Adrenaline plus cyanoacrylate injection for treatment of bleeding peptic ulcers after failure of conventional endoscopic haemostasis

BACKGROUND: Endoscopic therapy is a safe and effective method for treating non-variceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding. However failure of therapy, in terms of continuing bleeding or rebleeding, is seen in up to 20%. Cyanoacrylate is a tissue glue used for variceal bleeding that has occasionally been reported as an alternative haemostatic technique in non-variceal haemorrhage. AIM: To retrospectively describe personal experience using cyanoacrylate injection in the management of bleeding ulcers after failure of first-line endoscopic modalities. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Between January 1995 and March 1998, 18 [12 M/6 F, mean age 68.1 years) out of 176 patients, referred to our Unit for non-variceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding, were treated with intralesional injection of adrenaline plus undiluted cyanoacrylate. Persistent bleeding after endoscopic haemostasis or early rebleeding were the indications for cyanoacrylate treatment. RESULTS: Definitive haemostasis was achieved in 17 out of 18 patients treated with cyanoacrylate. One patient needed surgery. No early or late rebleeding occurred during the follow-up. No complications or instrument lesions related to cyanoacrylate were recorded. CONCLUSIONS: In our retrospective series, cyanoacrylate plus adrenaline injection was found to be a potentially safe and effective alternative to endoscopic haemostasis when conventional treatment modalities fail in controlling bleeding from gastroduodenal ulcers.     

Large-volume endoscopic injection of epinephrine plus normal saline for peptic ulcer bleeding

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Large-volume endoscopic injection of epinephrine has been proven to significantly reduce rates of recurrent peptic ulcer bleeding. Injection of normal saline may be equally effective for the similar hemostatic effect of local tamponade. The aim of our study was to compare the therapeutic effects of large-volume (40 mL) endoscopic injections of epinephrine, normal saline and a combination of the two in patients with active bleeding ulcers. METHOD: A total of 216 patients with actively bleeding ulcers (spurting or oozing) were randomly assigned to three groups (1:10,000 epinephrine, normal saline or diluted epinephrine plus normal saline). The hemostatic effects and clinical outcomes were compared between the three groups. RESULTS: The initial hemostatic rate was significantly lower in the normal saline group (P < 0.05). The volume of injected solution required for the arrest of bleeding was significantly larger in the normal saline group (P < 0.01). Mean duration for arrest of bleeding was significantly longer in the normal saline group (P < 0.01). There were no significant differences between the three groups with respect to the rates of recurrent bleeding, surgical intervention, 30-day mortality, amount of transfusion and duration of hospitalization. Significant elevation of systolic blood pressure (P < 0.05) and persistent high pulse rate after endoscopic injection were observed in the epinephrine group. CONCLUSIONS: For patients with active bleeding ulcers (spurting or oozing), we recommend a large-volume (40 mL) combination injection using diluted epinephrine to cease bleeding, followed by injection of normal saline to achieve sustained hemostasis.     

Current endoscopic and pharmacological therapy of peptic ulcer bleeding

Peptic ulcer bleeding is the most significant complication of ulcer disease, remaining the most important reason for upper gastrointestinal bleeding even in the era of Helicobacter eradication. Endoscopic triage and management plays a vital role in the handling of these patients, albeit in close collaboration with radiological and surgical expertise. Injection therapy, preferably with large volume epinephrine remains a core technology. Histoacryl and fibrin glue are more costly and less widely adopted alternatives. Mechanical measures are attractive and clips offer an excellent solution, particularly in soft tissues, and in combination with initial injection. Thermal methods with coagulation and coaptive axial force have similar performance characteristics. Increasingly, the combination of injection therapy with either a mechanical or thermal method appears the best option to achieve permanent haemostasis. PPIs for potent acid inhibition improves the clotting regardless of other treatment modalities. In the setting of rebleeding, patient and ulcer factors determine whether repeat endoscopy should be attempted, but the surgeon should be close at hand in this situation.     

