inflammation.In addition,it has been reported that inflammatory response related signaling pathway is the main signal transduction pathway for the development of liver fibrosis.The crosstalk regulatory network leads to hepatic stellate cell activation and proinflammatory cytokine production,which in turn initiate the fibrotic response.Compared with the past,the research on the pathogenesis of liver fibrosis has been greatly developed.However,the liver fibrosis mechanism is complex and many pathways involved need to be further studied.This review mainly focuses on the crosstalk regulatory network among inflammatory cells,cytokines,and the related signaling pathways in the pathogenesis of chronic inflammatory liver diseases.Moreover,we also summarize the recent studies on the mechanisms underlying liver fibrosis and clinical efforts on the targeted therapies against the fibrotic response.     

Requirement of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 3 (MKK3) for tumor necrosis factor-induced cytokine expression

The p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase is activated by treatment of cells with cytokines and by exposure to environmental stress. The effects of these stimuli on p38 MAP kinase are mediated by the MAP kinase kinases (MKKs) MKK3, MKK4, and MKK6. We have examined the function of the p38 MAP kinase signaling pathway by investigating the effect of targeted disruption of the Mkk3 gene. Here we report that Mkk3 gene disruption caused a selective defect in the response of fibroblasts to the proinflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor, including reduced p38 MAP kinase activation and cytokine expression. These data demonstrate that the MKK3 protein kinase is a critical component of a tumor necrosis factor-stimulated signaling pathway that causes increased expression of inflammatory cytokines.     

Dectin-1 activates Syk tyrosine kinase in a dynamic subset of macrophages for reactive oxygen production

Dectin-1 is a lectin receptor for beta-glucan that is important for innate macrophage recognition of fungi and contributes to phagocytosis, reactive oxygen production, and induction of inflammatory cytokines. The mechanisms by which Dectin-1 mediates intracellular signaling are just beginning to be defined. Spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk) is a protein tyrosine kinase that is critical for adaptive immune responses where it mediates signaling through B-cell receptors, T-cell receptors, and Fc receptors. Here we report that Dectin-1 activates Syk in macrophages and is important for Dectin-1-stimulated reactive oxygen production, but not for phagocytosis. Syk activation is restricted to a subpopulation of macrophages that is in equilibrium with cells that cannot activate the pathway. The proportion of macrophages using this signaling pathway can be modulated by cytokine treatment. Thus, Dectin-1 signaling reveals dynamic macrophage heterogeneity in inflammatory activation potential.     

CD4＋CD25＋调节性T细胞与支气管哮喘的研究进展

支气管哮喘（简称哮喘）是一种气道慢性过敏反应炎症性疾病,表现为反复发作性喘息、胸闷和咳嗽。近年来CD4＋CD25＋调节性T细胞在哮喘发病机制中的作用及其在哮喘治疗中的应用越来越受到人们的关注。现将CD4＋CD25＋调节性T细胞与哮喘的最新研究进展作一综述。     

Requirements of transcription factor Smad-dependent and -independent TGF-β signaling to control discrete T-cell functions

TGF-β modulates immune response by suppressing non-regulatory T (Treg) function and promoting Treg function. The question of whether TGF-β achieves distinct effects on non-Treg and Treg cells through discrete signaling pathways remains outstanding. In this study, we investigated the requirements of Smad-dependent and -independent TGF-β signaling for T-cell function. Smad2 and Smad3 double deficiency in T cells led to lethal inflammatory disorder in mice. Non-Treg cells were spontaneously activated and produced effector cytokines in vivo on deletion of both Smad2 and Smad3. In addition, TGF-β failed to suppress T helper differentiation efficiently and to promote induced Treg generation of non-Treg cells lacking both Smad2 and Smad3, suggesting that Smad-dependent signaling is obligatory to mediate TGF-β function in non-Treg cells. Unexpectedly, however, the development, homeostasis, and function of Treg cells remained intact in the absence of Smad2 and Smad3, suggesting that the Smad-independent pathway is important for Treg function. Indeed, Treg-specific deletion of TGF-β-activated kinase 1 led to failed Treg homeostasis and lethal immune disorder in mice. Therefore, Smad-dependent and -independent TGF-β signaling discretely controls non-Treg and Treg function to modulate immune tolerance and immune homeostasis.     

Apolipoprotein CIII reduces proinflammatory cytokine-induced apoptosis in rat pancreatic islets via the Akt prosurvival pathway

Apolipoprotein CIII (ApoCIII) is mainly synthesized in the liver and is important for triglyceride metabolism. The plasma concentration of ApoCIII is elevated in patients with type 1 diabetes (T1D), and in vitro ApoCIII causes apoptosis in pancreatic β-cells in the absence of inflammatory stress. Here, we investigated the effects of ApoCIII on function, signaling, and viability in intact rat pancreatic islets exposed to proinflammatory cytokines to model the intraislet inflammatory milieu in T1D. In contrast to earlier observations in mouse β-cells, exposure of rat islets to ApoCIII alone (50 μg/ml) did not cause apoptosis. In the presence of the islet-cytotoxic cytokines IL-1β + interferon-γ, ApoCIII reduced cytokine-mediated islet cell death and impairment of β-cell function. ApoCIII had no effects on mitogen-activated protein kinases (c-Jun N-terminal kinase, p38, and ERK) and had no impact on IL-1β-induced c-Jun N-terminal kinase activation. However, ApoCIII augmented cytokine-mediated nitric oxide (NO) production and inducible NO synthase expression. Further, ApoCIII caused degradation of the nuclear factor κB-inhibitor inhibitor of κB and stimulated Ser473-phosphorylation of the survival serine-threonine kinase Akt. Inhibition of the Akt signaling pathway by the phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase inhibitor LY294002 counteracted the antiapoptotic effect of ApoCIII on cytokine-induced apoptosis. We conclude that ApoCIII in the presence of T1D-relevant proinflammatory cytokines reduces rat pancreatic islet cell apoptosis via Akt.     

Enhancement of anti-inflammatory tendency by SB203580, p38α specific inhibitor, in human fibroblast-like synoviocyte cell line, MH7A

Interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) is an abundant cytokine, which, together with TNF-α, mediates inflammatory events in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). IL-1β is known to induce the induction of inflammatory cytokines and metalloproteinases (MMPs) in rheumatoid synovial cells. Here, we assessed these inflammatory events by measuring IL-1β levels in the human synovial cell line, MH7A. We observed that the activation of p38 MAP kinase by IL-1β was involved in the induction of inflammatory cytokines, as well as several genes, including MMP-1 and MMP-3. SB203580, a specific p38 MAP kinase inhibitor, inhibited the production of IL-1β-induced cytokines and MMPs, while the levels of the tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMPs) were unchanged by treatment with SB203580. Moreover, the induction of suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (SOCS3) and interferon regulatory factor 1 (IRF-1) were both found to be induced by the inhibition of p38 MAP kinase. Therefore, we suggested that the inhibition of p38 MAP kinase might enhance anti-inflammatory tendencies in the MH7A cells.