云南省医学革螨区系分布研究

目的 研究云南省医学革螨的区系分布及区系特点.方法 自1990年至2004年对云南省境内25个县(市)小兽体表革螨进行区系调查,调查当晚用鼠笼加食饵诱捕小型哺乳动物(小兽),次晨收集所捕获小兽,从小兽体表检查、采集所有革螨,用霍氏液(Hoyer's solution)封片,制成革螨玻片标本,经干燥透明后于光学显微镜下一一鉴定螨种.结果 共捕获10 803只小兽,经分类鉴定隶属啮齿目、食虫目、攀鼩目、兔形目4目9科29属53种,从各种小兽体表共采集医学革螨68 571只,经分类鉴定隶属10科33属112种,东洋界种类占优势达112种,古北界43种.结论 云南医学革螨区系古北成分和东洋成分互相交融,种类丰富,区系组成复杂多样.不同区系革螨的分布不均衡,物种丰富度最高的地带是横断山中部小区的贡山和丽江地区,海拔在3 000～3 200m之间.     

洱海周边地带社鼠体表寄生虫的多样性调查

目的 调查云南省洱海周边地带社鼠体表寄生虫的多样性。 方法 2003年8月～2004年8月, 选取洱海周边的不同地理方位的12个野外调查点, 用鼠笼加食饵诱捕小兽, 每天晨检捕获情况并更换诱饵。根据体型、大小、颜色, 以及体长、耳长和后足长等测量指标鉴定小兽。收集小兽体表寄生虫, 进行分类和鉴定。用染虫率和虫指数反映体表寄生虫的流行和密度状况, 用统计分析中的非参数检验中的U检验分析雌雄小兽宿主间寄生虫数量（丰富度）差异, 用Spearman相关分析研究体表寄生虫物种数及其数量与宿主身体参数的关系。 结果 捕获89只社鼠, 其中70只有体表寄生虫, 侵染率为79%。采集到体表寄生虫51种, 包括31种恙螨、13种革螨、4种蚤及3种吸虱。攸氏无前恙螨为优势恙螨种, 占恙螨总数的66.2%(710/1 072);土尔克厉螨为优势革螨种, 占革螨总数的38.5%（396/1 029）;绒鼠怪蚤为优势蚤种, 占蚤总数的42.9%（9/21）;太平洋甲胁虱为优势吸虱种, 占吸虱总数的80.1%（217/271）。U检验表明, 体表寄生虫、恙螨、吸虱、蚤类和革螨的数量和物种数在雌雄宿主体表间的差异无统计学意义。Spearman相关分析表明, 体表寄生虫、恙螨、吸虱、蚤类和革螨的数量与宿主身体参数（体重）之间无相关性。 结论 社鼠的体表寄生虫多样性高, 主要为恙螨、革螨、蚤和吸虱。     

浙西南地区鼠疫宿主动物体表寄生虫群落多样性和病原体携带现况调查

目的 调查浙江省西南部地区鼠疫宿主动物及其体表寄生虫群落多样性特征和鼠疫等病原体携带情况,为制定符合本地特色的鼠疫等传染病防控策略奠定基础.方法 2018-2019年在浙西南地区6个鼠疫监测点按照《全国鼠疫监测方案》进行调查,分别开展宿主动物及其体表寄生虫的种类鉴定、鼠疫等病原体检测.结果 共捕获宿主动物989只,捕获...     

云南大理洱海周边地带小兽体表恙螨群落相似性及分类研究

目的 探讨云南大理洱海周边地带12种主要小兽体表恙螨群落之间的相似性及移行规律。方法 在云南大理洱海周边地带野外选点，于不同生境下诱捕小兽。对小兽及其体表的恙螨种类进行分类鉴定。应用系统聚类分析方法，计算Block距离。组内连接法（within-group linkage）进行聚类，聚类结果用树状图（dendrogram）表达。结果 齐氏姬鼠、灰麝鼩、锡金小鼠、斯氏家鼠和大绒鼠体表恙螨群落之间相似性较大，聚为一类，基本属于野柄型小兽恙螨群落；褐家鼠、大足鼠、黄胸鼠、大臭鼩和社鼠体表恙螨群落聚为一类，基本属于家栖小兽恙螨群落（社鼠恙螨群落例外），在此群落类型中，相应恙螨群落的小兽宿主在动物分类上的亲缘关系比较接近，同属于鼠科（大臭鼩例外）。与其他小兽比较，贝氏树鼩、珀氏长吻松鼠的栖息环境及其在动物分类上的相似性较低。其体表恙螨群落聚类顺序明显推后，独自归成一类。结论 小兽的生境分布对其体表恙螨群落类型的影响比较突出。在生境选择相近的前提下，小兽宿主在动物分类上的关系越近，其体表恙螨群落相似程度越高。     

