BDNF基因重组逆转录病毒表达载体pLEGFP-BDNF的构建与鉴定

目的构建脑源性神经营养因子(BDNF)基因重组逆转录病毒表达载体。方法根据 BDNF基因已知序列,设计合成一对引物并导入HindⅢ和BamH Ⅰ酶切位点;从大鼠海马组织提取总 RNA,逆转录聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)获得编码BDNF的基因片段,与克隆载体pMD 18-T Simple连接构建pMDT-BDNF质粒;经HindⅢ、BamHⅠ双酶切,获得BDNF基因片断再克隆至逆转录病毒载体 pLEGFP-N1中构建重组质粒pLEGFP-BDNF。结果限制性内切酶酶切分析和PCR法鉴定表明为正确重组子,测序结果证实与已知序列吻合。结论构建的重组逆转录病毒表达载体 pLEGFP-BDNF含有序列正确的大鼠BDNF基因,可以作为今后治疗老年性痴呆动物模型转基因实验的基因来源。     

大鼠黏结蛋白聚糖1基因重组腺病毒载体的构建及感染效率☆

背景：重组腺病毒质粒的构建方法主要有体外连接法和同源重组法。同源重组法有操作复杂、耗时长、效率低、纯化难的缺点。体外连接法又不可避免非特异性的基因重组及基因突变。 目的：应用改良体外连接法构建携带黏结蛋白聚糖1基因的重组腺病毒载体，测定其在心肌成纤维细胞中的感染效率。 设计、时间及地点：单一样本实验，于2007-08/2008-02在中山大学附属第二医院林百欣实验中心完成。 材料：穿梭载体pShuttle-CMV（含绿色荧光报告基因）和腺病毒骨架质粒pAdxsi购自诺赛基因组研究中心有限公司。 方法：核苷酸序列鉴定pCMV-Sport6.1-Sdc1质粒；用KpnⅠ + XhoⅠ从质粒pCMV-Sport6.1-Sdc1切出黏结蛋白聚糖1基因片段，亚克隆至pShuttle-CMV中，形成重组穿梭质粒。用I-CeuI + I-SceI双酶切出重组穿梭质粒中CMV-Sdc1片段，亚克隆至腺病毒基因组质粒中，得到重组腺病毒质粒。将重组腺病毒质粒转染293细胞包装获得重组腺病毒AdCMVSdc1，转化体外培养的心肌成纤维细胞。 主要观察指标：用DNA测序、酶切及聚合酶链反应法鉴定重组质粒和病毒，并测定重组腺病毒的滴度和感染效率。 结果：①核苷酸序列分析表明，pCMV-Sport6.1-Sdc1质粒正确携带大鼠黏结蛋白聚糖1 cDNA；黏结蛋白聚糖1基因被克隆于载体pShuttle-CMV上，以KpnⅠ + XhoⅠ双酶切可回收3 kb的克隆片段和5.1 kb的载体片段；重组腺病毒质粒用XhoⅠ酶切得到7个片段而空载体仅得到6个片段。②重组腺病毒质粒在293细胞中包装后产生的重组腺病毒对293细胞有致病作用；提取病毒DNA行聚合酶链反应鉴定可扩增出1.13 kb的特异性片段；用病毒上清多次重复感染293细胞扩增重组腺病毒后，病毒滴度检测达2.0×1011 PFU/mL。③用纯化浓缩后的重组腺病毒以感染复数为100感染心肌成纤维细胞，24 h后所有细胞均表达绿色荧光。 结论：成功构建了携带大鼠黏结蛋白聚糖1基因的重组腺病毒载体，经纯化浓缩后具有较高的滴度，能有效转染心肌成纤维细胞。     

