超临界CO2萃取野西瓜精油的化学成分研究

目的分析野西瓜精油的化学成分。方法采用超临界CO2技术提取野西瓜中的挥发油,并用气相色谱-质谱法对野西瓜挥发油进行化学成分的分析。结果从野西瓜精油中鉴定出18种化合物。结论最佳萃取条件：萃取压力30mPa、温度55℃、萃取时间2h,野西瓜挥发油的得率为10%。     

牛蒡根挥发油的超临界CO2萃取及GC-MS分析

目的 分析牛蒡根挥发油的化学成分.方法 采用超临界CO2流体萃取技术从牛蒡根中提取挥发油,并用气相色谱-质谱法对得到精油进行化学成分分析.结果 共检测到21个色谱峰,通过NIST标准谱库鉴定了其中20种化合物.结论 最佳萃取条件:萃取压力:20.0 mPa、温度:50℃、萃取时间:3h.牛蒡根挥发油得率为2.7％.     

正交试验优选半枝莲超临界二氧化碳萃取条件研究

目的 用正交试验优选超临界CO2萃取半枝莲挥发油成分的提取方法,并对萃取产物的化学成分与抗肿瘤活性的关系进行初步探讨。方法采用正交设计实验,以出油率为衡量指标,用GC-MS对萃取产物进行分离鉴定,结合计算机检索技术,应用色谱峰面积归一化法确定萃取产物中各成分的质量百分含量。结果半枝莲超临界萃取出油率的最佳工艺为温度50℃,压力30MPa,时间130min。萃取产物分析结果显示,超临界CO2对半枝莲中的甾族化合物具有良好的选择性。结论以出油率为衡量指标,半枝莲的最佳萃取工艺条件为：萃取温度50℃,萃取压力30MPa,萃取时间130min,出油率9．269％。     

梯度洗脱HPLC法测定抗病毒泡腾片中连翘苷的含量

目的建立梯度洗脱HPLC法测定抗病毒泡腾片中连翘苷含量的方法。方法检测波长为236nm;流速为1.0ml/min柱温为30℃;以KromasilC18(250mm×4.6mm,5μm)为固定相;乙腈和0.01%磷酸水溶液为流动相的二元梯度洗脱方法。结果在0.20~4.00μg范围内线性关系良好,测定抗病毒泡腾片中连翘苷的含量为153μg/片。结论该方法灵敏、准确,专属性强,重现性好,可以作为该制剂的质量控制方法。     

HPLC法测定银花清咽含片中绿原酸木犀草苷连翘苷含量

目的建立HPLC法测定银花清咽含片中绿原酸、木犀草苷和连翘苷含量的方法。方法 Venusil MP C18柱(4.6 mm×250 mm,5μm),乙腈-0.4%磷酸(10∶90)为流动相,流速:1 ml.min-1,检测波长327 nm,柱温:25℃,检测绿原酸;采用Agilent ZORBAX SB-phenyl柱(4.6 mm×250 mm,5μm),乙腈为流动相A,0.5%冰醋酸为流动相B梯度洗脱,梯度程序为0min(A:10%,B:90%)→15 min(A:18%,B:82%)→30 min(A:18%,B:82%)→40 min(A:30%,B:70%)→45 min(A:40%,B:60%),流速:1 ml.min-1,检测波长:350 nm,柱温:30℃,检测木犀草苷;采用乙腈-水(24∶76)为流动相,流速:1 ml.min-1,检测波长:277 nm,柱温:30℃,检测连翘苷。结果绿原酸、木犀草苷、连翘苷分别在0.3～2.4、0.012～0.096、0.26～2.08μg范围内线性关系良好,平均回收率分别为99.78%、99.90%、100.09%,RSD分别为0.54%、0.46%、0.21%(n=6)。结论该方法重复性好、准确、专属性强,可用于银花清咽片中绿原酸、木犀草苷、连翘苷的含量测定,为较全面地控制银花清咽片的质量提供简便可靠的方法。     