云南省维西县碧罗雪山周边地带小兽体表医学革螨性比和年龄构成研究

了解云南省维两县碧罗雪山周边地带医学革螨的性比及年龄结构特征. 方法选择云南省维西县碧罗雪山周边地带为调查点,用鼠笼(夹)加食饵诱捕小型哺乳动物(小兽),"全捕法"采集其体表全部革螨. 结果在云南省维西县碧罗雪山周边地带医学革螨生态学调查中共捕获小型哺乳动物(小兽)1 560只,从其体表共收集到43种2 496只革螨.绝大部分的革螨雌性多于雄性.大部分革螨种类中没有发现幼虫,且除了柏氏禽剌螨,末成年个体的比例比成年个体的比例低(0.79%～5.55%).结论这种性比的不均衡可能与革螨的不同吸血习性及孤雌生殖有关.幼虫及未成年个体比例较低可能与幼虫及末成年个体在其宿主巢穴中不进食或者没有吸血习性有关.另一种可能是一些革螨种类可以不产卵(或幼虫)而直接产生若虫,这样就导致其幼虫很难找到.     

中国云南吸虱昆虫种类初步调查

目的　初步了解云南省吸虱昆虫的基本种类及分布状况。　方法　在对云南省 9个县 (市 )进行抽样调查的基础上 ,归纳、总结了从小型哺乳动物 (小兽 )体表所采集到的吸虱昆虫种类。小兽用鼠笼加食饵诱捕 ,从小兽宿主体表所采集的吸虱经过常规逐级脱水、透明、干燥处理、制成玻片标本后于显微镜下鉴定。　结果　在 9个县 (市 )共捕获到 2 745只小兽 ,经分类鉴定隶属 5目 (啮齿目、食虫目、攀目、兔形目和食肉目 )、10科、2 5属、41种。从各种小兽宿主体表共采集到吸虱昆虫 18165只 ,经分类鉴定隶属 4科、6属、2 2种 ,其种类明显少于宿主种类。大多数小兽宿主体表都有固定的吸虱种类寄生 (但种类数很少 ,1～ 4种 )。　结论　小兽体表吸虱昆虫种类较少 ,多数小兽体表都有固定的吸虱种类寄生。     

云南西部小兽革螨群落相似性及分类研究

目的：探讨云南西部９种主要小兽体表革螨群落之间的相似性及移行规律，并对其进行数量分析。方法：模糊聚类分析。结果：黄胸鼠、褐家鼠及小家鼠体表革螨群落之间的相似性大，基本属于家鼠型革螨群落；卡氏小鼠、齐氏姬鼠及大绒鼠体表革螨群落为典型的野鼠型革螨群落；大足鼠、灰麝鼠句及大臭鼠句体表革螨群落界于两者之间，呈一过渡移行型。整个聚类过程显示出家鼠型革螨群落向野鼠型革螨群落逐级并类的趋势。结论：小兽宿主的生境分布对其体表革螨群落类型的影响突出，在生境选择相近的前提下，小兽宿主在动物分类上的关系越近，其体表革螨群落相似程度越高。     

中国云南吸虱昆虫种类初步调查

目的初步了解云南省吸虱昆虫的基本种类及分布状况。方法在对云南省9个县(市)进行抽样调查的基础上，归纳、总结了从小型哺乳动物(小兽)体表所采集到的吸虱昆虫种类。小兽用鼠笼加食饵诱捕，从小兽宿主体表所采集的吸虱经过常规逐级脱水、透明、干燥处理、制成玻片标本后于显微镜下鉴定。结果在9个县(市)共捕获到2745只小兽，经分类鉴定隶属5目(啮齿目、食虫目、攀鼩目、兔形目和食肉目)、10科、25属、41种。从各种小兽宿主体表共采集到吸虱昆虫18165只，经分类鉴定隶属4科、6属、22种，其种类明显少于宿主种类。大多数小兽宿主体表都有固定的吸虱种类寄生(但种类数很少，1～4种)。结论小兽体表吸虱昆虫种类较少，多数小兽体表都有固定的吸虱种类寄生。     

