宫颈癌中抑癌基因FHIT表达与HPV16基因状态

目的:探讨抑癌基因FHIT表达及人乳头瘤病毒16(HPV16)的基因型整合状态在宫颈癌发生发展中的作用及相关性。方法:选取柳州市人民医院2013年6月至2014年12月收治的42例宫颈癌、55例宫颈上皮内瘤样病变(CIN)和20例宫颈正常组织的患者,免疫组化法检测宫颈组织中FHIT蛋白表达;多重PCR法检测HPV16 E2/E7表达。结果:FHIT蛋白的总阳性表达率为57.26%(67/117),正常宫颈组织、CINⅠ、CINⅡ、CINⅢ和宫颈癌中FHIT蛋白阳性率分别为85.00%、80.00%、75.00%、60.00%和26.19%。随着宫颈病变加重,FHIT蛋白阳性表达率下降,组间差异有统计学意义(χ~2=7.335;P=0.003)。117例单纯HPV16阳性标本HPV16总整合率为81.20%,正常宫颈组织、CINⅠ、CINⅡ、CINⅢ和宫颈癌中整合率分别为60.00%、66.67%、75.00%、95.00%和92.86%;随病变加重,整合率增强,组间差异有统计学意义(χ~2=5.713,P=0.003);FHIT蛋白阳性表达在不同HPV16整合时不同,差异有统计学意义(χ~2=11.989,P=0.000)。结论:HPV16基因整合可能通过诱导FHIT基因低表达从而促使宫颈癌发生发展。     

宫颈病变中hTERC的表达

目的:探讨人类染色体端粒酶RNA(hTERC)在宫颈病变中的表达.方法:荧光原位杂交(FISH)法检测8例宫颈癌,28例CINⅢ,10例CINⅡ,6例CIN Ⅰ及25例慢性宫颈炎组织中hTERC的表达情况.结果:hTERC在慢性宫颈炎组织、CINⅠ、CINⅡ、CINⅢ及宫颈癌中的阳性表达率分别为12.0%、16.7%、20.0%、71.4%和100.0%,与病变程度呈正相关(r=0.631,P<0.01),各组间差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).结论:hTERC的阳性表达率与宫颈病变程度密切相关,提示其在宫颈癌的发生发展中起着重要作用.     

FHIT在宫颈癌及宫颈上皮内瘤变的表达及意义

目的:探讨在宫颈癌和宫颈上皮内瘤变(cervical intraepithelial neoplasia,CIN)发生中脆性组氨酸三联体(fragile histid ine triad,FHIT)基因表达异常的作用及与HPV感染的关系。方法:用免疫组化法检测67例宫颈癌、42例CINⅢ和35例正常宫颈上皮组织的FHIT的表达。用PCR法检测宫颈癌石蜡组织中的HPV DNA,并用直接测序法或反向核酸杂交法对HPV分型。结果:正常宫颈组织中FHIT基因表达下调率为8.6%,CINⅢ组为28.57%,宫颈癌组为46.27%,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。CINⅢ组FHIT蛋白表达下调率虽比宫颈癌组为低,但组间无统计学差异(P=0.66)。67例宫颈癌病例中,高危型HPV感染阳性者的FHIT表达下降或缺失占55.32%,明显高于无高危型HPV感染者(20%)(P<0.05)。宫颈癌患者的年龄、临床分期、肿瘤组织学分级、肿瘤浸润深度和淋巴结转移与FHIT蛋白表达均无明显相关(P>0.05)。FHIT表达下调或缺失31例宫颈癌患者的5年生存率为77.1%,FHIT正常表达36例的5年生存率为79.3%(P>0.05)。结论:FHIT在宫颈癌及CINⅢ中的表达明显下调,可能与HPV感染协同在宫颈癌的发生中起了重要作用。而FHIT在宫颈癌发展中的作用及与预后的关系,有待大样本的进一步研究。     

