野生型p53基因导入对U937细胞分化、凋亡和CD36受体表达的影响

目的： 研究野生型p53基因重组腺病毒载体（AdCMV-p53）导入对U937细胞分化、凋亡和清道夫受体CD36表达的影响。 方法： AdCMV-p53导入U937细胞后，用细胞计数、细胞周期分析、台盼蓝染色排除法计数细胞悬液中的活细胞数目和NBT还原反应观察其对U937细胞生长、分化的影响；RT-PCR、免疫荧光和流式细胞分析检测AdCMV-p53导入对CD36表达的影响。 结果： AdCMV-p53可以高效导入U937细胞，野生型p53基因导入促进U937细胞向巨噬细胞分化，台盼蓝染色发现实验组阳性细胞数（64.6±9.2）%较对照组（14.2±5.5）%明显增多，吞噬能力增强；NBT还原反应实验组（49.7±12.6）%较对照组（6.3±1.8）%升高。RT-PCR和流式细胞分析检测，野生型p53基因导入使得CD36 mRNA转录增强，CD36蛋白表达增加。 结论： 野生型p53基因能影响细胞分化和凋亡，并上调清道夫受体CD36的表达，对于动脉粥样硬化的预防和基因治疗具有潜在意义。     

ＩＬ—６在Ｕ９３７细胞中特异、持续激活ＳＴＡＴ３

目的 探讨ＩＬ－６在Ｕ９３７细胞中产生生物学效应的信号转导基础。方法 检测ＩＬ－６对Ｕ９３７细胞生长与分化的影响。并采用凝胶阻滞电泳法,检测ＩＬ－６在Ｕ９３７细胞中激活核因子的情况。结果 ＩＬ－６可诱导Ｕ９３７细胞向巨噬细胞方向分化。分化的细胞酸性醋酸酯酶（ＡＮＡＥ）活性、硝基蓝四唑（ＮＢＴ）还原能力及ＣＤ５４表达增强,ＳＴＡＴ３可被ＩＬ－６显著激活,其活性呈一定的剂量与时间依赖性;而ＮＦ－ＩＬ６、ＮＦ－kB、ＡＰ－１及其它ＳＴＡＴ家族成员则无明显激活。结论 Ｕ９３７细胞的终分化可能是ＪＡＫ－ＳＴＡＴ３通路介导的。     

乌苯美司下调c-myc表达与其增强全反式维甲酸诱导NB4细胞

目的： 了解氨肽酶抑制剂乌苯美司（bestatin）能否增强全反式维甲酸（ATRA）对NB4细胞的诱导分化作用，及此过程中NB4细胞c-myc mRNA表达水平的改变。 方法： MTT法检测药物抑制细胞生长的作用。流式细胞仪测细胞表面分化抗原CD11b及四氮唑蓝（NBT）还原实验检测NB4细胞的分化。RT-PCR检测细胞c-myc mRNA表达水平。 结果： 50 mg/L、75 mg/L、100 mg/L乌苯美司与10 nmoL/L ATRA联合处理72 h，均能明显增强NB4细胞的NBT还原能力，与10 nmoL/L ATRA组差异显著（P<0.05，P<0.01）。从48 h到96 h，100 mg/L乌苯美司时间依赖性地增强10 nmoL/L ATRA诱导NB4细胞的NBT还原能力，与相应时点10 nmoL/L ATRA组差异明显（P<0.01）。100 mg/L乌苯美司与10 nmoL/L ATRA联合应用72 h，NB4细胞CD11b表达率明显高于10 nmoL/L ATRA组（P<0.01）。50 mg/L、75 mg/L、100 mg/L乌苯美司与10 nmoL/L ATRA联合处理4 h，NB4细胞c-myc mRNA表达水平明显低于单用ATRA组（P<0.05，P<0.01）；药物联合应用各组NB4细胞的c-myc mRNA表达水平与NBT还原能力之间呈负相关（r=-0.917,P<0.05）。 结论： 乌苯美司可能通过下调NB4细胞c-myc mRNA的表达，从而增强ATRA诱导NB4细胞分化的作用。     