云南省19县(市)小板纤恙螨地区分布及宿主选择研究

根据云南省不同地理方位、地形地貌、气候与生态等特点,于2001-2009年选取19县(市)为调查点,诱捕小兽,收集其耳廓和外耳道的全部恙螨,分析小板纤恙螨(Leptotrombidium scutellare)在不同宿主、不同地区的分布情况。结果 ,在捕获的4目7科18属30种9 838只小兽体表采集到小板纤恙螨16 491只,占所有恙螨的17.73%(16 491/92 990)。在调查的19县(市)中,12个县(市)有小板纤恙螨分布,主要分布于云南西北部和南部的高海拔、低气温、低降水量地区。小板纤恙螨寄生宿主广泛,主要宿主为大绒鼠(Eothenomys miletus)和齐氏姬鼠(Apodemuschevrieri)。     

高黎汞山及担当力卡山革螨区系调查

对云南西部独龙江两岸的高黎贡山及担当力卡山１４００￣３５００米区域进行了革螨区系调查，从４８７只小兽体表采获革螨１５６１只，经分类鉴定隶属５科１２属３１种，本详细列出了３１种革螨的科、属、种名及宿主。     

中国医学革螨生态学研究现状

医学革螨是一大类非昆虫类节肢动物的统称,可以作为多种疾病的传播媒介.医学革螨生态学研究是革螨研究的一个重要组成部分.在很长的一段时间里,人们主要集中在革螨个体生态学的研究,忽视了对革螨种群生态学和群落生态学的研究,随着医学节肢动物研究的发展,革螨种群生态学和群落生态学的研究逐渐增多,并且革螨群落生态学的研究已成为中国革螨生态学研究的一个新的重要内容.该文结合国内关于革螨生态学研究的诸多文献报道,从个体生态学、种群生态学和群落生态学的不同层次,归纳总结了我国医学革螨生态学研究的动态、现状和进展,并指出了现阶段中国医学革螨生态学研究中存在的一些问题.     

Discriminant analysis: a method of identifying foci of vector-borne diseases.

Identification of foci of vector-borne diseases does not require knowledge of exact abundances of vectors and pathogens; rather, a focus is defined by the presence, or some minimal level of abundance, of a vector and pathogen. Stepwise discriminant analysis (DA) was applied to data on free-ranging adult wood ticks (the vector) and to data on isolations of Colorado tick fever virus from small mammals. Trap stations were grouped on the basis of relative abundance of wood ticks for one set of analyses and on the presence or absence of virus for another set of analyses. Additional data consisted of easily measured environmental variables. It is concluded that DA provides a useful tool for analysis of ecosystem structure and an effective means of identifying foci of infection.     

全球气候变化与自然疫源性、虫媒传染病

全球气候变化将影响虫媒传染病,主要表现在改变虫媒的地区分布,增加虫媒繁殖速度与侵袭力和缩短病原体的外潜伏期。大量资料显示,媒介生物性疾病近年在全球呈上升趋势。受气候变化影响较大的虫媒传染病包括疟疾、血吸虫病、登革热和其他虫媒病毒性疾病。本文就这方面的文献进行了综述。     

Possible impact of rising sea levels on vector-borne infectious diseases

Background  

Vector-borne infectious diseases are a significant cause of human and animal mortality and morbidity. Modeling studies predict that changes in climate that accompany global warming will alter the transmission risk of many vector-borne infectious diseases in different parts of the world. Global warming will also raise sea levels, which will lead to an increase in saline and brackish water bodies in coastal areas. The potential impact of rising sea levels, as opposed to climate change, on the prevalence of vector-borne infectious diseases has hitherto been unrecognised.     

Impacts of climate change on infectious diseases

Climate warming may have significant impacts on human health, including changes in the distribution and seasonality of vector-borne diseases. We discuss the consequences of climate change on infectious diseases. Effects of transmission of the imported tropical diseases in Europe are discussed.     