子宫颈上皮内瘤变端粒酶活性的研究

目的探讨端粒酶激活在宫颈癌变过程中的意义及其作为病情监测方法和预测宫颈上皮内瘤变(CIN)结局的可能性.方法采用端粒重复序列扩增-聚合酶链反应(PCR-TRAP)方法检测了64例CIN患者、21例宫颈癌患者、20例慢性宫颈炎患者及15例正常宫颈妇女宫颈脱落细胞、宫颈活组织检查(活检)组织的端粒酶活性.结果正常宫颈、慢性宫颈炎、CINⅠ级(CINⅠ)、CINⅡ级(CINⅡ)、CINⅢ级(CINⅢ)及宫颈癌患者的宫颈脱落细胞端粒酶的阳性表达率分别为20.0%、25.0%、62.5%、60.0%、82.4%及61.9%;对应的活检组织端粒酶的阳性表达率分别为26.7%、30.0%、50.0%、45.0%、96.4%及95.2%;随着宫颈病变的进展,端粒酶阳性表达率呈逐渐增高趋势(X2细胞=16.28、X2组织=36.98,P均＜0.05).CINⅠ、CINⅡ端粒酶阳性表达率比较,差异无显著性(P细胞=0.24、P组织=0.25);CINⅢ端粒酶阳性表达率高于CINⅠ、CINⅡ(P细胞=0.03、P组织=0.000012);CINⅢ与宫颈癌活检组织端粒酶阳性表达率比较,差异无显著性(P=0.05);宫颈脱落细胞与宫颈活检组织的端粒酶检测结果的对应性良好(X2=46.4,P＜0.05).结论端粒酶激活与宫颈癌变的进程有关,宫颈脱落细胞端粒酶活性检测可以作为CIN病情检测、处理及预后估计的辅助指标.     

p21~(WAF1/Cip1)和p27~(Kip1)在宫颈癌及癌前病变的表达及临床意义

目的:探讨细胞周期负向调控因子p21WAF1/Cip1和p27Kip1在宫颈癌及癌前病变(CIN)中的表达特点。方法:选择妇科门诊宫颈疾病专科就诊患者163例,用第二代杂交捕获试验(HCⅡ)检测高危型人乳头瘤病毒(HR-HPV)DNA负荷量,阴道镜下宫颈活检,病理确诊,并用活检组织行p21WAF1/Cip1和p27Kip1免疫组化检测,比较慢性宫颈炎、CINⅠ-Ⅲ及宫颈癌各组间HR-HPV负荷量和p21WAF1/Cip1、p27Kip1表达差异。结果:各病理类型病变(共5组)的HR-HPV阳性率分别为:慢性宫颈炎38.46%(15/39),CINⅠ80%(12/15),CINⅡ81.82%(18/22),CINⅢ93.33%(56/60),宫颈鳞癌88.89%(24/27)。慢性宫颈炎HR-HPV DNA负荷量明显低于其他4组(M=0.56pg/ml,P<0.01),CINⅠ~Ⅲ及宫颈癌4组间无显著差异(P>0.05)。p21WAF1/Cip1和p27Kip1阳性表达率在CINⅠ~Ⅲ及宫颈癌4组间无显著差异(CINⅠ40.00%、60.00%,CINⅡ54.55%、54.55%,CINⅢ56.67%、70.00%,宫颈癌51.85%、77.78%,P>0.05),但均显著高于慢性宫颈炎组(5.13%、17.95%,P<0.01);p21WAF1/Cip1和p27Kip1表达增强与HR-HPV DNA负荷量升高和宫颈病变进展呈正相关,相关系数(rs)分别为:p21WAF1/Cip1:0.27、0.34,P<0.01;p27Kip1:0.30、0.46,P<0.01。结论:p21WAF1/Cip1和p27Kip1表达增强与宫颈病变进展密切相关,对宫颈HR-HPV持续感染及高负荷量患者可行p21WAF1/Cip1和p27Kip1检测以预测细胞病变的发生和发展。     