Hypotension and endoscopic stigmata of recent haemorrhage in bleeding peptic ulcer: Risk models for rebleeding and mortality

Clinical and endoscopic data were collected prospectively in 1050 patients with bleeding peptic ulcer admitted between September 1985 and July 1989 to the care of one surgical team. Seventy-nine patients underwent therapeutic endoscopy soon after admission and in 129 patients either immediate or early elective surgery was performed. Eight hundred and forty-two patients, in whom therapeutic endoscopy was not performed at any stage, underwent initial conservative management and data from this latter group are now presented. Shock on admission was defined as systolic blood pressure (BP) less than or equal to 100 mmHg on presentation. There were 10 deaths of 147 shocked patients (6.8%) compared with only 25 deaths of 695 patients (3.6%) not in shock (P less than 0.08). Bleeding recurred in 30 patients (20.4%) shocked on presentation but in only 96 (13.8%) with a BP greater than 100 mmHg (P less than 0.05). Twenty-one of 358 patients (5.9%) with endoscopic stigmata of recent haemorrhage (ESRH) died, but only 14 of 484 patients (2.9%) without such stigmata (P less than 0.05) died. In shocked patients rebleeding was evident in 21 of 73 (28.8%) cases with ESRH but in only 9 of 74 (12.2%) patients in whom ESRH were absent (P less than 0.02). In the absence of fresh blood at endoscopy rebleeding occurred in 22 of 124 (17.8%) shocked patients and only 74 of 629 (11.8%) of those not shocked on presentation (P less than 0.07). When ulcer size was documented rebleeding rates for ulcers less than or equal to 1 cm, less than or equal to 2 cm and greater than 2 cm in size were 54 of 485 (11.1%), 30 of 142 (21.2%) and 12 of 44 (27.3%) respectively.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Guidelines for endoscopic management of non‐variceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding

Japan Gastroenterological Endoscopy Society (JGES) has compiled a set of guidelines for endoscopic management of non‐variceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding using evidence‐based methods. The major cause of non‐variceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding is peptic gastroduodenal ulcer bleeding. As a result, these guidelines mainly focus on peptic gastroduodenal ulcer bleeding, although bleeding from other causes is also overviewed. From the epidemiological aspect, in recent years in Japan, bleeding from drug‐related ulcers has become predominant in comparison with bleeding from Helicobacter pylori (HP)‐related ulcers, owing to an increase in the aging population and coverage of HP eradication therapy by national health insurance. As for treatment, endoscopic hemostasis, in which there are a variety of methods, is considered to be the first‐line treatment for bleeding from almost all causes. It is very important to precisely evaluate the severity of the patient's condition and stabilize the patient's vital signs with intensive care for successful endoscopic hemostasis. Additionally, use of antisecretory agents is recommended to prevent rebleeding after endoscopic hemostasis, especially for gastroduodenal ulcer bleeding. Eighteen statements with evidence and recommendation levels have been made by the JGES committee of these guidelines according to evidence obtained from clinical research studies. However, some of the statements that are supported by a low level of evidence must be confirmed by further clinical research.     

内镜下注射治疗消化性溃疡并出血的临床应用评价

目的探讨内镜下注射止血的临床意义。方法2001年7月至2002年8月因呕血和(或)黑便入院，经紧急内镜检查确诊为消化性溃疡并出血患81例．分成内科保守治疗和内镜注射止血治疗二组，内镜组在内科保守治疗的基础上，内镜下于出血灶注射HLGE液。结果内镜组42例，止血成功率95．24％，对照组39例，止血成功率79．49％，二组有显性差异。结论内镜注射止血治疗简单有效，降低手术率和再出血率。     

Effect of oral esomeprazole on recurrent bleeding after endoscopic treatment of bleeding peptic ulcers