Flavivirus Persistence in Wildlife Populations

A substantial number of humans are at risk for infection by vector-borne flaviviruses, resulting in considerable morbidity and mortality worldwide. These viruses also infect wildlife at a considerable rate, persistently cycling between ticks/mosquitoes and small mammals and reptiles and non-human primates and humans. Substantially increasing evidence of viral persistence in wildlife continues to be reported. In addition to in humans, viral persistence has been shown to establish in mammalian, reptile, arachnid, and mosquito systems, as well as insect cell lines. Although a considerable amount of research has centered on the potential roles of defective virus particles, autophagy and/or apoptosis-induced evasion of the immune response, and the precise mechanism of these features in flavivirus persistence have yet to be elucidated. In this review, we present findings that aid in understanding how vector-borne flavivirus persistence is established in wildlife. Research studies to be discussed include determining the critical roles universal flavivirus non-structural proteins played in flaviviral persistence, the advancement of animal models of viral persistence, and studying host factors that allow vector-borne flavivirus replication without destructive effects on infected cells. These findings underscore the viral–host relationships in wildlife animals and could be used to elucidate the underlying mechanisms responsible for the establishment of viral persistence in these animals.     

新发和重现虫媒病:流行现状及应对策略

气候变暖、全球化和城市化推进、媒介昆虫抗药性等因素导致疟疾、登革热、莱姆病、西尼罗热、基孔肯雅热、巴尔通体感染等新出现和再次肆虐的虫媒病流行,全球媒介生物和虫媒病的威胁持续上升.由于环保的要求,可以选择的卫生杀虫剂品种逐渐减少,媒介生物和虫媒病的控制面临严重的挑战.该文综述了近年来全球新发和重现的重要虫媒病的研究进展和流行现状,并阐述了媒介生物综合治理全球策略框架、政府干预措施及媒介生物可持续控制技术等应对策略.

Abstract：

Following the warming of climate, globalization, urbanization, insect drug-resistant as well as other social and environmental changing factors, malaria, dengue fever, West Nile fever and other vectorborne diseases emerge and re-emerge continuously. The threats of vectors and vector-borne diseases are increasing. However, owing to the environmental protection policies, more and more pesticides are forbidden, control of vectors and vector-borne diseases are facing with severe challenges. The research development and epidemic status of several important vector-borne diseases were reviewed in this paper. The framework of vector management stratogy,intervention of governments and sustainable vector control technologies were also introduced in the paper.     

Legal aspects of public health: Difficulties in controlling vector-borne and zoonotic diseases in Brazil

In recent years, vector-borne and zoonotic diseases have become a major challenge for public health. Dengue fever and leptospirosis are the most important communicable diseases in Brazil based on their prevalence and the healthy life years lost from disability. The primary strategy for preventing human exposure to these diseases is effective insect and rodent control in and around the home. However, health authorities have difficulties in controlling vector-borne and zoonotic diseases because residents often refuse access to their homes. This study discusses aspects related to the activities performed by Brazilian health authorities to combat vector-borne and zoonotic diseases, particularly difficulties in relation to the legal aspect, which often impede the quick and effective actions of these professionals. How might it be possible to reconcile the need to preserve public health and the rule on the inviolability of the home, especially in the case of abandoned properties or illegal residents and the refusal of residents to allow the health authority access? Do residents have the right to hinder the performance of health workers even in the face of a significant and visible focus of disease transmission? This paper argues that a comprehensive legal plan aimed at the control of invasive vector-borne and zoonotic diseases including synanthropic animals of public health importance should be considered. In addition, this paper aims to bridge the gap between lawyers and public health professionals and to facilitate communication between them.     

Zoonoses and bats: a look from human health viewpoint

Bats are the most abundant and most widely distributed mammals on the Earth after humans. Except Antarctica and some small remote islands, they are prevalent worldwide. Although the actual role played by bats as reservoir or in disseminating zoonoses is still enigmatic a multitude of zoonotic diseases are known to be associated with bats. Such diseases including viral, bacterial, parasitic, fungal and rickettsial diseases, reported from all over the world including India have been briefed in this article as an informative approach because dramatically increased and diversified human activities during the last few decades perturbing natural ecosystems are enough to compel public health personnel to have an investigative look at these flying mammals.     

昆虫气味受体及其介导的嗅觉信号转导途径

减少媒介昆虫的叮咬是控制虫媒病的重要手段。然而,传统防制手段的弊端已逐渐暴露,因此,研制新型防制方法迫在眉睫。昆虫寻找宿主和吸血等行为在很大程度上是由其嗅觉系统控制的,因此,通过干扰昆虫嗅觉系统进行防制成为新的虫媒病控制手段。在昆虫通过嗅觉系统感受环境中众多气味分子的过程中,昆虫气味受体的作用尤为重要。本文就昆虫气味受体及其介导的嗅觉信号转导等方面取得的研究进展作一简要综述。