替米沙坦抑制U937细胞增殖及诱导凋亡

目的:探讨替米沙坦对U937细胞株的生长抑制及凋亡诱导作用。方法:分别以不同浓度的替米沙坦处理人类急性髓系白血病细胞U937;以CCK-8法检测不同浓度替米沙坦对U937细胞的生长抑制作用;以集落形成实验观察不同浓度替米沙坦对U937细胞集落形成能力的影响;以Annexin V-PI双染法及Hoechst 33342染色法检测不同浓度替米沙坦作用前后U937细胞凋亡程度的变化;以流式细胞术检测U937细胞表面抗原CD11b的阳性表达率,瑞氏染色后倒置显微镜进行细胞形态学观察,了解U937细胞的分化情况;以Western blot法检测不同浓度替米沙坦作用U937细胞后凋亡相关蛋白表达量的改变。结果:CCK-8实验结果证实替米沙坦呈时间和剂量依赖性抑制U937细胞的生长;集落形成实验显示低剂量替米沙坦可以完全抑制U937细胞的集落形成能力;Annexin V-PI双染法及Hoechst 33342法结果证实替米沙坦可以诱导U937细胞凋亡;细胞表面抗原流式检测术及瑞氏染色结果证实替米沙坦可以促进部分U937细胞分化;Western blot实验结果证实替米沙坦作用于U937细胞72 h后,促凋亡相关蛋白cleaved PARP及cleaved caspase-3蛋白的水平明显增高。结论:替米沙坦可以抑制细胞增殖以及诱导U937细胞部分分化,并通过caspase依赖的凋亡途径触发U937细胞凋亡。     

上调c-myc基因的表达对U937白血病细胞的影响

 目的：构建稳定表达外源c-myc基因的人单核细胞白血病细胞株U937,并初步分析其特性。方法：首先构建重组质粒MSCV-c-myc-IRES-GFP （MMIG）载体,分别用MMIG及空载体MSCV-IRES-GFP（MIG）包装病毒,并感染U937细胞,用流式细胞术分选绿色荧光细胞,获得 U937/GFP和U937/MYC细胞,用荧光显微镜及流式细胞术检测GFP阳性率,用Western blotting测定细胞中c-Myc、survivin、X连锁凋亡抑制蛋白（XIAP）和Bcl-2的蛋白表达水平,流式细胞术检测U937/GFP和U937/MYC细胞周期,并用MTT法测定U937/GFP和U937/MYC细胞的生长情况,克隆形成实验检测克隆形成能力。结果：荧光显微镜观察,MIG和MMIG病毒感染后,2种细胞均表达绿色荧光蛋白;流式细胞术结果显示,MIG病毒感染的细胞荧光率为26.0%,MMIG病毒感染的细胞荧光率为277%;Western blotting的结果显示,c-Myc蛋白在MMIG病毒感染的细胞中表达水平升高。流式细胞术分选后,荧光显微镜观察可见绿色荧光蛋白表达明显增多,U937/GFP和U937/MYC细胞绿色荧光蛋白表达率分别达98.7%和93.7%。 U937/MYC细胞中c-Myc蛋白表达较U937/GFP细胞显著升高,c-Myc蛋白下游的survivin表达增多,而凋亡相关蛋白XIAP及Bcl-2的表达则没有明显变化。细胞周期检测显示,U937/MYC细胞处于S期的细胞数增多。MTT实验结果显示,U937/MYC细胞的生长速率较U937/GFP细胞增快。U937/MYC细胞的克隆形成能力较U937/GFP细胞强。结论：成功构建了c-myc基因高表达的U937稳定细胞株U937/MYC。在U937/MYC细胞中,c-Myc及其下游的survivin表达明显上调,处于细胞周期S期的细胞数增多、细胞生长加快、克隆形成能力增强,提示c-Myc可能通过增强自我更新能力、加快细胞周期、促进相关抗凋亡蛋白表达从而提高细胞的存活率。     

黄芩苷对HL-60白血病细胞的诱导分化作用

目的： 观察中药单体黄芩苷(baicalin) 对人髓系白血病（AML）细胞株HL-60细胞的诱导分化作用。方法: 应用细胞形态学方法、细胞克隆形成试验、流式细胞术分析和NBT还原实验检测黄芩苷诱导HL-60细胞分化的能力。结果: 黄芩苷可诱导HL-60细胞向成熟阶段分化，低浓度黄芩苷可显著抑制HL-60细胞克隆的形成；HL-60细胞经黄芩苷处理后CD11b表达显著增高，CD33表达显著降低；NBT还原实验示黄芩苷处理组的分化成熟细胞阳性率明显高于未加药组。结论: 黄芩苷具有诱导HL-60白血病细胞向成熟粒细胞分化的作用。     