子宫颈癌组织中人乳头状瘤病毒16 E6 mRNA表达与survivin蛋白表达的相关性

目的探讨宫颈癌组织中人乳头状瘤病毒(HPV)16E6mRNA表达与survivin蛋白表达的相关性。方法采用半定量PCR技术和免疫组化链霉菌抗生物素蛋白-过氧化物酶连接法,检测慢性宫颈炎、宫颈上皮内瘤变(CIN)及宫颈癌共148例患者宫颈组织中HPV16E6mRNA及survivin蛋白的表达。结果148例患者中,HPV16阳性共37例,其中慢性宫颈炎5例、CINⅠ6例、CINⅡ～Ⅲ11例及宫颈癌15例。慢性宫颈炎、CINⅠ、CINⅡ～Ⅲ及宫颈癌组织中,HPV16E6mRNA的表达水平分别为0.3±0.4、0.6±0.4、1.8±0.6及2.4±0.6;survivin蛋白阳性表达率分别为7%、31%、63%及84%。CINⅡ～Ⅲ及宫颈癌组织中,HPV16E6mRNA的表达水平及survivin蛋白阳性表达率均显著高于慢性宫颈炎及CINⅠ组织,两者比较,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01)。宫颈癌组织中,HPV16E6mRNA的表达水平与survivin蛋白阳性表达率呈显著正相关关系(γs=0.62,P<0.05)。结论HPV16E6mRNA的表达水平与宫颈病变的进展有关,survivin蛋白阳性表达率升高可能与宫颈癌的发生、发展密切相关。     

HPV16基因整合与FHIT蛋白缺失在宫颈癌变中的作用

目的 探讨HPV16的基因型整合状态及FHIT基因缺失在宫颈癌发生发展中的作用及相关性。方法选取44例宫颈癌、58例宫颈上皮内瘤样病变(CIN)和20例宫颈正常组织的患者,免疫组化检测宫颈FHIT蛋白的表达;并用多重PCR法检测HPV16 E2/E7表达。结果 122例单一HPV16阳性标本HPV16总整合率为78.69%,在正常宫颈组织、CIN1、CIN2、CIN3和宫颈癌中整合率分别为60.00%、66.67%、75.00%、86.96%和88.63%,随病变加重,整合率增强,组间差异有统计学意义(P0.05);FHIT蛋白的总缺失率为43.44%,FHIT蛋白在正常宫颈组织、CIN1、CIN2、CIN3和宫颈癌中的缺失率分别为15.00%、20.00%、25.00%、43.48%和72.73%。FHIT蛋白的缺失率,随病变加重,缺失率增高,组间差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。FHIT蛋白缺失在不同HPV16整合时不同,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论 HPV16基因整合和FHIT蛋白缺失在宫颈癌的发生、发展中起重要作用,HPV16基因整合可能通过诱导FHIT基因低表达从而促使宫颈癌发生发展。     

HPV和VEGF在子宫颈癌及癌前病变中的表达研究

目的探讨HPV和VEGF在慢性宫颈炎、宫颈上皮内瘤变（CIN）及浸润性宫颈癌（ICC）中的表达，以及它们之间的相互关系，旨在提高宫颈上皮内瘤变及浸润性宫颈癌的诊断率。方法采用原位杂交（HCⅡ）方法检测40例慢性宫颈炎、30例CINⅠ～CINⅡ、25例CINⅢ以及30例ICC患者中高危HPV的表达，并采用免疫组化SP法检测上述病例中VEGF表达。结果高危HPV感染与CIN及ICC关系密切，慢性宫颈炎、CINⅠ～CINⅡ组织几乎不表达HPV，显著低于CINⅢ级和ICC，差异有显著性（P＜0．05）；慢性宫颈炎组织、CINⅠ～CINⅡ组织中很少表达VEGF，但是在CINⅢ及ICC组织中呈高表达，二者之间差异有显著性（P＜0．05）；VEGF与高危HPV的表达存在相关性。结论检测高危HPV是早期诊断CINⅢ及ICC的一个重要辅助方法；VEGF在CINⅢ及ICC中有明显的表达，是监测CIN及ICC的一个重要的指标；联合检测HPV及VEGF，有助于探讨CIN及ICC的发病机制及提高诊断率。     

