扩张型心肌病可溶性IL－2R、NK活性和T细胞亚群的检测

应用单克隆与多克隆双抗体夹心法检测２０例扩张型心肌病（ＤＣＭ）及２０例正常人（ＮＣ）的血清可溶性白细胞介素２受体（ｓＩＬ－２Ｒ），同时测定了外周血自然杀伤细胞（ＮＫ）活性和Ｔ淋巴细胞亚群，结果发现ＤＣＭ患者ｓＩＬ－２Ｒ明显高于ＮＣ组（Ｐ＜０．００１），而ＮＫ活性明显低于ＮＣ组（Ｐ＜０．００１），ＤＣＭ患者Ｔ细胞亚群与ＮＣ组比较，ＣＤ８降低（Ｐ＜０．０１），而ＣＤ４／ＣＤ８比值升高（Ｐ＜０．０５）。提示细胞免疫功能紊乱参与ＤＣＭ的病理过程。     

MTEC 1分泌的趋化因子引起特定亚群胸腺细胞的定向迁移

分析胸腺髓质上皮样细胞系ＭＴＥＣ１分泌的化学趋化因子对胸腺细胞亚群的趋化作用。方法以抗体加补体杀伤结合免疫磁珠及ｐａｎｎｉｎｇ法，将小鼠胸腺细胞分离纯化，获得ＣＤ４＋ＣＤ８＋（ＤＰ），ＣＤ４－ＣＤ８－（ＤＮ），ＣＤ４＋ＣＤ８－（ＣＤ４ＳＰ）及ＣＤ４－ＣＤ８＋（ＣＤ８ＳＰ）四亚群细胞，用Ｂｏｙｄｅｎ小室分析ＭＴＥＣ１┐ＳＮ对四群胸腺细胞的趋化作用。结果ＭＴＥＣ１┐ＳＮ对ＤＰ及ＣＤ４ＳＰ胸腺细胞有趋化活性（ＣＩ＝６．６±１．０及６．１±１．８）；对ＣＤ８ＳＰ细胞有中度趋化活性（ＣＩ＝３．２±１．０）；对ＤＮ趋化活性微弱（ＣＩ＝１．３±０．６）。化学趋化因子ＭＣＰ┐１纯品对ＣＤ４ＳＰ胸腺细胞显示强趋化活性（ＣＩ＝５．６），对ＤＮ胸腺细胞则无可测出趋化活性。结论ＭＴＥＣ１分泌的化学趋化因子对ＤＰ，ＣＤ４ＳＰ及ＣＤ８ＳＰ胸腺细胞有显著趋化作用，对ＤＮ胸腺细胞几乎无趋化作用。提示此类化学趋化因子有趋使胸腺发育中后期阶段的细胞向胸腺髓质区迁移和定位的作用。     

脑肿瘤细胞HLA—Dr表达及肿瘤中浸润单个核细胞亚…

对４４例原发性脑肿瘤的免疫组化研究发现，２９例（６７．２％）的肿瘤细胞表达ＨＬＡ－Ｄｒ。ＨＬＡ－Ｄｒ阳性细胞含量和阳性率均与肿瘤的组织学类型有关，并随恶性程度增加而升高。肿瘤中浸润的单个核细胞（ＭＮＣ）主要是ＣＤ４５ＲＯ＋Ｔ细胞和单核巨噬细胞，前者主要包括ＣＤ４和ＣＤ８个亚群。ＨＬＡ－Ｄｒ＋，＋＋，＋＋＋组ＣＤ４５ＲＯ＋和ＣＤ８＋Ｔ细胞密度均低于ＨＬＡ－Ｄｒ－组。ＣＤ４亚群和单核巨噬细胞密度不受Ｈ     

高压氧抗小鼠同种皮肤移植排斥反应的实验研究

目的：探讨高压氧抗移植排斥反应机理。方法：Ｃ５７ＢＬ／６小鼠接受ＢＡＬＢ／ｃ小鼠移植皮片后，在９９２％Ｏ２，０２５ｍＰａ条件下每天１ｈ直至皮片排斥。动态观察移植局部Ｔ细胞及亚群，ＩＬ－２Ｒ（α）阳性细胞浸润情况以及混合淋巴细胞培养（ＭＬＣ）、细胞杀伤活性（ＬＭＣ）等。结果：高压氧组小鼠移植皮片存活时间明显延长；移植局部Ｔｈｙ－１，Ｌ３Ｔ４，Ｌｙｔ－２及ＩＬ－２Ｒ（α）阳性细胞浸润明显减少，ＭＬＣ及ＬＭＣ均降低。结论：高压氧可通过抑制移植局部Ｔ淋巴细胞浸润及ＩＬ－２Ｒ表达以及Ｈ－２诱导的增殖反应及杀伤活性，从而抑制移植排斥反应。     