保守性多巴胺能神经营养因子重组杆状病毒转移载体的构建及鉴定

目的 构建并鉴定小鼠保守性多巴胺能神经营养因子(mCDNF)重组杆状病毒转移载体pFastBacHTb-mCDNF. 方法 应用Trizol法提取小鼠组织总RNA,反转成cDNA,经PCR扩增得到带有预定酶切位点(BamH Ⅰ、Xho Ⅰ)的mCDNF基因全长(564 bp),回收片段并克隆至pGEM-T载体,测序验证PCR结果的准确性.将mCDNF定向克隆到pFastBacHTb载体,构建含有mCDNF基因的重组质粒pFastBacHTb-mCDNF,转化大肠杆菌DH5α感受态细胞,氨苄青霉素抗性筛选阳性克隆,摇菌抽取质粒进行测序和双酶切鉴定. 结果 RT-PCR扩增产物经琼脂糖凝胶电泳显示得到预定大小的目的 条带(564 bp),mCDNF的T-A克隆经蓝白斑抗性筛选获得阳性克隆,PCR及测序均提示pGEM-T-CDNF载体成功构建.重组质粒pGEM-T-mCDNF和pFastBacHTb载体进行BamH Ⅰ、Xho Ⅰ限制性内切酶酶切后再连接,得到pFastBacHTb-mCDNF重组质粒,并经PCR、酶切及测序验证无误. 结论 本实验成功构建了mCDNF重组杆状病毒转移载体pFastBacHTb-mCDNF,为该营养因子的进一步研究奠定了一定基础.     

单纯疱疹病毒Ⅰ型基因治疗载体的快速构建

背景：单纯疱疹病毒Ⅰ型载体因具有独特的优点目前被广泛应用,但其构建尚缺乏一种快速有效的方法。 目的：利用Cre/Loxp高效重组系统构建单纯疱疹病毒Ⅰ型载体。 方法：分离单纯疱疹病毒HSV-1,将含Cre重组酶的c66-SV40-cre质粒转染Vero细胞,构建一株带有Loxp位点的重组HSV-1框架载体HSVLoxp。构建穿梭载体pShuttle- SV40-Cre-Loxp-IRES及重组单纯疱疹病毒Ⅰ型载体HSV-GDNF,用HAT培养基筛选出阳性毒株后用GDNF引物做PCR鉴定,扩增培养后测定滴度。 结果与结论：成功构建pHV-TK-GFP质粒,并在Vero细胞内发生重组,分离出缺失了Us3基因的重组病毒HSVtk-Loxp-GFP01。成功构建HSV-1框架载体HSVLoxp及穿梭载体pShuttle- SV40-Cre-Loxp-IRES,成功获得GDNF基因,并将其转移到了HSV-1基因组上,成功构建了表达GDNF的单纯疱疹病毒HSV-1载体,测定其滴度约为2.25×106 IU/mL。     

抑制骨髓基质干细胞雌激素受体β基因表达的有效序列*☆

背景：雌激素受体β是否参与介导骨髓间充质干细胞的增殖与分化需进一步实验论证。 目的：以RNAi技术寻找和验证对大鼠骨髓基质干细胞雌激素受体β基因表达抑制的有效序列。 方法：根据GeneBank 数据库提供的SD大鼠雌激素受体β基因核苷酸序列,选择设计能转录小发卡结构RNA (Small hairpin RNAs,shRNA)的DNA 序列。再在两条互补碱基序列的5’端分别加上BamH Ⅰ(GATCC)和Hind Ⅲ (AGCTT)酶的酶切位点,最后形成两条互补的克隆入pSilencer 3.1-H1载体的发夹状siRNA模板序列,进行重组载体的碱基序列测定。 结果与结论：重组质粒碱基序列鉴定后,证实真核表达载构建正确。雌激素受体β特异性siRNA真核表达载体构建成功。     

