Risk factors for failure of simultaneous penetrating keratoplasty and cataract extraction

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the indications, complications, and outcomes of simultaneous cataract extraction and penetrating keratoplasty (PKP) and the risk factors for failure of the procedure. SETTING: Tertiary referral medical center. METHODS: In a retrospective noncomparative interventional case series, the charts of 66 consecutive patients (70 eyes) who had simultaneous PKP and cataract extraction using the same surgical technique were reviewed. RESULTS: The mean follow-up was 32.4 months (range 6 to 125 months). The primary corneal graft remained clear in 48 eyes (69%) and failed in 22 eyes (31%). Sixteen eyes with a failed graft (73%) had 1 or 2 repeat keratoplasties; 8 (50%) were successful. At the end of follow-up, 56 eyes (80%) had a clear corneal graft. Nine eyes (41%) with a failed primary graft and 2 eyes (4%) with a clear primary graft had intracapsular cataract extraction (P<.001); 13 eyes (59%) and 46 eyes (96%), respectively, had extracapsular cataract extraction (P<.001). All eyes with a failed primary graft and 18 eyes (37%) with a clear primary graft had postoperative complications (P<.001). Eyes with a failed graft had more postoperative surgical interventions (P<.001). There were no statistical differences between eyes with clear grafts and eyes with failed grafts in sex, age, indications for surgery, corneal graft diameter, intraoperative vitreous loss, and intraocular lens placement. CONCLUSIONS: Intracapsular cataract extraction, postoperative complications, and postoperative surgical interventions may increase the risk for graft failure in simultaneous cataract extraction and PKP. Intraocular lens implantation did not increase the risk for graft failure.     

Development and progression of cataract in patients required repeated corneal transplantation

PURPOSE: To evaluate the incidence of cataract development in patients required repeated corneal transplantations, the types of cataract and the effect of cataract extraction on the corneal regrafts survival. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The charts of all the patients that underwent repeated corneal transplantation between 1985 and 1998 were reviewed for the development of cataract after the first or subsequent keratoplasties. In all, 80 patients underwent 122 repeated corneal transplantations, of which six underwent surgery in both eyes. The average follow-up period of all the patients with repeated keratoplasty was 89.5 months from the first keratoplasty. RESULTS: Of 86 eyes 19 (22%) that underwent repeated keratoplasties developed cataract. The cataract developed between 1 month and 17 years (average 61.3 months) after the first transplantation. The incidence of cataract development was independent of the number of repeated keratoplasties. In certain patients, such as patients with acute and severe regraft immune rejection, the cataract progressed more rapidly. Despite different cataract extraction procedures, the grafts in 17 eyes of the 19 (89.5%) failed following cataract surgery and 16 of them underwent additional corneal regrafting. The regrafts in eight of the 16 regrafted eyes (50%) remained clear with improvement in visual acuity. At the end of the follow-up, 10 eyes of the 19 had clear regraft (53%) comparable with the rate of clear grafts in the entire regrafted group (51%, P=NS). CONCLUSION: Corneal transplantation may be a trigger for slow development of cataract over years but repeated keratoplasties did not increase the risk for cataract development. Although failure of regrafts may occur after cataract extraction, subsequent corneal transplantation has a comparable survival and visual outcome with the entire regrafted group.     

APHAKIC KERATOPLASTY

This paper reports and analyses 53 keratoplasties carried out for either aphakic bullous keratopathy (ABK) 35 operations, or combined with cataract extraction (CGC) 18 operations. These operations were carried out on 43 patients. Some patients had keratoplasties on each eye and some eyes had more than one keratoplasty. Overall, 41 (77%) clear grafts were achieved, these being 28 (80%) in the ABK group and 13 (72%) in the CGC group. The ABK group was broken down into 3 groups on the basis of causative factors. In the Fuchs' dystrophy group, 90% clear grafts were achieved, in the complicated cataract group 67% clear grafts were achieved and in the multiple operations group 79% clear grafts were achieved. Two main conclusions were made. Firstly, in eyes with ABK where the pre-operative vision is accurate projection of light or better, a penetrating keratoplasty should be carried out as the first line of treatment. This will not only relieve distressing symptoms but yield a high percentage of clear grafts and improved vision. Secondly, in patients with both corneal disease and cataract contributing to decreased vision, a combined cataract and penetrating graft operation is advised because of the high percentage of success and decreased period of morbidity when the two operations are carried out simultaneously.     

