20例脑静脉(窦)血栓形成的早期诊断与治疗分析

目的：分析脑静脉窦血栓形成（CVT）的早期诊断及治疗方法。方法：回顾分析20例（男性11例，女性9例）CVT病人的发病年龄、可能病因、临床表现、影像学特征、脑脊液检查结果与治疗方法。结果：（1）年龄多在20-40岁；（2）多数病例为急性起病，病情逐渐进展；（3）病因多样；（4）早期表现为头痛（85％）、呕吐（60％），伴或不伴局灶性神经功能缺损或癫痫发作；（5）影像学表现为静脉窦闭塞及静脉性梗死灶（40％）；（6）脑脊液压力明显升高（83．3％），白细胞及蛋白含量正常或升高；（7）对因及脱水治疗基础上行抗凝治疗14例、溶栓1例，5例重症患者预后不佳。结论对临床急性起病的头痛、呕吐、伴或不伴局灶性神经功能缺损及癫痫发作的年轻病人，应高度怀疑CVT，及时行MRI及磁共振静脉血管造影（MRv）联合检查，早期明确诊断，尽可能地检查和控制潜在病因，尽早开始抗凝治疗。对重症及经肝素治疗无效的病例建议局部静脉窭内溶栓治疗。     

Diagnosis and treatment of cerebral venous thrombosis

Dural sinus or cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT) is a frequently unrecognized cause of stroke affecting predominantly young women. Typical clinical signs include headache, visual problems and seizures. Both computed tomography and magnetic resonance venous angiography are suitable for the detection of CVT, although magnetic resonance angiography is more sensitive to detect small cortical venous thrombosis. Evidence for efficacy of initial treatment with heparin in acute CVT comes from two randomized placebo-controlled studies that together included 79 patients. Although not evidence-based, postacute treatment with oral anticoagulation is recommended for up to 12 months after CVT. Long-term anticoagulation is recommended only in patients suffering from a severe coagulopathy or with recurrent CVT.     

The effect of recanalization on long‐term neurological outcome after cerebral venous thrombosis

Essentials

• The role of cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT) recanalization on neurologic outcome is still debated.
• We studied a large cohort of 508 CVT patients with 419 patient years of radiological follow‐up.
• Recanalization rate is high during the first months after CVT and neurologic outcome is favorable.
• High recanalization grade of CVT independently predicts good neurological outcome.

Summary

Background

Studies with limited sample size and with discordant results described the recanalization time‐course of cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT). The neurological outcome after a first episode of CVT is good, but the role of recanalization on neurological dependence is still debated.

Objectives

The aim of the study is to assess the recanalization rate after cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT) and its prognostic role in long‐term neurological outcome.

Patients/Methods

In a retrospective observational multicenter cohort study, patients with an acute first episode of CVT with at least one available imaging test during follow‐up were enrolled. Patency status of the vessels was categorized as complete, partial or not recanalized. Neurological outcome was defined using the modified Rankin scale (mRS) as good (mRS = 0–1) or poor (mRS = 2–6).

Results

Five‐hundred and eight patients (median [IQR] age, 39 [28.5–49] years; 26% male) were included. Complete or partial recanalization was not differently represented in patients undergoing scans at different periods of time (from 28‐day to 3 month‐period up to a 1–3 year‐period). mRS at the time of follow‐up imaging was available in 483 patients; 92.8% of them had a mRS of 0‐1. CVT recanalization (odds ratio [OR], 2.56; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.59–4.13) was positively associated, whereas cancer (OR, 0.29; 95% CI, 0.09–0.88), and personal history of venous thromboembolism (VTE) (OR, 0.36; 95% CI, 0.14–0.92) were negatively associated as independent predictors of favorable (mRS = 0–1) outcome at follow‐up.

Conclusions

Most patients with a first CVT had complete or partial recanalization at follow‐up. Recanalization was independently associated with a favorable neurological outcome.

     

Headache: cortical vein thrombosis and response to anticoagulation.

Cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT) is being diagnosed more frequently with the use of advanced radiologic imaging. The presentation of CVT includes a wide spectrum of nonspecific symptoms with headache predominating. We present a case with acute, severe headache. The evaluation included a head computed tomography (CT) scan that was normal. The presence of opacified sinuses led to treatment for sinusitis. The patient returned the following day with a generalized tonic-clonic seizure. A magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) study identified an isolated cortical venous thrombosis. This patient was treated with anticonvulsant and anticoagulation therapy. A CVT is an unusual cause of headache and should be considered in patients with atypical presentation or associated seizure, or who are refractory to current therapy. Diagnosis may be made with MRI. Resolution and complete recovery are possible with appropriate therapy.     

Headache Due to Spontaneous Intracranial Hypotension and Subsequent Cerebral Vein Thrombosis

Cerebral vein thrombosis (CVT) is a rare complication of spontaneous intracranial hypotension (SIH). When to suspect a thrombotic disorder during the course of intracranial hypotension is not fully elucidated. A 48‐year‐old woman was admitted because of SIH with no signs of CVT on neuroimaging. The occurrence of diplopia and blurred vision 12 days later led to the performance of further investigations, which revealed thrombosis of the left lateral sinus, in the absence of variations in the headache characteristics. Among the other 4 cases of SIH clearly preceding the occurrence of CVT reported so far, only one had a change in the headache pattern related to CVT development. Although a change in the characteristics of headache is considered a marker of CVT in patients with SIH, this is not invariably part of the clinical scenario. Any new neurologic finding on exam in the disease course should raise a suspicion of venous thrombosis, thus prompting further specific investigations.     

Cerebral venous thrombosis: Diagnosis and management in the emergency department setting

IntroductionCerebral venous thrombosis (CVT) is an uncommon neurologic emergency associated with significant morbidity and mortality that can be difficult to differentiate from other conditions. It is important for the emergency clinician to be familiar with this disease as it requires a high index of suspicion, and early diagnosis and management can lead to improved outcomes.ObjectiveThis narrative review provides an evidence-based update concerning the presentation, evaluation, and management of CVT for the emergency clinician.DiscussionCVT is due to thrombosis of the cerebral veins resulting in obstruction of venous outflow and increased intracranial pressure. Early recognition is important but difficult as the clinical presentation can mimic more common disease patterns. The most common patient population affected includes women under the age of 50. Risk factors for CVT include pregnancy, medications (oral contraceptives), inherited thrombophilia, prior venous thromboembolic event, malignancy, recent infection, and neurosurgery. CVT can present in a variety of ways, but the most common symptom is headache, followed by focal neurologic deficit, seizure, and altered mental status. Imaging studies such as computed tomography (CT) venography or magnetic resonance (MR) venography should be obtained in patients with concern for CVT, as non-contrast CT will be normal or have non-specific findings in most patients. Treatment includes anticoagulation, treating seizures and elevated ICP aggressively, and neurosurgical or interventional radiology consultation in select cases.ConclusionsCVT can be a challenging diagnosis. Knowledge of the risk factors, patient presentation, evaluation, and management can assist emergency clinicians.     

多模影像指导下个体化血管再通病人的护理

[目的]探讨在多模影像指导下急性缺血性卒中(AIS)病人接受重组组织型纤溶酶原激活剂(rtPA)静脉溶栓联合血管内治疗后护理工作的有效性及安全性,总结护理措施。[方法]筛选2014年1月—2014年12月就诊的17例行动静脉联合治疗的AIS病人为研究对象,在溶栓前以及溶栓后1h,2h,24h和出院时对其行美国国立卫生研究院神经功能缺损评分(NIHSS),评估神经功能缺损情况,出院时和溶栓后90d行改良Barthel指数(MBI)评分评估日常生活能力和改良Rankin量表(mRS)评估神经功能预后。[结果]17例病人中死亡1例,脑出血1例,蛛网膜下隙出血1例,其余14例病人出院时NIHSS评分(7.36分±7.51分)比溶栓前(16.57分±6.07分)降低,差异有统计学意义(P=0.000)。溶栓后90d日常生活能力MBI比出院时有所提高,差异有统计学意义(50.07分±13.57分vs 56.79分±13.12分,P=0.004)。病人90d时神经功能预后较出院时mRS评分有所改善,差异有统计学意义(1.71分±1.78分vs 2.57分±1.56分,P=0.001)。[结论]在多模影像指导下,卒中病人个体化管理可以缩短其就诊到溶栓的时间(静脉溶栓)和就诊到穿刺的时间(血管内治疗),扩展时间窗能增加病人接受溶栓治疗的机会,有效提高病人血管再通率,促进神经功能恢复和日常生活能力提高。     