p16INK4A、p53、Ki-67及ER在宫颈病变组织中的表达及其相关性研究

目的 探讨p16INK4A、p53、Ki-67及雌激素受体(ER)在不同程度宫颈病变中表达及相关性.方法 采用SP法检测宫颈鳞状细胞癌、宫颈上皮内瘤变(CIN)、尖锐湿疣及正常宫颈组织中p16INK4A、p53、Ki-67及ER蛋白的表达.结果 p16INK4A、p53、Ki-67及ER在宫颈鳞癌组中的阳性率分别为100%、86.4%、86.4%及4.6%;在CIN Ⅲ中为92.5%、75.0%、100%、20.0%;在CIN Ⅱ中为90.5%、64.3%、100%及23.9%;在CINⅠ中为71.8%、43.6%、100%、79.5%;在尖锐湿疣组中为39.0%、43.9%、26.9%、61.0%.p16INK4A在宫颈鳞癌、CIN Ⅲ、Ⅱ组中,以强阳性表达为主;尖锐湿疣组仅为弱阳性表达.Ki-67在宫颈鳞癌、CINⅢ组中,以强阳性表达为主.宫颈鳞癌、CINⅢ、Ⅱ、Ⅰ、尖锐湿疣中p16INK4A、p53、Ki-67、ER阳性表达率与对照组比较差异有高度显著性(P＜0.05).结论 p161NK4A、p53蛋白高表达与宫颈鳞癌、CIN的发生发展密切相关;p16INK4A、p53、Ki-67阳性率与宫颈病变严重程度呈正相关,ER的阳性率与其呈负相关.     

p16~(INK4A)蛋白及HPV感染与宫颈上皮内瘤变和宫颈鳞癌的关系研究

目的:通过检测慢性宫颈炎(chronic cervicitis)、宫颈上皮内瘤变(cervical intraepithelial neoplasia,CIN)及宫颈鳞癌(squamous carcinoma of the cervix,SCC)组织中p16INK4A蛋白表达与人乳头瘤病毒(human papillomavirus,HPV)感染的状况,探讨p16INK4A蛋白和HPV感染与宫颈鳞癌发生发展的关系。方法:采用免疫组化PV-9000方法检测114例宫颈组织标本的p16INK4A表达,用核酸分子快速导流杂交基因芯片技术(HybriMax)检测21种HPV DNA。结果:(1)慢性宫颈炎、CINⅠ、CINⅡ、CINⅢ、SCC组织中p16INK4A蛋白表达阳性率分别为0%、45.83%、72.73%、84.00%、91.30%,随着宫颈病变程度加重,p16INK4A蛋白表达阳性率逐渐增高,表达强度增加,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。(2)慢性宫颈炎、CINI、CINⅡ、CINⅢ、SCC中HPV感染阳性率分别为20.00%、37.50%、54.55%、56.00%、73.91%,HPV感染在不同宫颈病变组织中差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。随宫颈病变程度加重,HPV阳性率呈递增趋势,不同病变组织中位于前3位的HPV感染型别分别为:CINⅠ组,HPV16、18、58;CINⅡ～Ⅲ组,HPV16、33、52;宫颈鳞癌组,HPV16、18,52。(3)相关分析结果显示,病变组织中p16INK4A蛋白表达与HPV感染呈正相关(r=0.268,P<0.05)。结论:p16INK4A蛋白表达与宫颈病变程度有关,p16INK4A可能参与了HPV相关的宫颈癌发生。二者联合检测对宫颈癌筛查和预防具有重要意义。     

The utility of cervical elastosonography in prediction of cervical insufficiency: cervical elastosonography and cervical insufficiency

Objective: To evaluate the utility of cervical elastosonography (ES) in prediction of cervical insufficiency (CI).

Methods: A total of 40 women, of which 20 who had previously received the diagnosis of CI and 20 healty women were included in the study. None of the women were pregnant. All subjects underwent sonographic evaluation including cervical length measurement and ES of uterine cervix. Adjacent muscular tissue was the reference point for elastosonography evaluation. Tissue strain ratio values were obtained from all the patients.

Results: The area around the internal cervical os of the group with CI was found to be significantly softer as compared to the control group (higher SR rate, p?<?0.05). Furthermore, the outer parts of the cervix (sites A and D) were also found harder in the group that had CI (lower SR rate, p?<?0.05).

Conclusions: According to our knowledge, this is preliminary study to evaluate the predictive value of cervical ES in CI and we concluded that ES can be used as reliable method to determine CI but it is necessary to be studied in different cohort groups.     