气相色谱法测定行军散中丁香酚的含量

目的建立行军散中丁香酚的含量测定方法。方法色谱柱为HP-5（25m×0.32mm×0.52μm）;固定相为5%苯基甲基聚硅氧烷;FID检测器;进样口温度240℃;起始柱温110℃;程序升温;载气为氩气。结果在该色谱条件下,提取物挥发油中丁香酚的含量在65.9～395.4μg范围内呈良好线性关系（r2=0.9991）。结论该方法具有便捷、准确、重复性高等优点,可以作为行军散中丁香酚含量的测定方法。     

布渣叶提取物质量控制研究

目的建立布渣叶提取物的质量控制标准。方法采用HPLC法测定布渣叶提取物中牡荆苷,色谱条件为WondaSilTMC18色谱柱（250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm）;流动相：甲醇-0.4%磷酸溶液（30∶70）;流速：1.0 ml·min^-1;柱温：25℃;检测波长：339 nm;进样量：10μl。结果牡荆苷在0.0502~0.8024μg范围内呈良好的线性关系（r=0.9997）,平均回收率为99.91%,RSD为1.14%。结论该方法快速、灵敏、准确,可用于布渣叶提取物的质量控制。     

复方灵芝乳膏中王不留行黄酮苷含量测定方法研究

目的建立复方灵芝乳膏中王不留行黄酮苷含量测定方法。方法采用HPLC法,色谱柱为Diamonsil-C18（4.6 mm×250 mm,5μm）,流动相为甲醇-0.3%磷酸溶液,梯度洗脱;进样量20μl;检测波长：280 nm;柱温：30℃。结果建立的HPLC方法能使王不留行黄酮苷得到很好的分离,且重复性、精密度、线性关系良好。结论建立的HPLC法能准确测定复方灵芝乳膏中王不留行黄酮苷的含量,方法简便,结果准确。     

HPLC法同时测定双黄连口服液中绿原酸连翘苷和黄芩苷的含量

目的建立高效液相色谱法测定双黄连口服液中绿原酸,连翘苷和黄芩苷的含量。方法采用Agilent C18分析色谱柱（4.6mm×250mm ID,5μm）;流动相A为5%甲醇（含0.5%磷酸）,流动相B为甲醇;流速：1.0mL/min;洗脱程序：0～35min,A为95%～35%,B为5%～65%;检测波长程序：0～16min为324nm;16～35min为278nm。结果绿原酸、连翘苷和黄芩苷保留时间分别为11.3、26.6、28.0min,与各自相邻峰的分离度〉1.5。以峰面积对进样浓度（μg.mL-1）线性回归,绿原酸、连翘苷、黄芩苷的回归方程分别为：Y=0.035 49X＋0.058 00,r=0.999 9,Y=0.177 0X-0.025 44,r=0.999 9,Y=0.030 69X-0.798 1,r=0.999 9,线性范围分别为14.08～56.32μg.mL^-1,14.34～57.34μg.mL^-1,61.32～245.3μg.m^L-1。绿原酸、连翘苷和黄芩苷回收率分别为99.7%、98.3%和97.8%,RSD分别为0.33%、1.9%和0.55%。结论本方法测定结果与2005年版《中国药典》（一部）测定结果一致,且操作简便,可用于双黄连口服液中绿原酸、连翘苷和黄芩苷含量的同时测定。     

HPLC 法同时测定连翘中连翘苷和连翘酯苷 A 的含量简

目的建立HPLC法同时测定连翘中连翘苷和连翘酯苷A的含量。方法在色谱柱AgilentZobaxSBC-18（4．6mm×250mm,5μm）上进行分离,柱温为30℃,流动相：A相为乙腈;B相为0．2％甲酸水溶液,梯度洗脱：0～28min,15％A：85％B,28～33min,15％→20％A：85％→80％B．33～38min,20％A：80％B,38～50min,20％→25％A：80％→75％B,50～60min,25％A：75％B,流速：1．0ml·min,检测波长：278nm。结果样品中2种成分得到良好分离,连翘苷和连翘酯苷A分别在0．01975～0．05925mg·ml-1（r=0．9997）,和0．0998～0．2994mg·ml-1（r=0．9996）范围内进样量与峰面积呈良好的线性关系,回收率分别为99．49％和99．18％,t／SD分别1．19％和1．04％,样品溶液12h内稳定。结论该方法操作简单,结果准确．专属性强．可用于连翘药材的质量控制。     

Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) - validation of a Swedish version

The Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) is a self-administered instrument measuring outcome after knee injury at impairment, disability, and handicap level in five subscales. Reliability, validity, and responsiveness of a Swedish version was assessed in 142 patients who underwent arthroscopy because of injury to the menisci, anterior cruciate ligament, or cartilage of the knee. The clinimetric properties were found to be good and comparable to the American version of the KOOS. Comparison to the Short Form-36 and the Lysholm knee scoring scale revealed expected correlations and construct validity. Item by item, symptoms and functional limitations were compared between diagnostic groups. High responsiveness was found three months after arthroscopic partial meniscectomy for all subscales but Activities of Daily Living.     

The acutely limping child

Acute limping may be the result of multiple pathologies in children. The differential diagnosis varies based on the age of the child. Irrespective of age, the initial imaging work-up includes AP and frog leg radiographs of the pelvis and ultrasound; MRI may sometimes be helpful. In children less than 3 years, infections and trauma are most frequent. MRI is the imaging modality of choice when osteomyelitis is clinically suspected. Between the ages of 3 and 10 years, transient synovitis of the hip and Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease are main considerations but infection, inflammation and focal bony lesions are also considered. In children over 10 years, slipped capital femoral epiphysis also is considered.     

Do Balance Board Training Programs Reduce the Risk of Ankle Sprains in Athletes?

Introduction Ankle sprains are the most common musculo-skeletal injury that occurs in athletes,particularly in sports that require jumping and landing on one foot such as soccer,and basketball(1-4).These injuries often result in significant time loss from participation,long-term disability,and have a major impact on health care costs and resources(5-8).     

High Intensity Interval Training:New Insights

KEY POINTS ·High-intensity interval training(HIT)is characterized by repeated sessions of relatively brief，intermittent exercise.often performed with an“a11 out”effort or at an intensity close to that which elicits peak oxygen uptake(i.e.，≥90%of VO2 peak).     

Endovascular management of carotid-cavernous fistulas

Objective To investigate endovascular treatment of traumatic direct carotid-cavernous fistulas （CCF） and their complications such as pseudoaneurysms. Methods： Over a five-year period, 22 patients with traumatic direct CCFs were treated endovascularly in our institution. Thirteen patients were treated once with the result of CCF occluded, 8 twice and 1 three times. Treatment modalities included balloon occlusion of the CCF, sacrifice of the ipsilateral internal carotid artery with detachable balloon, coll embolization of the cavernous sinus and secondary pseudoaneurysms, and covered-stem management of the pseudoaneurysms. Results All the direct CCFs were successfully managed endovascularly. Four patients developed a pseudoaneurysm after the occlusion of the CCF with an incidence of pseudoaneurysm formation of 18.2% （4/22）. A total number of 8 patients experienced permanent occlusion of the ICA with a rate of ICA occlusion reaching 36.4% （8/22）. Followed up through telephone consultation from 6 months to 5 years, all did well with no recurrence of CCF symptoms and signs. Conclusion Traumatic direct CCFs can be successfully managed with endovascular means. The pseudoaneurysms secondary to the occlusion of the CCFs can be occluded with stent-assisted coiling and implantation of covered stents.     