Cerebral venous thrombosis after epidural blood patch: coincidence or causal relation? A case report and review of the literature

We report on a female patient who developed post-dural puncture headache (PDPH) after epidural analgesia for delivery. Treatment with epidural blood patch led to complete headache remission and the patient was discharged. Two days later the patient was readmitted with hemihypaesthesia and mild hemiparesis of the right side. Magnetic resonance imaging showed a small left parietal cortical haemorrhage probably following cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT). Coagulation screening detected heterozygous Factor V mutation. Headache is a common symptom of PDPH and CVT. Review of the literature revealed five patients in puerperal state, who developed CVT in close temporal relationship after blood patch treatment for PDPH . Change of headache character with loss of postural influence was reported frequently before diagnosis of CVT was confirmed. These findings may indicate a causal relationship.     

脑静脉窦血栓形成的诊断及治疗

目的:探讨脑静脉窦血栓形成(CVST)的临床特点。方法:对20例CVST患者的一般情况、病因、临床表现、脑脊液特点、影像学特征、治疗及预后等资料进行回顾性分析。结果:20例患者多表现为头痛,可伴有癫疒间发作和各种神经功能缺损的症状体征,脑脊液压力明显升高,白细胞数和蛋白质定量可正常或升高,头颅CT示静脉窦高密度改变及脑实质异常信号,MRI示静脉窦异常信号,MRV示静脉窦闭塞或充盈缺损,DSA示静脉窦狭窄、血流中断或不显影。治疗以脱水、抗凝、溶栓为主,19例好转,1例死亡。结论:对于高颅压伴或不伴神经、精神障碍的患者,须高度警惕CVST,应尽早行MRV或DSA检查,治疗以抗凝、溶栓为主。     

静脉溶栓桥接Solitaire支架取栓治疗急性后循环梗死并文献复习

目的探讨静脉溶栓桥接Solitaire AB支架取栓治疗急性后循环梗死的效果及安全性。 方法回顾性分析2017年8至9月聊城市人民医院神经内科采用桥接模式接受血管内治疗的急性后循环梗死患者3例资料,均为基底动脉闭塞,分析血管开通情况、并发症情况、神经功能改善情况、随访3个月时改良Rankin量表评分(mRS)和Barthel指数(BI)评分情况。 结果3例静脉溶栓桥接Solitaire AB支架取栓均成功再通,第1例静脉溶栓症状好转,4 h后症状加重并进入昏迷,考虑血管再闭塞,紧急启动机械取栓,术后第1天患者清醒;另2例患者静脉溶栓同时联合机械取栓,术后5～7 d复查颅脑CT及CT血管造影(CTA)均显示基底动脉通畅,未见梗死灶扩大,未发生症状性颅内出血(SICH)。3例患者出院时美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表(NIHSS)评分较入院时降低16～27分,出院时mRS评分为3分1例,2分2例;3个月后mRS评分为2分1例,1分2例,BI评分均为95～100分。 结论颅内大血管闭塞患者可选择静脉溶栓桥接Solitaire AB支架取栓治疗,可提高血管再通率,有效改善预后。     

下腔静脉滤器置人应用于下肢深静脉血栓形成的临床分析

目的探讨下腔静脉滤器（VCF）置入联合抗凝溶栓治疗下肢深静脉血栓形成（DVT）的效果及防治肺动脉栓塞的意义。方法回顾性分析2009年1月至2011年9月我院收治的DVT患者．115例,选择27例适合行VCF置入的患者,在数字减影血管造影术下行VCF置入,术后给予溶栓、抗凝等治疗。结果27例患者下腔静脉内均成功置入VCF,经溶栓、抗凝后患肢肿胀明显消退,术后无肺栓塞及滤器置入相关并发症发生。结论VCF置入联合抗凝溶栓治疗DVT疗效好且安全,VCF置入可有效预防下肢深静脉血栓患者肺栓塞的发生。     