Correlation between HPV-negative cervical lesions and cervical microenvironment

ObjectiveTo investigate the correlation between high-risk human papillomavirus (HR HPV)-negative cervical lesions and cervical microenvironment in Inner Mongolia, China, and to find the pathogenic factors of HR HPV-negative cervical lesions.Materials and methods74 cases of HR HPV-negative healthy women and 80 cases of patients with cervical lesions (28 cases of LSIL, 49 cases of HSIL and 3 cases of CSCC) were selected as the study group; 26 cases of HPV-positive women and 352 cases of patients with cervical lesions (108 cases of LSIL, 214 cases of HSIL and 30 cases of CSCC) were control group. Questionnaires were collected from the study group and the control group and specimens were collected. Gram staining, hematoxylin and eosin staining microscopy, and substrate colorimetry method were used to detect vaginal micro-ecological indicators; ELISA was used to detect the concentration of SIgA, IgG, IL-2 and IL-10 in vaginal lavage fluid. Genetic testing was used to detect HPV, mycoplasma, and chlamydia infection. The changes of vaginal micro-ecology evaluation index and local immune factor concentration in healthy women and cervical lesions of all grades in the study group and the control group were compared.ResultsPatients with cervical lesions, compared with healthy women, had a decrease in dominant lactobacilli and dysbacteriosis (P < 0.05), and this trend became more apparent as the disease progressed. The diversity and concentration of the flora in the HPV-negative group increased, the abnormal composition ratio decreased, and the HPV-positive group showed the opposite trend. As the lesion progressed, H₂O₂ decreased first and then increased, and the overall trend of SNa, LE, GUS, and GADP increased. The infection rate of trichomoniasis, BV and chlamydia increased and infection rate of Candida decreased. Also, compared with healthy women, patients with cervical lesions showed changes in immune factor concentration (P < 0.05). As the lesion progressed, IL-2 decreased, IL-10 increased, and IL-2/IL-10 decreased. However, IL-2 expression in HPV-negative group was higher than HSIL. SIgA was significantly lower in patients with cervical lesions than in healthy women. IgG had an upward trend in the HPV positive group.ConclusionThis study showed that vaginal micro-ecological imbalance and weakening of local cervical immune function are important reasons for the development of cervical lesions. It is expected to inhibit the development of cervical lesions by regulating the balance of vaginal micro-ecology and enhancing local immune function. By detecting Lactobacillus vaginalis, pre-enzyme, IL-2, IL-10, SIgA, it can guide the further diversion of HPV-positive women and predict the development direction of cervical lesions after HPV infection.     

Pregnancy outcomes and superiorities of prophylactic cervical cerclage and therapeutic cervical cerclage in cervical insufficiency pregnant women

Purpose

To compare the clinical effect of prophylactic cervical cerclage and therapeutic cervical cerclage on pregnancy outcome and operative factors in cervical insufficiency pregnant women.

Methods

A retrospective study was conducted between June 2014 and September 2016 in a maternity ward, which included women who have had a single pregnancy and have been carried out a McDonald cerclage. All maternal medical records were reviewed. The efficacy of cerclage for preventing late foetal loss was assessed using multivariable logistic regression analysis.

Results

The results showed that there were significant associations between cerclage operations and pregnancy outcomes in the duration of pregnancy prolongation in terms of live births, gestation age, live birth and cesarean section rate. In prophylactic cervical cerclage, compared with therapeutic cervical cerclage, cervical length before surgery was significantly longer (32.7?±?5.8 vs 19.9?±?7.3 mm, p?<?0.0001). Mean operative duration and postoperative length of hospital stay in prophylactic cervical cerclage were shorter than those in therapeutic cervical cerclage (22.1?±?10.3 vs 28.9?±?13.0 min, p?=?0.0241 and 5.6?±?1.8 vs 7.0?±?2.8 days, p?=?0.0354), respectively. Compared with therapeutic cerclage, prophylactic cerclage had more advantages in gestational age at delivery (35.2?±?5.5 and 31.7?±?6.5 weeks, p?=?0.0061), deliveries?<?37 gestational weeks (40 vs 69.2%, p?=?0.0159), live births (93.3 vs 69.2%, p?=?0.0143) and the duration of pregnancy prolongation in terms of live births (19.5?±?5.0 vs 12.0?±?8.2 weeks, p?=?0.0002). There was a higher cesarean section rate in prophylactic group than that in therapeutic group (50 vs 25.6%, p?=?0.0383). The logistic analysis showed that the cervical length before surgery was the only independent prognostic factor [OR 2.860 (1.425, 5.742) p?=?0.0031] for pregnancy outcome, and that is the cervical length before surgery affected late foetal loss.