BACKGROUND: After endoscopic treatment of bleeding peptic ulcer, a high-dose infusion of omeprazole substantially reduces the risk of recurrent bleeding. The role of oral proton pump inhibitors for these patients is uncertain. The purpose of the present study was to assess whether the use of oral esomeprazole would reduce the frequency of recurrent bleeding after endoscopic treatment of bleeding peptic ulcers. METHODS: Patients with actively bleeding ulcers or ulcers with non-bleeding visible vessels were treated with an epinephrine injection followed by thermocoagulation. After hemostasis had been achieved, they were randomly assigned in a double-blind fashion to receive esomeprazole (40 mg p.o. twice daily for 3 days) or placebo. The outcome measures studied were recurrent bleeding, blood transfusion requirement, surgery and death. RESULTS: A total of 70 patients were enrolled, 35 in each group. Bleeding recurred within 30 days in two patients (5.7%) in the esomeprazole group, as compared with three (8.6%) in the placebo group (P = 0.999). Blood transfusion requirement was 2.8 +/- 1.4 units in the esomeprazole group and 2.7 +/- 1.3 units in the placebo group (P = 0.761). Duration of hospitalization was 4.82 +/- 1.8 days in the esomeprazole group and 4.58 +/- 2.7 days in the placebo group (P = 0.792). No patients needed surgery for control of bleeding and no patients died in both groups. CONCLUSIONS: After successful endoscopic treatment of bleeding peptic ulcer, oral use of esomeprazole might offer no additional benefit on the risk of recurrent bleeding.     

Prediction of therapeutic failure in patients with bleeding peptic ulcer treated with endoscopic injection

Endoscopic injection therapy was performed in a consecutive series of 233 patients admitted for a bleeding peptic ulcer with active arterial hemorrhage or a nonbleeding visible vessel disclosed at emergency endoscopy. Further bleeding occurred in 57 cases (24.5%). The present study was conducted to evaluate whether any clinical or endoscopic features could identify the patients at high risk of therapeutic failure. Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that failure was significantly related to: (1) the ulcer location on the posterior wall (P=0.004) or superior wall (P=0.003) of the duodenal bulb, (2) the ulcer size (P=0.011), and (3) the existence of associated diseases (P=0.012). The validity of the prediction rule based on these factors was evaluated by receiver-operating characteristic curves and was confirmed and prospectively validated in an independent sample of 81 patients with a bleeding peptic ulcer treated by endoscopic injection. We conclude that once the initial control of bleeding has been achieved by injection therapy, the present prediction rule can be used to identify candidates for alternative treatment.     

Endoscopic hemoclip treatment for bleeding peptic ulcer

AIM To evaluate the efficacy of endoscopic hemoclip in the treatment of bleeding peptic ulcer.METHODS Totally, 40 patients with F1a and F1b hemorrhagic activity of peptic ulcers were enrolled in this uncontrolled prospective study for endoscopic hemoclip treatment. We used a newly developed rotatable clip-device for the application of hemoclip (MD850) to stop bleeding. Endoscopy was repeated if there was any sign or suspicion of rebleeding, and reclipping was performed if necessary and feasible.RESULTS Initial hemostatic rate by clipping was 95%, and rebleeding rate was only 8%.Ultimate hemostatic rates were 87%, 96%, and 93% in the F1a and F1b subgroups, and total cases, respectively. In patients with shock on admission, hemoclipping achieved ultimate hemostasis of 71% and 83% in F1a and F1b subgroups, respectively. Hemostasis reached 100% in patients without shock regardless of hemorrhagic activity being F1a or F1b. The average number of clips used per case was 3.0 (range 2- 5). Spurting bleeders required more clips on average than did oozing bleeders (3.4 versus 2.8 ). We observed no obvious complications, no tissue injury, or impairment of ulcer healing related to hemoclipping.CONCLUSION Endoscopic hemoclip placement is an effective and safe method. With the improvement of the clip and application device,the procedure has become easier and much more efficient. Endoscopic hemoclipping deserves further study in the treatment of bleeding peptic ulcers.     