Developmental validation of the PowerPlex(®) ESI 16 and PowerPlex(®) ESI 17 Systems: STR multiplexes for the new European standard

In response to the ENFSI and EDNAP groups’ call for new STR multiplexes for Europe, Promega^® developed a suite of four new DNA profiling kits. This paper describes the developmental validation study performed on the PowerPlex^® ESI 16 (European Standard Investigator 16) and the PowerPlex^® ESI 17 Systems. The PowerPlex^® ESI 16 System combines the 11 loci compatible with the UK National DNA Database^®, contained within the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® PCR Amplification Kit, with five additional loci: D2S441, D10S1248, D22S1045, D1S1656 and D12S391. The multiplex was designed to reduce the amplicon size of the loci found in the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® kit. This design facilitates increased robustness and amplification success for the loci used in the national DNA databases created in many countries, when analyzing degraded DNA samples. The PowerPlex^® ESI 17 System amplifies the same loci as the PowerPlex^® ESI 16 System, but with the addition of a primer pair for the SE33 locus. Tests were designed to address the developmental validation guidelines issued by the Scientific Working Group on DNA Analysis Methods (SWGDAM), and those of the DNA Advisory Board (DAB). Samples processed include DNA mixtures, PCR reactions spiked with inhibitors, a sensitivity series, and 306 United Kingdom donor samples to determine concordance with data generated with the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® kit. Allele frequencies from 242 white Caucasian samples collected in the United Kingdom are also presented. The PowerPlex^® ESI 16 and ESI 17 Systems are robust and sensitive tools, suitable for the analysis of forensic DNA samples. Full profiles were routinely observed with 62.5 pg of a fully heterozygous single source DNA template. This high level of sensitivity was found to impact on mixture analyses, where 54–86% of unique minor contributor alleles were routinely observed in a 1:19 mixture ratio. Improved sensitivity combined with the robustness afforded by smaller amplicons has substantially improved the quantity of data obtained from degraded samples, and the improved chemistry confers exceptional tolerance to high levels of laboratory prepared inhibitors.     

Bronchial stump fistula :treatment with covered retrievable hinged metallic stents-preliminary clinical experience

Objective To evaluate the preliminaily clinical efficacy and retrievability of a retrievable hinged covered metallic stent in the treatment of the bronchial stump fistula （BSF）. Methods Between April 2003 and March 2005, 8 patients with bronchial stump fistula after pneumonectomy or lobectomy were treated with two types （A and B） of retrievable hinged covered metallic stents. Type A stent was placed in 6 patients and type B in 2 under fluoroscopic guidance. The stent was removed with a retrieval set when BSF was healed or complications occurred. Results Stent placement in the bronchial tree was technically successful in all patients, without procedure-related complications. Immediate closure of the BSF was achieved in all patients after the procedure. Stents were removed from all patients but one. Removal of the stents was difficult in two patients due to tissue hyperplasia. Patients were followed up for 6 - 21 months. Placement of the stents remained stable in all patients except one due to severe cough. Permanent closure of BSF was achieved in 7 （87.5%） of 8 patients. Conclusion Use of a retrievable hinged covered expandable metallic stent is a simple, safe, and effective procedure for closure of the BSF. Retrieval of the stent seems to be feasible. （J Intervent Radiol, 2007, 16： 253-257）     

Prevalence and severity of hip and groin pain in sub‐elite male football: a cross‐sectional cohort study of 695 players

The purpose of this study was twofold: (a) to investigate the prevalence of hip and groin pain in sub‐elite male adult football in Denmark and (b) to explore the association between prevalence and duration of hip and groin pain in the previous season with the Copenhagen Hip and Groin Outcome Score (HAGOS) in the beginning of the new season. In total 695 respondents from 40 teams (Division 1–4) were included. Players completed in the beginning of the new season (July–Sept 2011) a self‐reported paper questionnaire on hip and/or groin pain during the previous season and HAGOS. In total 49% (95% CI: 45–52%) reported hip and/or groin pain during the previous season. Of these, 31% (95% CI: 26–36%) reported pain for >6 weeks. Players with the longest duration of pain during the previous season had the lowest HAGOS scores, when assessed at the beginning of the new season, P < 0.001. This study documents that half of sub‐elite male adult football players report pain in the hip and/or groin during a football season. The football players with the longest duration of pain in previous season displayed the lowest HAGOS scores in the beginning of the new season.