重组大鼠质粒pEGFP-GDNF的构建及真核细胞转染

目的　构建携带大鼠胶质细胞源性神经营养因子(GDNF)基因的真核细胞表达载体,为应用GDNF进行如帕金森综合征之类的神经元退化性疾病的基因治疗打基础。方法　采用RT- PCR方法从大鼠胎脑组织总RNA中扩增出该基因的c DNA序列,并克隆到增强型绿色荧光蛋白(EGFP)报告基因的真核表达载体p EGFP- C1中,对重组质粒p EGFP- GDNF进一步鉴定。采用电转及阳离子脂质体将重组质粒p EGFP- GDNF转染至SH- SY5 Y细胞。结果　大鼠GDNF c DNA已正确地克隆到真核表达载体p EGFP- C1中,而构建成重组大鼠质粒p EGFP-GDNF。GDNF基因可稳定表达在细胞中。结论　真核细胞表达载体p EGFP- GDNF以及表达GDNF工程细胞SH-SY5 Y的成功构建,为进一步开展GDNF基因治疗PD等中枢神经系统疾病奠定了基础。     

构建人csp-B核基质结合区克隆及其介导的反转录载体

背景：核基质结合区是染色质被限制酶消化后仍附着在核基质上的DNA序列。大量实验表明，核基质结合区可以作为DNA复制的起始点或调控基因的转录，构建核基质结合区表达载体能提高外源基因表达水平，增强外源基因表达的稳定性及提高转化细胞稳定株的频率等。 目的：通过克隆人基因组不同的核基质结合区片段，构建核基质结合区介导的包含氯霉素乙酰转移酶(CAT)报告基因的反转录病毒载体pLXSN-MAR，以探索核基质结合区对基因表达的影响。 方法：开放性实验于2007-01/12在新乡医学院生物化学与分子生物学实验室及分子研究室完成。自行构建含氯霉素乙酰转移酶报告基因的质粒PLXSN-CAT载体。TaqDNA聚合酶、T4 DNA连接酶、DNA Marker、限制性内切酶BamHⅠ、凝胶纯化试剂盒、质粒提取试剂盒均购于大连 TaKaRa公司；引物由上海生工生物工程技术服务有限公司合成。以人基因组DNA为模板，采用聚合酶链反应扩增csp-B 核基质结合区序列，克隆入反转录载体PLXSN-CAT中，经限制性内切酶酶切及DNA序列分析鉴定目的基因。 结果与结论：聚合酶链反应扩增的特异性片段长度为931 bp，以此构建的重组质粒命名为PLXSN-CAT-MAR，经BamHⅠ酶切后显示5.9 kb和931 bp左右的两条片段，测序结果与Gen-bank中的人csp-B 核基质结合区(Genbank序列号M62716)序列一致，证明人核基质结合区片段已成功克隆到了反转录载体PLXSN-CAT中。提示成功构建了PLXSN-CAT-MAR反转录表达载体。     

人14-3-3β蛋白的原核表达、抗血清制备及真核表达载体的构建

目的 纯化原核表达的14-3-3β(YWHAB)重组蛋白并制备多抗血清,构建适用于哺乳动物细胞的真核表达载体.方法 将重组蛋白表达载体pET30a(+)/YWHAB转化大肠杆菌表达菌株BL21(DE3)感受态细胞,异丙基-β-D-硫代半乳糖苷(IPTG)诱导重组蛋白表达,镍-四齿螯合剂(Ni-NTA)亲和层析柱纯化重组蛋白;以纯化的重组蛋白为抗原免疫BALB/c小鼠,应用ELISA和Western blot方法分别检测抗血清的效价和特异性;应用PCR扩增添加BamH Ⅰ和EcoR Ⅰ酶切位点把YWHAB的ORF亚克隆至真核表达载体pEGFP-N1,添加BamH Ⅰ和Hind Ⅲ酶切位点把YWHAB的开放阅读框(ORF)亚克隆至真核表达载体pCDNA3.1(+),对重组载体进行酶切和PCR鉴定.结果 YwHAB重组蛋白以可溶性形式表达,分子量为32 000,与预期分子量一致;纯化后的重组蛋白纯度达90%以上,ELISA结果显示其抗血清的效价为1:50 000,Western blot结果表明抗血清的特异性较好;酶切和PCR鉴定结果表明真核表达载体pEGFP-N1/YWHAB和pCDNA3.1(+)YWHAB构建成功.结论 通过亲和层析纯化获得人14-3-3β重组蛋白,进而免疫BALB/c小鼠制备多抗血清,为进一步研究人14-3-3β的功能成功构建了其真核表达载体.     