Optimal injection volume of epinephrine for endoscopic treatment of peptic ulcer bleeding

AIM: To define the optimal injection volume of epinephrine with high efficacy for hemostasis and low complication rate in patients with actively bleeding ulcers. METHODS: This prospective, randomized, comparative trial was conducted in a medical center. A total of 228 patients with actively bleeding ulcers (spurting or oozing) were randomly assigned to three groups with 20, 30 and 40 mL endoscopic injections of an 1:10000 solution of epinephrine. The hemostatic effects and clinical outcomes were compared between the three groups. RESULTS: There were no significant differences in all background variables between the three groups. Initial hemostasis was achieved in 97.4%, 98.7% and 100% of patients respectively in the 20, 30 and 40 mL epinephrine groups. There were no significant differences in the rate of initial hemostasis between the three groups. The rate of peptic ulcer perforation was significantly higher in the 40 mL epinephrine group than in the 20 and 30 mL epinephrine groups (P < 0.05). The rate of recurrent bleeding was significantly higher in the 20 mL epinephrine group (20.3%) than in the 30 (5.3%) and 40 mL (2.8%) epinephrine groups (P < 0.01). There were no significant differences in the rates of surgical intervention, the amount of transfusion requirements, the days of hospitalization, the deaths from bleeding and 30 d mortality between the three groups. The number of patients who developed epigastric pain due to endoscopic injection, was significantly higher in the 40 mL epinephrine group (51/76) than in the 20 (2/76) and 30 mL (5/76) epinephrine groups (P < 0.001). Significant elevation of systolic blood pressure after endoscopic injection was observed in the 40 mL epinephrine group (P < 0.01). Significant decreasing and normalization of pulse rates after endoscopic injections were observed in the 20 mL and 30 mL epinephrine groups (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: Injection of 30 mL diluted epinephrine (1:10000) can effectively prevent recurrent bleeding with a low rate of complications. The optimal injection volume of epinephrine for endoscopic treatment of an actively bleeding ulcer (spurting or oozing) is 30 mL.     

内镜止血联合PPI抑制剂静脉泵入治疗老年消化性溃疡出血的临床疗效

目的:观察内镜止血联合PPI抑制剂静脉泵入对老年消化性溃疡出血患者的疗效。方法:选取老年消化性溃疡出血患者84例,随机分为治疗组和对照组,每组42例,对照组给予单纯静脉泵入埃索美拉唑治疗,治疗组患者先在内镜下行止血治疗,随后联合静脉泵入埃索美拉唑。观察2组患者治疗后的止血效果、临床预后情况。结果:治疗后治疗组患者的平均止血时间、输血量和住院时间均明显低于对照组(均P0.05)。治疗组48 h内出血停止患者明显多于对照组(88.09%vs 80.95%,P0.05);治疗组转开腹手术治疗和发生止血后再出血各1例,明显少于对照组(P0.05)。治疗组总有效率明显高于对照组(95.23%vs 85.71%,P0.05)。结论:内镜下止血联合PPI抑制剂静脉泵入治疗老年消化性溃疡出血,止血有效率高,平均止血时间、住院时间短,是临床上有效的止血方法。     

内镜下注射结合静脉注射奥美拉唑对消化性溃疡活动性出血的疗效

目的观察内镜注射治疗联用不同剂量的奥美拉唑(OME)及单用OME对消化性溃疡活动性出血患者的疗效。方法采用随机对照的方法。把101例内镜下有活动性出血的消化性溃疡出血患者,随机分为3组,分别接受①内镜注射止血治疗联用每天2次静脉注射OME40mg,疗程5d;②内镜注射止血治疗联用每天1次静脉注射OME40mg,疗程5d;③单用每天2次静脉注射OME40mg,疗程5d。治疗期间观察患者的止血时间、输血量、再出血情况及住院时间。结果3组患者的再出血率为3/35(8.6％),9/32(28.1％),15/34(44.1％),差异有显著性(P＜0.05);手术率1/35(2.9％),2/32(6.3％),7/34(20.6％),差异有显著性(P＜0.05);死亡率0/34(0％),1/32(3.1％),1/34(2.9％),差异无显著性(P＞0.05);输血量(3.7±2.7)单位(每单位=200m1),(5±2.5)单位,(2.5±2.4)单位,差异无显著性(P＞0.05);止血时间分别为(1.8±1.5)d,(3.8±1.9)d,(5.5±2.1)d,差异有显著性(P＜0.05);住院时间(8.7±2.5)d,(15.7±6.9)d,(17.1±8.3)d,差异有显著性(P＜0.05)。结论内镜注射治疗联用每天2次静脉注射40mgOME疗效最好o     