Cataract extraction following penetrating keratoplasty

OBJECTIVE: To assess the safety of cataract extraction following penetrating keratoplasty for corneal graft survival and to evaluate visual and refractive outcomes in corneal graft patients undergoing cataract extraction. METHODS: Retrospective chart review of 29 eyes of 24 patients with corneal grafts who underwent cataract extraction from January 1, 1993 to December 31, 2002, followed on the Cornea Service at Wills Eye Hospital. RESULTS: The mean time from penetrating keratoplasty to cataract extraction was 8.4 years (range 2 months to 36 years). Following cataract extraction, the corneal grafts remained clear in all but 1 eye (3%), during an average follow-up time of 44.5 months (range 3-118 months). All of the remaining patients benefited from improved visual acuity, with 15 of 28 patients having a postoperative best-corrected visual acuity of 20/30 or better. Patients also benefited from decreased absolute spherical refractive error, with a preoperative mean value of 6.6 +/- 3.4 D compared with 2.4 +/- 1.6 D postoperatively, while cylindrical refractive error remained relatively stable at 3.2 +/- 2.9 D preoperatively and 2.8 +/- 2.4 postoperatively. The patient who developed graft failure had 3 episodes of preoperative endothelial rejection and a clear corneal graft at the time of cataract surgery. CONCLUSIONS: Cataract surgery following penetrating keratoplasty is a safe and effective procedure, with a low but definite risk of corneal graft failure. In patients with clear grafts and visually significant cataracts, cataract extraction alone is preferred over repeat penetrating keratoplasty and cataract extraction.     

Synthetic lens implantation in cataract patients with glaucoma

In 178 eyes (122 patients) with chronic glaucomas an extracapsular cataract extraction was performed in combination with an implantation of a posterior chamber lens. In 45 cases a filtrating glaucoma surgery had been performed before. A narrow pupil, caused by the miotic therapy, posterior synechias or changes after glaucoma surgery, made the cataract extraction difficult in most of the cases. The variations in the operation techniques which thereby became necessary are discussed. 0.5 to 4 years after the lens implantation visual acuity, visual field, ocular pressure and glaucoma medication were investigated. The postoperative results and the late results were very satisfying. Not only the increase of the visual acuity was essential especially for patients with defects of the visual field but also the therapeutic effect on the intraocular pressure. After the posterior chamber lens implantation significantly (p less than 0.001) more eyes had a well regulated intraocular pressure under 20 mmHg (87%) at the time of the late investigation than preoperatively (63%). 33% had to use the same medicaments as they had before, 2% had more, 64% less medicaments. Altogether 56% of the eyes did not need any topical therapy at the time of the late investigation. So even in the case of insufficiently regulated glaucomas we do no longer primarily perform an extracapsular cataract extraction together with the implantation of a posterior chamber lens combined with a goniotrephining surgery (Elliot-Fronimopoulos).     