足背静脉、大隐静脉穿刺在深静脉血栓肢体溶栓中的效果比较

目的探讨足背静脉、大隐静脉穿刺在深静脉血栓肢体溶栓中的效果。方法选择我院收治的297例深静脉血栓患者,根据穿刺方法将其分为A组(163例,足背静脉穿刺)和B组(134例,大隐静脉穿刺)。比较两组的治疗效果。结果A组一次穿刺成功率、留置针留置时间、住院时间、住院费用均优于B组(P<0.05)。A组的抗凝溶栓治疗总有效率明显高于B组,并发症总发生率明显低于B组(P<0.05)。结论足背静脉穿刺在深静脉血栓肢体溶栓中的效果显著,一次性穿刺成功率高,并发症少。     

妊娠不同阶段并发颅内静脉血栓形成的临床特征

目的:探讨妊娠不同阶段与颅内静脉血栓形成(CVT)的发病机制、临床特征。方法:收集妊娠及产后并发静脉窦血栓形成患者34例的临床资料,分析妊娠并发CVT的临床特征,复习相关文献。结果:本组34例患者中,妊娠期20例,产褥期14例,平均发病年龄为(26.4±4.1)岁。通常急性起病,数天内达高峰,头痛、癫痫发作、意识障碍为最常见的临床症状。妊娠剧吐、产褥感染、妊高症、剖宫产术并发症、贫血以及低蛋白血症均为妊娠并发CVT的危险因素。D-D二聚体异常及颅内静脉血管造影检查为诊断的金标准。及早诊断、尽早抗凝是治疗的关键。结论:妊娠不同时期均可发生CVT。     

血管内多方式联合治疗重型颅内静脉窦血栓形成的临床观察

目的 评价以球囊碎栓、中间导管抽吸为基础的血管内多方式联合治疗重型颅内静脉窦血栓形成的有效性、安全性及预后。方法 收集采用球囊碎栓、中间导管抽吸为基础的血管内多方式联合治疗的13例重型颅内静脉窦血栓形成患者的临床资料,记录术前与术后1周GCS评分、Barthel指数评分,术后6个月改良Rankin量表（mRS） 评分、脑部磁共振静脉成像或DSA检查结果。结果 例1患者上矢状窦及双额顶支静脉部分再通,例9患者右横窦、乙状窦部分再通;例7、例13患者左横窦、左乙状窦慢性闭塞未开通而其余静脉窦完全再通;其他9例患者完全再通。术后1周GCS评分、Barthel指数评分均高于术前（P均< 0.05）。患者术中和术后未出现与介入相关的并发症。术后随访6个月,10例患者预后良好（mRS评分0~2分）、9例患者的静脉窦完全通畅。结论 以球囊碎栓、中间导管抽吸为基础的血管内多方式联合治疗重型颅内静脉窦血栓形成,有效、安全,预后较好。     

经动静脉双途径介入治疗脑静脉窦血栓形成

目的探讨经动静脉双途径介入治疗脑静脉窦血栓形成（cerebral venous sinus thrombosis,CVST）的疗效和安全性。方法对我院2005年8月～2008年5月收治的15例CVST均行经静脉插管接触性溶栓治疗,其中6例又接受了经动脉溶栓,术后继续抗凝治疗6个月。结果本组13例临床症状和体征得到缓解或部分缓解,其中11例头痛消失,2例存在轻度头痛;余2例病程较长者残留语言功能障碍。所有患者腰椎穿刺脑脊液压力恢复正常,未再发生血栓形成及新的神经功能症状。术中、术后亦未发生与操作相关的颅内或全身出血并发症。结论经动静脉双途径介入治疗CVST能使闭塞的静脉窦恢复再通,有效缓解颅内高压症状,是CVST安全、有效的治疗手段。     

Long‐term outcomes of patients with cerebral vein thrombosis: a multicenter study