增殖细胞核抗原及表皮生长因子受体在大鼠肝癌与胃癌中的表达

运用免疫组织化学方法对化学致癌剂诱发的大鼠原发性肝细胞性肝癌细胞及前胃鳞状细胞癌的增殖细胞核抗原（ＰＣＮＡ）及表皮生长因子受体（ＥＧＦγ）的表达进行了仔细的观察，结果表明：上述两种因子在两种癌细胞中均呈阳性免疫反应。依癌巢周围肥大细胞（ＭＣ）数的多少，将其分为两组：具丰富ＭＣ浸润组与缺乏ＭＣ浸润组。运用统计学方法，分别对两组癌巢中ＰＣＮＡ阳性细胞进行计数，结果：缺乏ＭＣ浸润组ＰＣＮＡ阳性细胞数远高于具丰富ＭＣ浸润组，二者之比在肝癌约为３：１，在前胃癌为２：１。ＥＧＦｒ在两组肿瘤中均呈过度表达，但缺乏ＭＣ浸润组的ＥＧＦｒ阳性细胞数明显高于ＭＣ丰富组。两种因子显示结果基本一致。     

扩张型心肌病可溶性IL—2R,NK活性和T细胞亚群的检测

应用单克隆与多克隆双抗体夹心法检测２０例扩张型心肌病及２０例正常人的血清可溶性白细胞介素２受体，同时测定了外周血自然余伤细胞活性和Ｔ淋巴细胞亚群，结果发现，ＤＣＭ患者ｓＩＬ－２Ｒ明显高于ＮＣ组（Ｐ＜０．００１），而ＮＫ活性明显低于ＮＣ组（Ｐ＜０．００１），ＤＣＭ患者Ｔ细胞亚群与ＮＣ组比较，ＣＤ８降低（Ｐ＜０．０１），而ＣＤ４／ＣＤ８比值升高（Ｐ＜０．０５）。提示细胞免疫功能紊乱参与ＤＣＭ的病理过程     

胰腺癌组织中内分泌细胞及其意义研究

４２例胰腺癌嗜银和亲银染色发现１９例４５．２％含内分泌细胞（ＥＣ），其中ＥＣ阳性率≥５０％４例；高分化腺癌ＥＣ阳性率（５／２０例，２５％）低于中、低分化腺癌（１２／１９例，６３．２％）和粘液癌（２／２例，１００％），组织学分级Ｉ级病例ＥＣ阳性率（５／１８例，２７．８％）低于Ⅲ级病例（７／８例，８７．５％）；ＥＣ阳性病例间质肥大细胞数明显高于ＥＣ阴性病例；发生转移病例ＥＣ阳性率（８／１４例，５７．１     

扩张型心肌病细胞免疫的初步研究

本文应用免疫酶标染色法及微量细胞毒试验分别检测了扩张型心肌病（ＤＣＭ）外周血Ｔ淋巴细胞亚群ＣＤ３、ＣＤ４及ＣＤ８及自然杀伤细胞活性（ＮＫ），并与正常对照组（ＮＣ）比较，结果发现ＤＣＭ患者的ＣＤ８明显低于ＮＣ组（Ｐ〈０．０１），而ＣＤ４／ＣＤ８比值高于ＮＣ组（Ｐ〈０．０５）；同时发现ＮＫ活性低于ＮＣ组（Ｐ〈０．００１）。因此推测Ｔ淋巴细胞亚群异常及ＮＫ活性缺失所致的细胞免疫功能紊乱可能是ＤＣＭ发病的     

脑肿瘤细胞HLA一Dr表达及肿瘤中浸润单个核细胞亚群的研究

对４４例原发性脑肿瘤的免疫组化研究发现，２９例（６７２％）的肿瘤细胞表达ＨＬＡ一Ｄｒ。ＨＬＡ一Ｄｒ阳性细胞含量和阳性率均与肿瘤的组织学类型有关，并随恶性程度增加而升高。肿瘤中浸润的单个核细胞（ＭＮＣ）主要是ＣＤ４５ＲＯ＋Ｔ细胞和单核巨噬细胞，前者主要包括ＣＤ４和ＣＤ８两个亚群。ＨＬＡ一Ｄｒ＋，组ＣＤ４５ＲＯ＋和ＣＤ８＋Ｔ细胞密度均低十ＨＬＡ一Ｄｒ一组。ＣＤ４亚群和单核巨噬细胞密度不受ＨＬＡ一Ｄｒ表达状况的影响。这说明脑肿瘤细胞表达的ＨＬＡ一Ｄｒ对参与局部抗肿瘤免疫的ＣＤ８亚群有选择性抑制作用。     

NFG和TGF—β1的表达与滋养细胞肿瘤相关性的免疫组化研究

为了探讨非分蚀性葡萄胎（ＨＭ）转化为侵蚀性葡萄胎（ＩＨＭ）的细胞生物学机制，本研究采用免疫组织化学法观察了ＮＧＦ和ＴＧＦ－β１在ＨＭ和ＩＨＭ中的分布。结果显示：在ＨＭ绒毛中，合体滋养细胞（ＳＴ）和新生基质细胞ＮＧＦ和ＴＧＦ－β１呈阳性和阳性；老年基质细胞和细胞滋养细胞（ＣＴ）呈阴性；在ＨＭ的中间型滋养细胞，ＮＧＦ呈阳强性着色，ＴＧＦ－β１阴性；在ＨＭ绒毛干中，ＳＴ的ＮＧＦ呈强性阳，ＮＧＦ和ＴＧＦ－     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.