小切口白内障摘除联合小梁切除术治疗开角型青光眼

目的:观察小切口白内障囊外摘除、后房型人工晶状体植入联合小梁切除术治疗合并白内障的开角型青光眼的疗效。方法:回顾分析2004-01/2010-06在我院住院行小切口白内障囊外摘除、后房型人工晶状体植入联合小梁切除术且资料完整的32例56眼开角型青光眼的疗效,根据患者年龄、眼球筋膜情况、视神经受损程度及术后要求达到的靶眼压确定术中用或不用丝裂霉素C(MMC),其中29眼术中使用MMC,27眼不使用MMC,患者均有明显的晶状体混浊。随访6～24(平均14.2±6.7)mo。结果:术中使用MMC组29眼,术前眼压(39.2±10.6)mmHg,术后眼压(13.2±5.5)mmHg,仅1眼需辅助1种局部降眼压药。不使用MMC组27眼,术前眼压(30.1±9.2)mmHg,术后眼压(17.5±8.1)mmHg,有4眼需辅助1种局部降眼压药,1眼需辅助2种局部降眼压药,1眼再手术。术后不需使用降眼压药者49眼(88%)。术后47眼(84%)最佳矫正视力提高。结论:小切口白内障囊外摘除、后房型人工晶状体植入联合小梁切除术可有效治疗合并白内障的开角型青光眼。     

三聯術治療青光眼并白内障臨床體會

目的探討閉角型青光眼并白内障三聯術臨床效果.方法對15例15眼閉角型青光眼并白内障進行了青光眼小梁切除、白内障摘出+人工晶體植入術.結果術前視力≥0.01占13眼,≥0.08占2眼,術后近期視力0.1～0.3爲10眼占67%,0.3～0.6爲5眼占33%,術前平均眼壓6.63kPa,術后眼壓控制在3.62kPa以下,平均2.49kPa,術后并發症及時得到控制.結論青光眼并白内障采用三聯術是較爲理想的手術方法.     

穿透性角膜移植联合白内障摘除人工晶体植入术的临床效果

目的探讨穿透性角膜移植联合白内障摘除人工晶体植入术的临床效果。方法采用三联手术治疗角膜混浊合并白内障患者11例12只眼,术后随访6个月-8年。结果10只眼术后角膜移植片透明,植片透明率83．3％。10例术后视力不同程度的提高。结论准确掌握手术适应证,三联手术是治疗角膜白斑合并自内障安全有效的方法。     

高眼压青光眼白内障三联手术的临床观察

目的:探讨高眼压状态下白内障青光眼联合术的临床疗效。方法:对18例18眼白内障青光眼患者在高眼压下行小切口非超声乳化白内障囊外摘出人工晶状体植入联合小梁切除术,术后观察视力,眼压及并发症情况。结果:术后眼压均比术前用降眼压药的情况下明显下降,11～22mmHg者17例,其中眼压26mmHg者1例。术后视力均较术前有不同程度的提高,术后并发症发生率及严重程度并不比小梁切除术或白内障囊外摘除人工晶状体植入术高。结论:在高眼压下行小切口非超声乳化白内障囊外摘出人工晶状体植入联合小梁切除术发生并发症的机会增多,但仍是一种安全、有效的治疗白内障合并青光眼的联合手术。     

Quantitative measurement of ocular dominance using binocular rivalry induced by retinometers

PURPOSE: To develop a new method using binocular rivalry and retinometers to quantitatively examine ocular dominance and to investigate the magnitude of ocular dominance in cataract patients preoperatively and postoperatively. SETTING: Eye Clinic, Kitasato University School of Medicine Hospital, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan. METHODS: The duration of exclusive visibility of the dominant and nondominant eye target in binocular rivalry were measured in 60 healthy volunteers (study 1) and preoperatively and postoperatively in 10 cataract patients (study 2). Rivalry targets were presented directly to the retina of each eye using 2 retinometers. Subjects reported the exclusive visibility of 1 eye target, and the total duration of exclusive visibility for each eye in dominant and nondominant eye trials was evaluated. RESULTS: In study 1, the magnitude of ocular dominance was quantitatively assessed with 4 grades based on differences in total duration of exclusive visibility between dominant and nondominant eyes. In study 2, magnitude of ocular dominance could be evaluated in all cataract patients regardless of refractive and cataract conditions. Magnitude of ocular dominance displayed significant correlations between preoperative and postoperative conditions (simple regression, P<.001). CONCLUSIONS: Ocular dominance can be quantitatively evaluated using this new method based on binocular rivalry and retinometers, particularly in cataract patients. Magnitude of ocular dominance may indicate preoperatively whether a patient with cataracts will have sufficient ocular dominance to adjust to monovision correction.     