HL-60细胞ATRA诱导后MMP-9/TIMP-1表达的变化

为了检测HL-60细胞经过全反式维甲酸(ATRA)诱导后基质金属蛋白酶(MMP-9、MMP-2)及金属蛋白酶组织抑制剂1(TIMP-1)表达变化,并探讨其变化的意义。采用瑞氏染色观察细胞形态,WST1实验测定细胞增殖变化,NBT还原实验测定细胞分化状态,RT-PCR方法检测MMP-9、MMP-2、TIMP-1、VEGF的mRNA的表达。结果显示,HL-60细胞经ATRA作用24h后,随着细胞增殖降低与分化的发生,MMP-9mRNA表达增加,TIMP-1mRNA和VEGF表达降低,MMP-2mRNA未见明显表达。ATRA诱导HL-60细胞分化后MMP-9表达增加,而TIMP-1表达降低,MMP-9不促进HL-60细胞表达VEGF。     

Study on the synergic effect of all-trans retinoic acid combined with IFN-alpha on the proliferation and differentiation of HL-60 cells]

AIM: To investigate the synergic effect of all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) combined with IFN-alpha on the proliferation and differentiation of HL-60 cells. METHODS: HL-60 cell's differentiation and apoptosis were assessed by NBT reduction and TUNEL in situ apoptosis assay kit. CYP26 mRNA expression was detected by in situ hybridization assay kit. Metabolism of ATRA was measured by high performance liquid chromatography. RESULTS: Either IFN-alpha or ATRA induced HL-60 cell differentiation and apoptosis, which was enhanced when combining ATRA with IFN-alpha. The level of ATRA and the expression of CYP26 were higher in HL-60 cells treated with both ATRA and IFN-alpha than in the cells treated with ATRA alone. CONCLUSION: ATRA has remarkable synergic effect with IFN-alpha on HL-60 cells, probably because IFN-alpha inhibits CYP26 mRNA expression and thus reduces the metabolism of ATRA.     

Multiple effects of human recombinant interleukin 4 on human myeloid monocyte cell lines

The effects of recombinant human interleukin 4 (rIL-4) on proliferation and differentiation on human myeloid/monocytic leukemia cell lines were examined. At high concentrations, rIL-4 had a slight enhancing effect on [3H]thymidine incorporation by U937 cells. rIL-4 markedly induced expression of the Fc epsilon receptor (CD23) and the Leu-M3 antigen (CD14) on U937 cells. HL60 and THP-1 cells treated with rIL-4 also showed increased CD23 expression, but little change of CD14 antigen expression. CD23 induction required lower amounts of IL-4 than needed for T cell growth, indicating that CD23 induction on U937 will serve as a sensitive assay for human IL-4. rIL-4 reduced the steady state level of IL-1 beta mRNA in U937.     

The death-associated protein kinase 2 is up-regulated during normal myeloid differentiation and enhances neutrophil maturation in myeloid leukemic cells

The death-associated protein kinase 2 (DAPK2) belongs to a family of Ca(2+)/calmodulin-regulated serine/threonine kinases involved in apoptosis. During investigation of candidate genes operative in granulopoiesis, we identified DAPK2 as highly expressed. Subsequent investigations demonstrated particularly high DAPK2 expression in normal granulocytes compared with monocytes/macrophages and CD34(+) progenitor cells. Moreover, significantly increased DAPK2 mRNA levels were seen when cord blood CD34(+) cells were induced to differentiate toward neutrophils in tissue culture. In addition, all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA)-induced neutrophil differentiation of two leukemic cell lines, NB4 and U937, revealed significantly higher DAPK2 mRNA expression paralleled by protein induction. In contrast, during differentiation of CD34(+) and U937 cells toward monocytes/macrophages, DAPK2 mRNA levels remained low. In primary leukemia, low expression of DAPK2 was seen in acute myeloid leukemia samples, whereas chronic myeloid leukemia samples in chronic phase showed intermediate expression levels. Lentiviral vector-mediated expression of DAPK2 in NB4 cells enhanced, whereas small interfering RNA-mediated DAPK2 knockdown reduced ATRA-induced granulocytic differentiation, as evidenced by morphology and neutrophil stage-specific maturation genes, such as CD11b, G-CSF receptor, C/EBPepsilon, and lactoferrin. In summary, our findings implicate a role for DAPK2 in granulocyte maturation.     

Cell differentiation and apoptosis of monocytic and promyelocytic leukemia cells (U-937 and HL-60) by tryptanthrin, an active ingredient of Polygonum tinctorium Lour.