Conclusions

Our study suggests that, both prophylactic cervical cerclage and therapeutic cervical cerclage reduce the incidence of recurrent abortion or preterm birth and efficiently extend the length of the pregnancy with live births. The prophylactic cervical cerclage has more advantages in operative time, length of hospital stay after surgery, gestational age at delivery, live births and preterm birth. The length of the cervical before surgery is an independent risk factor for pregnancy outcomes when pregnant women appear in the cervical shortening is less than normal. Cervical cerclage is an effective surgical technique to prevent recurrent abortion or late foetal loss.

     

The variation in cervical hydroxyproline and cervical water with age

The squamocolumnar junction is frequently not visible in the postmenopausal patient. This study attempts to identify some of the changes in the cervix that may account for this observation. Twenty-four cervical biopsy samples taken at the squamocolumnar junction were analysed for hydroxyproline (collagen) and water content. There was significantly more hydroxyproline (collagen) in the premenopausal woman than the postmenopausal woman. Similarly, there was higher percentage of water in the biopsies in the premenopausal woman than the postmenopausal woman. Further samples obtained deeper in the cervical stroma did not confirm these differences. It appears likely that differences in cervical water and cervical collagen near the surface of the cervix account, at least in part, for the lack of visibility of the squamocolumnar junction in the older woman.     

The variation in cervical hydroxyproline and cervical water with age

Summary. The squamocolumnar junction is frequently not visible in the postmenopausal patient. This study attempts to identify some of the changes in the cervix that may account for this observation. Twentyfour cervical biopsy samples taken at the squamocolumnar junction were analysed for hydroxyproline (collagen) and water content. There was significantly more hydroxyproline (collagen) in the premenopausal woman than the postmenopausal woman. Similarly, there was higher percentage of water in the biopsies in the premenopausal woman than the postmenopausal woman. Further samples obtained deeper in the cervical stroma did not confirm these differences. It appears likely that differences in cervical water and cervical collagen near the surface of the cervix account, at least in part, for the lack of visibility of the squamocolumnar junction in the older woman.     

Alpha-tocopherol and alpha-tocopheryl quinone levels in cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and cervical cancer

OBJECTIVE: alpha-Tocopherol is a potent antioxidant that protects cell membranes against oxidative damage. Red blood cell alpha-tocopherol levels reflect membrane alpha-tocopherol concentrations, and altered levels may suggest membrane damage. The objective of this study was to determine the levels of alpha-tocopherol and alpha-tocopheryl quinone, the oxidized product of alpha-tocopherol, in plasma and red blood cells that were obtained from control subjects and patients with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and cervical cancer. STUDY DESIGN: In this cross-sectional study, 72 women, (32 African American and 40 Hispanic) were recruited. Among these subjects, 37 women had cervical intraepithelial neoplasia; 14 women had cervical cancer, and 21 women were considered control subjects, who had normal Papanicolaou test results. alpha-Tocopherol and alpha-tocopheryl quinone levels were determined in red blood cell and plasma by high-pressure liquid chromatography. RESULTS: Plasma levels of alpha-tocopherol and alpha-tocopheryl quinone were decreased significantly (P=.012 and=.005, respectively, by Kruskal-Wallis test) in study groups compared with the control group; red blood cell levels of alpha-tocopherol and alpha-tocopheryl quinone were not altered significantly. CONCLUSION: The lower alpha-tocopherol level that was observed in this study is consistent with our previous reports of decreased antioxidant concentrations and increased oxidative stress in women with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. Unaltered red blood cell alpha-tocopherol and alpha-tocopheryl quinone levels suggest undamaged cell membrane. Further studies are needed to investigate the potential role of oxidative stress in cervical intraepithelial neoplasia.