Pantoprazole infusion as adjuvant therapy to endoscopic treatment in patients with peptic ulcer bleeding: prospective randomized controlled trial

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Following successful endoscopic therapy in patients with peptic ulcer bleeding, rebleeding occurs in 20% of patients. Rebleeding remains the most important determinant of poor prognosis. We investigated whether or not administration of pantoprazole infusion would improve the outcome in ulcer bleeding following successful endoscopic therapy. METHODS: In this double-blind, placebo-controlled, prospective trial, patients who had gastric or duodenal ulcers with active bleeding or non-bleeding visible vessel received combined endoscopy therapy with injection of epinephrine and heater probe application. Patients who achieved hemostasis were randomly assigned to receive pantoprazole (80 mg intravenous bolus followed by an infusion at a rate of 8 mg per hour) or placebo for 72 h. The primary end-point was the rate of rebleeding. RESULTS: Rebleeding was lower in the pantoprazole group (8 of 102 patients, 7.8%) than in the placebo group (20 of 101 patients, 19.8%; P = 0.01). Patients in the pantoprazole group required significantly fewer transfusions (1 +/- 2.5 vs 2 +/- 3.3; P = 0.003) and days of hospitalization (5.6 +/- 5.3 vs 7.7 +/- 7.3; P = 0.0003). Rescue therapies were needed more frequently in the placebo group (7.8% vs 19.8%; P = 0.01). Three (2.9%) patients in the pantoprazole group and eight (7.9%) in the placebo group required surgery to control their bleeding (P = 0.12). Two patients in the pantoprazole group and four in the placebo group died (P = 0.45). CONCLUSION: In patients with bleeding peptic ulcers, the use of high dose pantoprazole infusion following successful endoscopic therapy is effective in reducing rebleeding, transfusion requirements and hospital stay.     

Effects of early oral feeding on relapse and symptoms of upper gastrointestinal bleeding in peptic ulcer disease

Background: Peptic ulcer is the most common cause of upper gastrointestinal bleeding (GIB) and nutritional support is a helpful strategy in malnutrition prevention during treatment. As early oral feeding in patients with GIB may shorten hospital stay and decrease costs and risk of infection, the present study was carried out to investigate the effects of early oral feeding on relapse and symptoms of upper GIB. Methods: The present clinical trial was conducted with the participation of 100 patients with upper GIB due to gastric or duodenum ulcer at Emam Reza University Hospital in Tabriz. Subjects were randomly allocated to two groups (n = 50). In one group, patients received oral diet from day 1 and in other group patients were nil by mouth until day 3 and then received oral diet. Endoscopic and clinical findings of patients were recorded from day 1 to 3. Results: The mean age of subjects was 57.6 ± 1.7 and 63% were male. Sclerotherapy was used in most cases as a hemostasis treatment. There was no significant difference in laboratory findings and rebleeding between the two groups. In the group with early oral feeding, the time of hospital stay was significantly shorter than in the control group (P < 0.001). Conclusion: Although early oral feeding had no significant effects on electrolyte balance and treatment outcomes in patients with upper GIB who were treated with endoscopic hemostasis, it could effectively shorten the hospital stay. Consequently, early oral feeding in these patients enables early discharge and reduces the costs of treatment.     