Tryptanthrin, a bioactive ingredient of Polygonum tinctorium Lour., is a member of the Indigo plant family and has potent cytocidal effects on various human leukemia cells in vitro. At low concentrations, tryptanthrin enhanced the expression of cell differentiation (CD) markers in human monocytic (U-937) and promyelocytic (HL-60) leukemia cells indicative of differentiation to monocytes/macrophages. Furthermore, nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) reductive and alpha-naphthyl butyrate esterase (NBE) activities were markedly increased after treatment. Tryptanthrin was more potent than dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) at inducing U-937 cell differentiation into monocytes/macrophages. After treatment with higher concentrations of tryptanthrin for 24 h, cytoplasmic vacuolation and destruction of mitochondria were observed. The leukemia cells died via apoptosis 48 h after treatment. Cytoplasmic vacuolation and apoptotic changes correlated with the dysfunction of mitochondria. Electron microscopic observations revealed marked swelling and destruction of mitochondria after exposure of the leukemia cells to tryptanthrin. Exposure to tryptanthrin enhanced Fas-induced apoptosis and increased caspase-3 activity before induction of apoptosis. These results show that low concentrations of tryptanthrin can induce differentiation of leukemia cells but higher concentrations will kill leukemia cells through apoptosis, possibly through a caspase-3/Fas antigen pathway.     

索拉非尼联合柔红霉素对白血病K562细胞的抑制作用

目的:探讨小分子Raf激酶抑制剂索拉非尼(sorafenib)联合柔红霉素(DNR)对白血病细胞K562及U937的抑制作用及可能的分子机制。方法:MTT法测定索拉非尼和柔红霉素单独作用于K562和U937细胞的抑制率及DNR IC10联合不同浓度索拉非尼作用于K562及U937的联合抑制率;流式细胞AnnexinⅤ/PI法测定单药及联合用药后K562细胞的凋亡率以及Hoechst33258染色法观察单药及联合作用后细胞凋亡形态的改变;West-ern blotting法测定索拉非尼、DNR及U0126对K562及U937p-ERK1/2的影响;根据金氏方程证明2种药物联合抑制率及凋亡是否有协同作用。结果:MTT法测定索拉非尼联合DNR对K562及U937均有协同抑制作用(q1.15,P0.01);流式细胞AnnexinⅤ/PI和Hoechst33258染色法,均证明索拉非尼联合柔红霉素能联合诱导K562细胞凋亡(q1.15,P0.05),两者有明显的一致性;K562细胞的基础pERK1/2蛋白水平明显高于U937细胞(P0.01),索拉非尼和U0126都能够显著抑制K562细胞p-ERK1/2水平;U0126联合DNR存在协同抑制K562细胞的作用。结论:索拉非尼联合DNR作用于白血病细胞K562、U937存在协同抑制及凋亡诱导作用;DNR对U937的抑制作用明显高于K562;索拉非尼对K562的敏感性高于U937细胞;索拉非尼可能通过下调p-ERK1/2水平增加柔红霉素抗白血病细胞的效应。     

全反式维甲酸抑制大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞成脂分化信号通路中Fosl1直接调控PPARγ2

目的:研究激活蛋白1(AP-1)在全反式维甲酸(ATRA)抑制大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞(BMSCs)成脂分化信号通路中的调控机制。方法:采用SD大鼠原代BMSCs,体外分离、培养和成脂诱导。油红O染色鉴定细胞脂滴形成情况。应用实时荧光定量PCR(RT-qPCR)检测脂肪细胞形成相关蛋白脂肪酸结合蛋白(FABP)、脂蛋白脂肪酶(LPL)、脂肪酸转运蛋白(CD36)、脂滴包被蛋白(perilipin)、过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体γ2(PPARγ2)以及AP-1家族各成员(Fosl1、Fosl2、c-Fos、c-Jun、Jun B、Jun D和Fos B)的mRNA表达水平。Western blot检测相关蛋白的表达水平。染色质免疫共沉淀(Ch IP)检测相关蛋白(RARγ和Fosl1)与PPARγ2基因是否存在相互作用。结果:油红O染色显示ATRA处理组中细胞脂滴数量明显减少。BMSCs成脂诱导12 d后,与对照组相比,1μmol/L ATRA处理组FABP、LPL、CD36、perilipin和PPARγ2的mRNA表达均显著降低。RT-qPCR检测AP-1家族各转录因子表达结果显示Fosl1在ATRA处理组成脂诱导第2天、第6天和第10天表达均显著升高。Westren blot结果表明ATRA处理组Fosl1蛋白表达水平显著升高,而PPARγ2蛋白表达降低。Ch IP-qPCR实验发现Fosl1蛋白可结合在PPARγ2基因启动子区域,而RARγ蛋白未直接结合在PPARγ2基因启动子区域。结论:ATRA可抑制BMSCs成脂分化及脂质代谢相关蛋白的表达,可能与其通过上调Fosl1直接结合PPARγ2基因启动子区域、下调PPARγ2表达有关。     

