早期使用踝足矫形器对脑卒中偏瘫患者步行功能影响的表面肌电信号研究

摘要 目的：观察早期应用佩戴踝足矫形器（AFO）进行康复训练治疗脑卒中患者偏瘫步态的临床疗效。 方法：将63例脑卒中患者随机分为治疗组（Z组）和对照组（D组）。两组均按常规予以对症支持治疗和康复治疗,治疗组在对照组基础上加用AFO,康复训练4周后进行评定。治疗前后分别采用二维步态分析仪、表面肌电图机及相应量表评定两组患者的步行能力（包括步态参数及步行功能分级）、踝关节控制肌群（胫前肌及腓肠肌外侧头）的积分肌电值（iEMG）、运动功能、平衡功能、日常生活活动能力。 结果：治疗前后对比,治疗组步行能力的差异有显著性意义（P＜0.01）;对照组步行能力的差异也有显著性意义（P＜0.01）。治疗后治疗组步行能力、下肢运动功能、平衡功能、日常生活活动能力、踝关节控制肌群肌力与对照组相比差异有显著性意义（P＜0.05）,治疗组优于对照组。 结论：早期佩戴AFO能够促进偏瘫患者步行能力、平衡功能、运动功能、日常生活活动能力、踝关节控制肌群肌力的恢复。     

外骨骼康复机器人改善脑卒中偏瘫患者下肢功能的临床研究

目的：观察应用下肢外骨骼康复机器人康复训练对脑卒中偏瘫患者下肢功能的改善情况。方法：脑卒中偏瘫下肢运动功能障碍患者60例,分为机器人组和对照组各30例。对照组给予脑卒中常规康复治疗,机器人组在常规康复治疗的基础上,应用下肢外骨骼康复机器人进行康复训练。于训练前后通过 Fugl-Meyer运动及平衡功能评分、Holden步行功能分级对患者的下肢康复情况进行评价。结果：训练60d后,2组 Fugl-Meyer运动功能评分、Fugl-Meyer平衡功能评分、Holden步行功能分级均较治疗前明显提高（P＜0．05）,且机器人组提高幅度较对照组更显著（P＜0．05）。结论：应用下肢外骨骼康复机器人可改善脑卒中偏瘫患者的下肢功能,值得在临床上推广应用。     

下肢康复机器人训练对脑卒中偏瘫患者运动能力和日常生活活动能力的影响

目的探讨下肢康复机器人训练对脑卒中偏瘫患者运动能力及日常生活活动能力的影响。方法 2015年6月~2016年7月,本院40例首次脑卒中偏瘫患者随机分为对照组(n=20)和实验组(n=20)。两组均予常规康复治疗,实验组另行下肢康复机器人训练。共6周。治疗前后采用简式Fugl-Meyer下肢运动量表、Fugl-Meyer平衡量表、Holden步行功能分级和改良Barthel指数评定法对两组运动功能、平衡功能、步行能力及日常生活活动能力进行评定。结果治疗后,两组Fugl-Meyer下肢运动量表评分、Fugl-Meyer平衡量表评分、Holden步行功能分级和改良Barthel指数较治疗前明显升高(χ28.980,t3.902,P0.01),且实验组高于对照组(χ2=7.632,t2.075,P0.05)。结论下肢康复机器人训练有助于提高脑卒中偏瘫患者下肢运动功能、平衡功能、步行能力及生活自理能力。     

早期躯干与骨盆控制训练对偏瘫患者运动功能的影响

目的:探讨早期躯干与骨盆控制训练对脑卒中偏瘫患者运动能的影响。方法:80例偏瘫患者随机分成治疗组和对照组各40例。两组患者采用常规康复治疗方法,治疗组加躯干与骨盆控制训练。治疗前后两组患者采用各项评分量表评定躯干控制能力(TCT)、平衡功能(BBS)、日常生活活动能力(MBI)、步行能力(FAC)和运动功能(FMA)评分,比较两组治疗效果。结果:两组患者治疗后躯干控制能力、平衡功能、日常生活活动能力、步行能力和运动功能评分与治疗前比较差异有显著性意义(P<0.01),且治疗组差值优于对照组(P<0.05)。躯干控制能力分别与平衡功能、日常生活活动能力、步行能力和运动功能呈正相关。结论:早期躯干与骨盆控制训练对提高偏瘫患者运动功能有良好的促进作用。     

脑卒中患者家属配合功能训练的疗效观察

目的：研究脑卒中患者家属配合功能训练对于偏瘫肢体功能和日常生活活动能力（ADL）的影响。方法：80例脑卒中偏瘫住院患者随机分成两组,治疗组除常规康复治疗外。教会患者家属脑卒中患者共性的康复方案，让患者家属在常规康复治疗时间之外每天给患者多2h的训练：出院后定期随访，做好患者家属的功能训练方法指导；对照组仅进行常规康复治疗,出院后自行功能训练。分别于入院时、住院2个月、出院后3个月对两组进行评定。评价指标采用Barthel指数法和Brunnstrom评分法。结果：2个月出院时两组的日常生活活动能力、运动功能均有改善。出院3个月后治疗组患者的运动功能较出院时明显提高．对照组运动功能无明显改善．差异具有显著性（P〈0．05）。结论：教会患者家属易懂可行且通用的康复技术有利于脑卒中患者偏瘫肢体功能的改善。     