构建携带重组人胰岛素基因慢病毒表达载体及其病毒包装

背景：腺病毒载体作为脂肪组织工程转基因载体,在应用中存在转导细胞免疫排斥及炎症反应等问题。应用慢病毒作为载体转染干细胞尤其是应用含胰岛素基因的慢病毒载体转染干细胞可避免腺病毒载体的诸多问题。 目的：实验拟构建含有人重组胰岛素(insulin)与增强型绿色荧光蛋白(enhanced green fluorescent protein, EGFP)基因慢病毒表达载体pLenti6.3-insulin-IRES-EGFP,并进行病毒颗粒包装。 方法：应用聚合酶链反应方法获得目的基因,在目的基因上、下游分别加上BamHⅠ,AscⅠ两个酶切位点,进行T载体克隆,转化入感受态DH5α细胞中,通过筛选获得重组质粒。用限制性内切酶酶切,将目的基因片段和pLenti6.3-IRES-EGFP载体连接,转化入感受态DH5α细胞中,通过筛选获得慢病毒表达载体pLenti6.3-insulin-IRES-EGFP,并进行测序。抽提慢病毒载体,转染293T细胞,包装病毒,测定病毒滴度。 结果与结论：通过聚合酶链反应获得长度为347 bp带有BamHⅠ和AscⅠ序列的目的基因。pMD18-T 载体和慢病毒表达载体pLenti6.3-IRES-EGFP连接,慢病毒表达载体pLenti6.3 -insulin-IRES-EGFP构建与预期相匹配,成功包装慢病毒颗粒。     

神经轴突运动蛋白Kif1a启动子基因全长序列报告基因载体构建

目的克隆Kif1a启动子区基因全长序列,构建并鉴定Kif1a启动子全长序列荧光素酶报告基因载体p GL3-Kif1a。方法以含Kif1a启动子基因全长序列的基因片段(2565 bp)的重组p GEM-T easy载体为模板,用含有酶切位点的特异性引物扩增出Kif1a启动子基因全长序列1853 bp,克隆至荧光素酶表达载体p GL3-basic,构建含正确目的基因的表达载体p GL3-Kif1a,行Sac I和Xho I酶切、PCR及测序鉴定;并以该质粒转染小鼠SCG细胞进行活性检测。结果酶切、PCR及序列测定表明,克隆获得的1853 bp与Gen Bank DNA序列数据库对比分析序列一致,插入方向正确;且p GL3-Kif1a启动子在小鼠SCG细胞中有明显转录活性。结论成功构建了Kif1a启动子基因全长序列荧光素酶报告基因载体,为下一步研究Kif1a启动子的活性分析、基因表达调控机制及其信号转导通路等研究奠定了基础。     

Epilepsy and anomalies of neuronal migration: MRI and clinical aspects

Neuronal migration disorders are the result of disturbed brain development. In such disorders, neurons are abnormally located. In diagnosing these conditions, magnetic resonance imaging is superior to any other imaging technique. This enables us to improve our knowledge of the clinical correlates of neuronal migration. With reference to migrational disorder, a retrospective study of all 303 patients with epileptic seizures referred for magnetic resonance imaging during a 3-year period was performed, 13 patients (aged 12-41, mean age 27) were identified. They represent 4.3% of the entire study group. Of the patients with known epilepsy, 6.7% and of the mentally retarded, 13.7% had migrational disorders. Four patients had schizencephaly as the dominant finding, one was classified as hemimegalencephaly, 2 had isolated heterotopias, and 6 had localized pachy- and/or poly-microgyria. The clinical pictures are complex. Ectopias of grey matter are recognised foci of epilepsy, but from an epileptological and a clinical viewpoint little attention has been given to these disorders. The present study shows that malmigration is not rare in epilepsy patients, especially not in the mentally retarded.     