复杂性眼球穿通伤伴眼内异物的玻璃体手术治疗

目的　评价玻璃体手术治疗复杂性眼球穿通伤伴眼内异物的效果。方法　回顾性分析 1998年 9月～ 2 0 0 2年 3月间应用玻璃体切割术、眼内异物取出术、外伤性白内障摘除术、眼内光凝、眼内充填术 ,部分病例结合巩膜外加压术等联合手术 ,治疗 5 9例 (6 3只眼 )复杂性眼球穿通伤伴眼内异物的临床资料。结果　 6 2只眼成功取出异物 ,成功率为 98.4 %。术后视力提高 4 8只眼 (76 .2 % ) ;不变 10只眼 (15 .9% ) ;下降 5只眼 (7.9% )。视力 >0 .0 2者 4 9只眼 (77.8% ) ,其中视力≥ 0 .1者 15只眼 ,最佳矫正视力 0 .8。术后有 16只眼视网膜脱离复位(72 .7% )。结论　玻璃体手术治疗可有效地取出复杂性眼内异物 ,提高术后视力     

透明角膜反眉形切口超声乳化人工晶状体植入术临床观察

目的:探讨透明角膜反眉形小切口白内障超声乳化及人工晶状体植入术的手术方法及疗效.方法:对68例(88眼)白内障患者进行透明角膜反眉形切口的超声乳化白内障摘出术,伞部病例均采用表面麻醉及植入硬性人工晶状体,术后观察手术反应、视力和并发症.结果:术后随访第1wk的裸眼视力在0.5以上者有80眼,占91%,术后1mo的矫正视力在0.5以上者为85眼(96%).术后患者无1例出现超过1.00D的角膜散光者.结论:在表面麻醉下行透明角膜反眉形切口的白内障超声乳化及植入硬性人工晶状体手术具有安全、前房形成好、切口不易渗漏、恢复快、散光度数低等特点.     

Implantation of scleral-sutured posterior chamber intraocular lenses during penetrating keratoplasty

PURPOSE: To evaluate the clinical outcome in 29 patients (29 eyes) who underwent penetrating keratoplasty and scleral-fixation of an intraocular lens. METHODS: The indications for penetrating keratoplasty with scleral-fixation of an intraocular lens were anterior chamber pseudophakic corneal edema, aphakic corneal edema, trauma, and corneal scars. Patients with pseudophakic corneal edema underwent IOL exchange and penetrating keratoplasty and patients with lens subluxation underwent cataract extraction and penetrating keratoplasty in the same operation session. RESULTS: Preoperative spectacle-corrected visual acuity was hand motion in 13 eyes (44.8%) and 20/400 in 18 eyes (61.5%). Postoperative spectacle-corrected visual acuity of 20/400 or better was observed in 25 eyes (86.2%). At last follow-up, 26 corneal grafts (89.7%) remained clear. Three grafts (10.3%) failed, two because of glaucoma and one because of endophthalmitis. Glaucoma was observed in 7 eyes. CONCLUSION: Trans-scleral fixation of intraocular lenses combined with penetrating keratoplasty was a useful surgical technique in eyes with keratopathy and lacking posterior capsular support.     