平衡功能联合等速躯干肌力训练对脑卒中偏瘫患者躯干稳定和步行能力的影响

目的探讨平衡功能联合等速躯干肌力训练对脑卒中偏瘫患者躯干稳定和步行能力的影响。方法选取2017年12月至2018年12月我科收治的92例脑卒中偏瘫患者作为研究对象,随机将其等分为研究组和对照组,对照组实施常规护理,研究组实施平衡功能联合等速躯干肌力训练。比较两组患者躯干稳定能力和步行能力。结果研究组患者躯干控制能力(TCT)、肢体运动功能(FMA)、肢体平衡能力(BBS)评分均高于对照组(P 0. 05),Holden步行能力分级高于对照组(P 0. 05)。结论脑卒中偏瘫患者应用平衡功能联合等速躯干肌力训练,可有效改善患者躯干稳定性和步行能力,值得临床推广应用。     

针刺联合康复训练对脑卒中患者的干预效果观察

目的:探究头针针刺联合康复训练对脑卒中患者偏态步态治疗的影响。方法:选取2017年7月～2018年9月收治的脑卒中偏瘫患者200例为研究对象,根据随机数字表法分为研究组和常规组,各100例。两组均给予康复训练,研究组在此基础上加用头针针刺治疗,比较两组的步行能力、平衡功能、下肢运动功能、日常生活能力评分和步态参数。结果:治疗后两组患者的步行能力、平衡功能、下肢运动功能、日常生活能力评分和步态参数较治疗前明显改善(P0.05),且研究组患者的平衡功能、下肢运动功能、日常生活能力评分均高于常规组(P0.05),研究组患者步态参数优于常规组(P0.05),两组患者步行能力评分比较无显著性差异(P0.05)。结论:相比于单纯康复训练,联合应用头针针刺可改善脑卒中偏瘫患者的步态和平衡功能,提升患者的步行能力,在一定程度上提高患者下肢运动功能及日常生活活动能力,有利于促进患者快速康复。     

下肢康复机器人训练对早期脑卒中偏瘫患者下肢功能的影响

摘要 目的：观察下肢康复机器人训练对早期脑卒中偏瘫患者下肢运动功能、肌力、平衡功能及步行能力的影响。 方法: 选取在我科住院的早期脑卒中偏瘫患者60例,随机分为观察组和对照组各30例。 两组患者均采用良肢位摆放、关节活动度训练、肌力训练、桥式运动、翻身运动、卧-坐转移训练、坐位平衡功能训练、神经肌肉促进技术、下肢负重训练、步行能力训练及日常生活活动能力训练等常规康复治疗,观察组在此基础上加用下肢康复训练机器人进行减重系统、智能反馈系统及虚拟训练模式等功能训练。两组患者均在治疗前、治疗8周后采用Fugl-Meyer下肢运动功能评分（FMA）、徒手肌力测试法（MMT）分级标准之 Kendall评分、Berg平衡功能量表（BBS）及Holden步行功能分级法进行评估。 结果：治疗8周后,两组患者FMA下肢运动功能评分均较治疗前明显提高（P<0.01,P<0.05）,观察组较对照组提高更明显（P<0.05）;两组股四头肌MMT分级Kendall百分比法评分均明显高于治疗前（P<0.01,P<0.05）,观察组更高于对照组（P<0.05）;治疗8周后,两组腘绳肌MMT分级Kendall百分比法评分均明显高于治疗前（P<0.01,P<0.05）,观察组更高于对照组（P<0.05）。两组BBS平衡功能评分均明显高于治疗前（P<0.01,P<0.05）,观察组更高于对照组（P<0.05）;两组患者Holden FAC步行能力分级均较治疗前明显提高（P<0.01,P<0.05）,观察组较对照组提高更明显。 结论：脑卒中偏瘫患者早期下肢康复机器人结合运动疗法能明显提高患者的下肢运动功能、肌力、平衡功能及步行能力     

运动想象疗法结合生物反馈治疗脑卒中偏瘫的疗效

目的：观察应用下肢康复机器人对早期偏瘫患者进行步行训练对于改善患者步行能力的有效性。方法：脑卒中偏瘫患者46例随机分为观察组和对照组各23例。2组均给予常规康复治疗,观察组加用下肢康复机器人进行步行训练。训练前后采用功能性步行量表（FAC）、患肢运动功能（FMA）及平衡量表（BBS）评定。结果：治疗8周后,2组独立步行率及BBS、FMA下肢评分均较治疗前明显提高（P〈0．01,0．05）,且观察组更高于对照组（P〈0．05）。结论：偏瘫患者早期运用下肢康复机器人进行步行训练能够较好地提高患者的步行能力。     

核心肌群训练对脑卒中偏瘫患者步行能力的影响

目的研究核心肌群训练对脑卒中偏瘫患者步行能力的影响。方法 78例脑卒中后步行障碍的患者随机分为治疗组和对照组,每组39例。对照组进行常规康复训练,治疗组在运动训练的基础上加以核心肌群训练,治疗8周后采用Berg平衡量表(BBS)评价平衡能力、10 m最大步行速度(MWS)评价步行速度、简化Fugl-Meyer量表(FMA)评价下肢运动功能,改良Barthel指数(MBI)评定日常生活活动能力。结果治疗前两组平衡能力、步行速度、下肢功能及日常生活活动能力比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05),具有可比性。治疗后两组平衡能力、步行速度、下肢运动功能及日常生活活动能力评定均较治疗前有改善(P0.05),两组相比治疗组优于对照组(P0.05)。结论核心肌群训练配合常规康复训练对脑卒中偏瘫患者恢复步行能力有更好疗效。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.