Hepatic Considerations in the Use of Antiepileptic Drugs

Summary: Virtually all of the major antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) can cause hepatotoxicity, although fatal hepatic reactions are rare. The mechanisms, incidences, and risk profiles for such reactions differ from drug to drug. With carbamazepine and phenytoin, hepatotoxicity may be due to drug hypersensitivity. Although the profiles of patients at risk have not been well-defined for these two antiepileptic drugs, it would appear from reports in the literature that older adolescents and adults are at higher risk than children of developing serious or fatal hepatotoxicity. Once hepatotoxicity develops, mortality rates are 10–38% with phenytoin and 25% for carbamazepine. The risk profile for valproate fatal hepatotoxicity has been more clearly defined. Those at primary risk of fatal hepatic dysfunction are children under the age of 2 years who are receiving multiple anticonvulsants and also have significant medical problems in addition to severe epilepsy. The risk is considerably lower for patients over the age of 2 years on valproate monotherapy. In contrast to the risk profile with other AEDs, adults receiving valproate as monotherapy have the lowest risk of hepatotoxicity. Fatal hepatic dysfunction coincident with valproate may be the result of aberrant drug metabolism. Concomitant use of AEDs that induce microsomal P450 enzymes (e.g., phenytoin and phenobarbital) may enhance the production of a toxic metabolite, and hence the greater risk of hepatotoxicity with polypharmacy.     

Vascular Malformations and Epilepsy: Clinical Considerations and Basic Mechanisms

Summary: Vascular malformations (VMs) are associated with epilepsy. The natural history of the various VMs, clinical presentation, and tendency to provoke epilepsy determine treatment strategies. Investigations have probed the mechanisms of epileptogenesis associated with these lesions. Electrophysiologic changes are associated with epileptogenic cortex adjacent to VMs. Putative pathophysiologic mechanisms of epileptogenesis include neuronal cell loss, glial proliferation and abnormal glial physiology, altered neurotransmitter levels, free radical formation, and aberrant second messenger physiology.     

Classification of methods in transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) and evolving strategy from historical approaches to contemporary innovations

Transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) encompasses all methods of non-invasive current application to the brain used in research and clinical practice. We present the first comprehensive and technical review, explaining the evolution of tES in both terminology and dosage over the past 100 years of research to present day. Current transcranial Pulsed Current Stimulation (tPCS) approaches such as Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation (CES) descended from Electrosleep (ES) through Cranial Electro-stimulation Therapy (CET), Transcerebral Electrotherapy (TCET), and NeuroElectric Therapy (NET) while others like Transcutaneous Cranial Electrical Stimulation (TCES) descended from Electroanesthesia (EA) through Limoge, and Interferential Stimulation. Prior to a contemporary resurgence in interest, variations of transcranial Direct Current Stimulation were explored intermittently, including Polarizing current, Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation (GVS), and Transcranial Micropolarization. The development of these approaches alongside Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) and pharmacological developments are considered. Both the roots and unique features of contemporary approaches such as transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) and transcranial Random Noise Stimulation (tRNS) are discussed. Trends and incremental developments in electrode montage and waveform spanning decades are presented leading to the present day. Commercial devices, seminal conferences, and regulatory decisions are noted. We conclude with six rules on how increasing medical and technological sophistication may now be leveraged for broader success and adoption of tES.     

Carbamazepine Efficacy and Utilization in Children

Summary: Carbamazepine is effective for preventing partial and generalized tonic-clonic seizures in children. Although absence epilepsies are more common in children than adults, an estimated 80% of children with epilepsy have seizure types or epilepsies that are potentially responsive to carbamazepine. The differential diagnosis of ictal staring is an especially important issue in children because absence and atypical absence seizures are more prevalent in children than adults. Age-related pharmacokinetic differences and drug interactions are major considerations in children. On average, children have higher clearance rates of carbamazepine, shorter half-lives, and higher ratios of carbamazepine-10, 11-epoxide to carbamazepine than adults. In addition, children with severe epilepsy are more likely to require multiple-drug therapy, which can lead to complex drug interactions. When carbamazepine is administered along with valproate, drug protein binding interactions can cause intermittent side effects.     