重组人粒细胞集落刺激因子对HL-60细胞影响的研究

目的研究重组人粒细胞集落刺激因子(rhG-CSF)对HL-60细胞的影响。方法瑞氏染色观察细胞形态的变化,吖啶橙/溴化乙锭双染色观察凋亡情况,NBT和CD13测定观察成熟分化情况,MTT实验观察增殖活性。结果加入rhG-CSF 48 h后,HL-60细胞凋亡率升高,增殖活性下降,而且随着rhG-CSF浓度的升高,这种作用更加明显。成熟分化特征变化不明显。结论rhG-CSF有促进HL-60细胞凋亡并抑制其增殖的作用。     

A Microfilament Formation Inhibitor, Cytochalasin Strongly Enhances the Low-Affinity Fc ε Receptor II (CD23) Expression on the Human Monocyte-Like Cell Line, U937

Enhancement of the low-affinity Fc receptor (CD23) expression by cytochalasin was analyzed on the human monocytelike cell line, U937. The CD23 expression on the U937 cells was enhanced at 24 hr after culture with cytochalasin B, D, or E, especially cytochalasin E having the most remarkable effect on it at the low concentration. This enhanced expression was found to be associated with a concomitant increase of a CD23 (about 45-kDa) protein on the U937 cells as assessed by Western blotting analysis. On the other hand, CD11a, CD18, CD31, CD49d, or CD54 was not markedly enhanced on the U937 cells by culture with cytochalasin E, although the mean fluorescence intensities (MFIs) of CD11a, CD18, and CD54 on U937 was partially up-regulated. Cell growth of U937 cultured with cytochalasin E was completely suppressed for 72 hr, but cell viability was sufficiently maintained (more than 95%). Soluble-formed CD23 (sCD23) also was released from the U937 cells at 24 to 72 hr after culture with cytochalasin E. In addition, the protein tyrosine kinase activity was detected in the U937 cells cultured with cytochalasin E for 24 hr using the enzyme immunoassay. Enhancement of the CD23 expression on the U937 cells at 24 to 72 hr cultured with cytochalasin E was sufficiently blocked by protein tyrosine kinase inhibitors herbimycin A and genistein, and a protein synthesis inhibitor, cychloheximide. On the other hand, protein kinase C inhibitors such as H-7 and H-8 had no effect on this CD23 expression. These results suggest that a mechanism underlying enhancement of the CD23 expression on the U937 cells cultured with cytochalasin E is mediated through tyrosine phosphorylation and protein synthesis.     

丙戊酸钠对AML1-ETO转染细胞中CEBPA基因表达及表观遗传修饰的影响

目的:探讨丙戊酸钠(VPA)对AML1-ETO转染细胞中CCAAT/增强子结合蛋白α(CEBPA)基因表达的影响及诱导沉默基因重新表达的机制。方法:不同浓度VPA处理AML1-ETO转染的急性髓系白血病细胞U937后,CCK-8法和台盼蓝染色活细胞计数检测细胞增殖能力,流式细胞术检测细胞表面抗原,RT-qPCR检测CEBPA mRNA的表达,ChIP-qPCR检测组蛋白H3和H4的乙酰化状态。结果:VPA对U937及AML1-ETO转染细胞有明显的生长抑制作用,呈现浓度依赖性和时间依赖性,VPA诱导U937及AML1-ETO转染细胞CD11b和CD14表达升高,VPA明显上调CEBPA mRNA的表达水平,VPA处理组CEBPA基因启动子区核染色质的组蛋白H3和H4乙酰化水平升高(P0.05)。结论:VPA对U937及其AML1-ETO转染细胞均有生长抑制和促分化的作用。VPA可能通过特异性调节CEBPA基因组蛋白乙酰化水平,改变其表观遗传修饰特征,从而诱导CEBPA基因重新表达。