Evaluation of corneal endothelium after pediatric cataract surgery in children and adolescents

PURPOSE: to evaluate the effects of cataract extraction and lens implantation on corneal endothelium morphology. MATERIAL AND METHODS: In 21 eyes of 14 children with congenital or developmental cataract, corneal endothelium was studied. Patient age was 9 to 19 years (mean 12.9 years). In all eyes extracapsular cataract extraction (ECCE) with PMMA intraocular lens implantation was performed, without primary posterior capsulotomy or anterior vitrectomy. Lens wearers, patients with traumatic cataract or external eye diseases and ocular surgery in history were excluded. The endothelium was imaged by non-contact microscope Topcon SP-2000P. This examination was done preoperatively and 1 month, 6 months and 1 year postoperatively. Corneal thickness (T), corneal endothelial density (ECD) and mean cell area (AVG) of endothelial cells were examined. RESULTS: Mean corneal thickness was 0.55 mm after 1 month, 0.54 mm after 6 months and 0.54 mm after 12 months. The mean preoperative endothelial cell density was 3231.1 cells/mm2. ECD after 1.6 and 12 months was 2874.3; 2639.2 and 2479.9 cells/mm2 respectively. Mean endothelial cell loss was 10.94% after 1 month, 17.85% after 6 months and 22.68% after 12 months. AVG before operation was 315.8 mm2, after 1 month 355.8 mm2, after 6 months 382.4 mm2 and 399.5 mm2 after 12 months. CONCLUSIONS: Changes in corneal endothelium morphology had no effect on transparency of the cornea.     

Penetrating keratoplasty for pseudophakic bullous keratopathy after extracapsular cataract extraction

Seventeen women underwent simple penetrating keratoplasty for pseudophakic bullous keratopathy after extracapsular cataract extraction. Corneal edema occurred an average of eight months after cataract surgery (range, zero to 32 months). Of 17 corneal grafts, 16 (94%) have remained clear during an average follow-up period of 14 months (range, two to 32 months). One eye had a nonimmunologic graft failure. Of 16 eyes with clear grafts, 14 (87%) achieved a visual acuity of 20/40 or better after surgery. Two eyes with a visual acuity of 20/50 and 20/200 had opacified posterior capsules and one demonstrated age-related macular degeneration. One eye with a postoperative visual acuity of 20/40 demonstrated cystoid macular edema. Fifteen of 17 contralateral eyes showed slit-lamp evidence of endothelial dystrophy.     

儿童白内障手术及术后视力康复

目的 探讨儿童白内障手术疗效及术后视力康复.方法 观察2005年7月至2009年11月手术的45例(76只眼)儿童白内障患儿,行白内障摘除术+后囊膜环形撕囊术(PCCC)+前部玻璃体切除术33例(64只眼),双眼白内障患儿同时手术,其中28例(58只眼)2岁以后再次行Ⅱ期人工晶状体植入术,;行白内障摘除术+后囊膜环形撕囊术(PCCC)+前部玻璃体切除术+人工晶状体植入术9例(9只眼);行白内障摘除术+人工晶状体植入术3例(3只眼).对手术年龄、手术方式、术后并发症及术后远期视力等进行回顾性分析,随访4～55个月,平均34.5月.结果 33例矫正视力在0.3以上,手术脱残率73.3%,5例矫正视力在0.05～0.3,手术脱肓率84.4%,2例矫正视力在0.05以下.5例患儿因年龄小不能合作检查视力,但能追随光亮或注视目标.后发障发生率为6.58%,双眼同时手术与同期单眼手术术后并发症差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 白内障摘除术+后囊膜环形撕囊术(PCCC)+前部玻璃体切除术联合人工晶状体植入术是治疗儿童白内障安全有效的措施,儿童白内障双眼同时手术是安全的.坚持弱视训练是儿童白内障术后获得良好视力,重建视功能的关键.     