Neonatal Seizures: Problems in Diagnosis and Classification

Summary: The clinical identification of neonatal seizures is critical for the recognition of brain dysfunction; however, diagnosis is often difficult because of the poorly organized and varied nature of these behaviors. Current classification systems are limited in their ability to communicate motor, autonomic, and electroencephalo-graphic features of seizures precisely and to provide a basis for uniform effective diagnosis, therapy, and determination of prognosis. Recent investigations of neonates, utilizing bedside electroencephalographic/polygraphic/ video monitoring techniques, have provided the basis for improved diagnosis and classification of seizures in the newborn. These studies have demonstrated that not all clinical phenomena currently considered to be seizures require electrocortical epileptiform activity for their initiation or elaboration. In addition, the specific clinical character of the phenomena considered to be seizures, the clinical state of the infant, and the character of the EEG indicate the probable pathophysiological mechanisms involved and suggest probable etiologies, prognosis, and therapy. Similarities between animal models that demonstrate reflex physiology and neonates with motor automatisms and tonic posturing suggest that these clinical behaviors may not be epileptic in origin but, rather, primitive movements of progression and posture mediated by brainstem mechanisms. Although not all clinical behaviors currently considered to be neonatal seizures may have similar pathophysiological mechanisms, they are clinically significant because they all indicate brain dysfunction.     

Valproate Monotherapy in the Management of Generalized and Partial Seizures

Summary: For decades, therapeutic tradition has promoted the concept of polypharmacy in the management of epilepsy. In recent years, however, studies have shown that, for most patients, monotherapy can provide comparable or better seizure control than administration of multiple anticonvulsants, while diminishing the potential for adverse reactions, drug interactions, and poor compliance. Valproate is an important monotherapeutic agent that is highly effective in the control of idiopathic primary and secondarily generalized epilepsies, and partial seizures that do not generalize. Comparative studies have found that valproate is at least as effective as phenytoin and carbamazepine in the treatment of generalized and partial seizures. Given the similar efficacy, other factors such as pharmacokinetics and side effects may therefore determine anticonvulsant selection for monotherapy.     

Un nouveau cadre conceptuel de travail pour la psychiatrie

In an attempt to place psychiatric thinking and the training of future psychiatrists more centrally into the context of modern biology, the author outlines the beginnings of a new intellectual framework for psychiatry that derives from current biological thinking about the relationship of mind to brain. The purpose of this framework is twofold. First, it is designed to emphasize that the professional requirements for future psychiatrists will demand a greater knowledge of the structure and functioning of the brain than is currently available in most training programs. Second, it is designed to illustrate that the unique domain which psychiatry occupies within academic medicine, the analysis of the interaction between social and biological determinants of behavior, can best be studied by also having a full understanding of the biological components of behavior.     

Special Pharmacokinetic Considerations in Children

Summary: Pediatric patients have greater degrees of pharmacokinetic variability and unpredictability than adults. This variability results from the effects of pharmacogenetics, age and growth, prior and current comedication, and disease. Newborns with seizures have the least predictable dosage requirements, and their needs change as drug-eliminating mechanisms mature in the neonatal period. Infants have the highest relative capacities to eliminate antiepileptics of any age group and require the largest relative doses. In addition to age-related trends, children demonstrate the same drug-specific, pharmacokinetic phenomena that adults do, including nonlinear phenytoin elimination, nonlinear valproate binding, and autoinduction of carbamazepine. Intercurrent illness and drug interactions further modify the age-related pharmacokinetic patterns in children and make dosage requirements even more unpredictable. Recent studies have shown that febrile illness can affect drug elimination, sometimes decreasing drug levels by 50% or more. Intermittent treatment with benzodiazepines administered either orally or rectally can be an important adjunct and help minimize this type of problem for children with marginally controlled epilepsy. Intermittent benzodiazepines are also helpful for children who have febrile seizures and who need only occasional antiepileptic protection.