Optimal injection volume of epinephrine for endoscopic treatment of peptic ulcer bleedinq

AIM: To define the optimal injection volume of epineph-rine with high efficacy for hemostasis and low complication rate in patients with actively bleeding ulcers. METHODS: This prospective, randomized, comparative trial was conducted in a medical center. A total of 228 patients with actively bleeding ulcers (spurting or oozing) were randomly assigned to three groups with 20, 30 and 40 mL endoscopic injections of an 1:10000 solution of epinephrine. The hemostatic effects and clinical outcomes were compared between the three groups. RESULTS: There were no significant differences in all background variables between the three groups. Initial hemostasis was achieved in 97.4%, 98.7% and 100% of patients respectively in the 20, 30 and 40 mL epinephrine groups. There were no significant differences in the rate of initial hemostasis between the three groups. The rate of peptic ulcer perforation was significantly higher in the 40 mL epinephrine group than in the 20 and 30 mL epinephrine groups (P < 0.05). The rate of recurrent bleeding was significantly higher in the 20 mL epinephrine group (20.3%) than in the 30 (5.3%) and 40 mL (2.8 %) epinephrine groups (P < 0.01). There were no significant differences in the rates of surgical intervention, the amount of transfusion requirements, the days of hospitalization, the deaths from bleeding and 30 d mortality between the three groups. The number of patients who developed epigastric pain due to endoscopic injection, was significantly higher in the 40 mL epinephrine group (51/76) than in the 20 (2/76) and 30 mL (5/76) epinephrine groups (P < 0.001). Significant elevation of systolic blood pressure after endoscopic injection was observed in the 40 mL epinephrine group (P < 0.01). Significant decreasing and normalization of pulse rates after endoscopic injections were observed in the 20 mL and 30 mL epinephrine groups (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: Injection of 30 mL diluted epinephrine (1:10000) can effectively prevent recurrent bleeding with a low rate of complications. The optimal injection volume of epinephrine for endoscopic treatment of an actively bleeding ulcer (spurting or oozing) is 30 mL.     

Esomeprazole for the treatment of peptic ulcer bleeding

Peptic ulcer bleeding is the most common cause of acute bleeding in the upper GI tract. The incidence of peptic ulcer bleeding has slowly decreased and endoscopic treatment options have improved; nevertheless, it remains a very common condition with a 7–15% mortality. Acidic environments have a negative effect on hemostasis. Therefore, acid inhibitors have been applied in the adjuvant treatment of peptic ulcer bleeding, both in preventing rebleeding and in treating the underlying cause. This requires profound acid suppressive therapy aiming for a rapid onset of effect and a persistent intragastric pH above 6. This can only be achieved by proton pump inhibitors (PPIs). Esomeprazole is the S-isomer of omeprazole, and the first PPI to consist of only the active isomer. A number of studies have compared esomeprazole with other PPIs, demonstrating a faster and more persistent increase in intragastric pH with the use of esomeprazole than with other agents. Continuous high-dose intravenous treatment with esomeprazole decreases rebleeding, surgery, transfusion rates and hospital days in peptic ulcer bleeding.     

联合应用内镜注射和热凝治疗消化性溃疡出血

目的观察评价内镜注射肾上腺素、热探头热凝治疗和联合上述两种方法治疗消化性溃疡出血的疗效。方法１０２例消化性溃疡出血患者分为三组,其中内镜注射组３７例,热凝治疗组３１例,内镜注射联合热凝治疗组３４例。结果４８小时止血率在三组分别为８６．５％、８７．１％和９７．１％。一周内再出血率分别为１３．５％、９．７％和８．８％,手术率为１６．２％、１６．１％和８．８％。观察期间未发生严重并发症,无一例死亡。联合治疗组的４８小时止血率高于其他二组（Ｐ＜０．０５）;一周内再出血率低于内镜注射组（Ｐ＜０．０５）,与热凝治疗组没有明显差别（Ｐ＞０．０５）;手术率低于其他二组（Ｐ＜０．０５）。结论联合应用内镜注射和热探头热凝治疗可以提高消化性溃疡出血的止血率、降低近期再出血率和外科手术率。     