吊顶灯辅助下25G微创玻璃体切割手术治疗眼弓蛔虫病的疗效

目的：探讨吊顶灯辅助下25G微创玻璃体切割手术治疗眼弓蛔虫病（OT）的疗效，并分析术后并发 症。方法：回顾性系列病例研究。选择2014年12月至2019年2月在徐州市立医院眼科确诊为OT的 患者27例（27眼）。所有患者经过1～2个月的全身或局部皮质类固醇治疗后接受了25G微创玻璃体 切割手术，避开周边病灶区放置灌注管和吊顶灯，切除玻璃体及牵拉条索，根据术中视网膜情况予 激光光凝、气液交换、玻璃体腔填充空气或C3F8或硅油，部分联合晶状体摘除、环扎术。分析患者 的临床特征、光学相干断层扫描（OCT）、眼底照相检查、治疗情况和术后并发症等，计算术后随访 期内葡萄膜炎复发率和一次性视网膜解剖复位率。对手术前与末次随访最佳矫正视力（BCVA）进行 t检验分析。结果：27例患者中周边部肉芽肿型11眼，后极部肉芽肿型11眼，眼内炎型5眼。伴视网 膜前膜（ERM）23眼；伴牵拉性视网膜脱离（TRD）13眼，其中TRD合并ERM 11眼，单纯TRD 2眼。 术后随访6～44（17.6±11.0）个月。术后早期低眼压4眼（15%），高眼压1眼（4%）。伴TRD的13眼中 11眼经一次手术即实现解剖复位，一次性视网膜复位率为85%；伴ERM的23眼中术后复发2眼（9%）； 术后视网膜脱离2眼（7%），术后并发白内障3眼（11%）。27眼中有4眼（15%）于术后1～5个月炎症复发， 其中1眼经再次手术后炎症消退，另外3眼予全身及局部皮质类固醇治疗2个月内炎症得到控制。术 前及术后末次随访BCVA（logMAR）分别为1.46±0.66、1.13±0.66，术后视力较术前明显提高，差 异有统计学意义（t=4.009，P<0.001）。结论：吊顶灯辅助下25G微创玻璃体切割手术治疗眼弓蛔虫病 可有效控制葡萄膜炎症，获得较满意的疗效。     

Temporary keratoprosthesis for combined penetrating keratoplasty, pars plana vitrectomy, and repair of retinal detachment

The Landers-Foulks temporary keratoprosthesis was used to combine penetrating keratoplasty, pars plana vitrectomy, and scleral buckling in the management of 13 eyes with opaque cornea and posterior segment abnormalities. In seven cases, trauma precipitated the ocular disease. Complications of cataract surgery resulted in anterior and posterior segment pathology in six cases. The corneal graft was initially clear in all cases. However, corneal edema complicated phthisis bulbi in four cases and followed homograft reaction in two cases. Eight eyes with retinal detachment (RD) preoperatively were successfully reattached. In five eyes, the retina redetached as these eyes became phthisical. Visual function improved in six cases. In general, eyes with a history of trauma had a much poorer outcome than did eyes with anterior and posterior segment problems related to previous cataract surgery.     

Frequency of ciliary body or retinal breaks and retinal detachment in eyes with atopic cataract

AIM: To determine the frequency of ciliary body or retinal breaks and retinal detachment in eyes with atopic cataract. METHODS: The records of 106 eyes (74 patients) with atopic cataract that underwent cataract extraction were reviewed. The frequency of ciliary body or retinal breaks and retinal detachment was classified by their presence preoperatively and postoperatively, and by cataract type. RESULTS: Breaks were detected preoperatively in 27 eyes (25.5%) of 17 patients in the ciliary body (20 eyes, 18.9%), near the ora serrata (five eyes, 4.7%), and in undefined locations (two eyes, 1.9%). Among these, 16 eyes (15.1%) had already developed retinal detachment. After surgery, a ciliary body break occurred in one eye (0.9%) and retinal detachment in four eyes (3.8%) of three patients. The breaks that caused postoperative retinal detachment were in the ciliary body. When classified by cataract type, the highest frequency of breaks was associated with mature cataracts (35.0%), and all eyes with breaks developed retinal detachment. CONCLUSIONS: One fourth of eyes with atopic cataract had breaks in the ciliary body or ora serrata, or retinal detachment preoperatively. The highest frequency of either breaks or retinal detachment was associated with mature cataract. The frequency of breaks or detachment that occurred postoperatively (approximately 5%) was lower than that present preoperatively.