Assessment of endoscopic Doppler to guide hemostasis in high risk peptic ulcer bleeding

Abstract

Introduction: Rebleeding or emergency surgery in failed endoscopic therapy of peptic ulcer bleeding are associated with high rates of morbidity and mortality. The clinical benefit of an endoscopic Doppler (ED) examination prior to endoscopic injection therapy was evaluated in high risk ulcer patients for rebleeding episode. Standard injection therapy (non-Doppler (ND)) was compared with targeted injection therapy after examination of the supplying vessel in the ulcer base by the ED.

Materials and methods: Sixty patients with peptic ulcer bleeding (Forrest Ia–IIa; Rockall score of 5 or higher) were included in the study. Patients were assigned to ED or ND group with conventional therapy by chance. In the ND group injection was directed by the visual aspect of the ulcer, whereas in ED therapy was directed by ED.

Results: Thirty-five patients were allocated to the ED group, and 25 to the ND group, respectively. No significant differences in patient or ulcer characteristics were observed regarding ulcer size, localization, Forrest classification or endoscopic treatment. Recurrent bleeding was observed in 7/35 (20%) in the ED group and in 13/25 (52%) of patients in the ND group (p?=?.013). Fewer ED patients needed surgery for rebleeding (1/35 vs. 6/25; p?=?.017). Bleeding related, but not all-cause mortality was significantly lower in the ED group (1/35 vs. 6/25, p?=?.017).

Discussion: In this comparative analysis, use of ED to guide hemostatic therapy was associated with a significant reduction in recurrence of bleeding, surgical intervention and bleeding associated mortality.     

埃索美拉唑治疗高危老年溃疡性上消化道出血的研究

目的观察大剂量与常规剂量埃索美拉唑治疗高危老年溃疡性上消化道出血的有效性。方法以2010年6月至2013年8月在我院老年医学科住院的96例溃疡性上消化道出血的高危（Rockall评分〉5分）老年患者为研究对象,将其随机分为治疗组和对照组,2组患者均在内镜下成功的止血,2组患者的一般治疗方案相同,治疗组采用1次静滴埃索美拉唑80 mg后（30 min）,接着以8 mg/h的速度持续静脉泵入埃索美拉唑,71.5 h后改为口服埃索美拉唑40 mg（1次/d）,持续观察至第30天;对照组静滴埃索美拉唑80 mg（1次/d）,3 d后改为口服埃索美拉唑40 mg（1次/d）,持续观察至第30天,观察2组的再出血率、死亡率、平均住院日及平均住院费用。结果与对照组相比,治疗组的再出血率、死亡率、平均住院日及平均住院费用均有明显的降低（P均〈0.05）。结论对高危的老年溃疡性上消化道出血患者而言,静脉大剂量使用埃索美拉唑是有效、合理的。     

Bleeding peptic ulcer: An evolving role for surgical intervention

Abstract Early surgical intervention was previously advocated in patients > 60 years with bleeding peptic ulcer presenting with haemodynamic instability or ongoing transfusion requirements. It is, however, well recognized that emergency surgical intervention with its inherent risks must be reserved for highly selected patients in whom endoscopy initially fails to control exsanquinating haemorrhage or in whom life-threatening bleeding recurs. Therapeutic endoscopy for bleeding ulcer has led to a remarkable decline in rebleeding rates, the need for emergency surgery and mortality. Octogenarians are at risk, particularly when ulcer size exceeds 2 cm. Poor surgical candidates make up two-thirds of patients with major ulcer bleeding and operation is to be avoided if at all possible. Medical therapy with proton pump inhibitor and subsequent eradication of Helicobacter pylori following endoscopic treatment has been shown to be beneficial to outcomes. Should surgery be deemed necessary, it is likely that laparoscopic techniques to control bleeding, with or without the addition of an acid-reducing procedure, will find a role in haemodynamically stable patients undergoing operation on an early elective basis.