Summary. Background: Little information is available on the long‐term clinical outcome of cerebral vein thrombosis (CVT). Objectives and methods: In an international, retrospective cohort study, we assessed the long‐term rates of mortality, residual disability and recurrent venous thromboembolism (VTE) in a cohort of patients with a first CVT episode. Results: Seven hundred and six patients (73.7% females) with CVT were included. Patients were followed for a total of 3171 patient‐years. Median follow‐up was 40 months (range 6, 297 months). At the end of follow‐up, 20 patients had died (2.8%). The outcome was generally good: 89.1% of patients had a complete recovery (modified Rankin Score [mRS] 0–1) and 3.8% had a partial recovery and were independent (mRS 2). Eighty‐four per cent of patients were treated with oral anticoagulants and the mean treatment duration was 12 months. CVT recurred in 31 patients (4.4%), and 46 patients (6.5%) had a VTE in a different site, for an overall incidence of recurrence of 23.6 events per 1000 patient‐years (95% confidence Interval [CI] 17.8, 28.7) and of 35.1 events/1000 patient‐years (95% CI, 27.7, 44.4) after anticoagulant therapy withdrawal. A previous VTE was the only significant predictor of recurrence at multivariate analysis (hazard ratio [HR] 2.70; 95% CI 1.25, 5.83). Conclusions: The long‐term risk of mortality and recurrent VTE appears to be low in patients who survived the acute phase of CVT. A previous VTE history independently predicts recurrent events.     

Headache as the sole presentation of cerebral venous thrombosis: a prospective study

Headache is the most frequent presenting symptom of cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT), most commonly associated with other manifestations. It has been described as its only clinical presentation in 15 % of patients. There is no typical pattern of headache in CVT. The objective of this study was to study the characteristics of headache as the sole manifestation of CVT. From a prospective study of 30 consecutive patients diagnosed with CVT over 18 months, we selected those who presented with headache only: they had a normal neurological examination, no papilloedema and no blood or any parenchymal lesion on CT scan. All were submitted to a systematic etiological workup and a structured questionnaire about the characteristics of headache was provided. Headache was the sole manifestation of CVT in 12 patients; it was diffuse or bilateral in the majority. Seven patients referred worsening with sleep/lying down, Valsalva maneuvers or straining. There was no association between the characteristics of headache and extension of CVT. Time from onset to diagnosis was significantly delayed in these patients presenting only with headache. In our series, 40 % of patients presented only with headache. There was no uniform pattern of headache apart from being bilateral. There was a significant delay of diagnosis in these patients. Some characteristics of headache should raise the suspicion of CVT: recent persistent headache, thunderclap headache or pain worsening with straining, sleep/lying down or Valsalva maneuvers even in the absence of papilloedema or focal signs.     

My headache does not get better when I lie down: spontaneous intracranial hypotension complicated by venous thrombosis

Two patients with spontaneous intracranial hypotension (SIH) subsequently developed cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT) when their headache lost its distinctive orthostatic characteristic. In addition to typical MRI features of tonsillar descent, subdural fluid collections, and diffuse pachymeningeal enhancement, hyperintense thrombi were detected in the dural sinuses, and filling defects on magnetic resonance venography. Knowledge of the typical neuroimaging features of SIH and CVT and change in headache characteristics are important for prompt diagnosis and treatment.     

中心静脉留置导管在血液透析中的应用

目的 总结中心静脉置管(CVT)在血液透析中的应用,探讨导管合理留置时间和并发症的防治。方法 回顾性分析九年间我院血液净化中心对783例急、慢性肾衰患者,穿刺股静脉、锁骨下静脉和颈内静脉三个部位CVT共806例次,其中股静脉192,锁骨下静脉263,颈内静脉351例次。结果 导管留置时间:股静脉3～45(18.7±12.2)天;锁骨下静脉14～171(43.9±27.8)天;颈内静脉16～92(43.6± 22.1)天。CVT并发症发生率为12.7％,常见的有感染(4.7％),血流不畅(3.2％),出血(2.0％),局部血肿(1.5％),深静脉血栓形成(1.2％)。结论 血透应用CVT有快捷、方便、安全的优点,导管留置时间:锁骨下和颈内静脉无显著性差异,但比股静脉明显延长。并发症的发生率股静脉最高,其次为锁骨下和颈内静脉。     

May headache be the first sign of mutation in the MTHFR gene?

BACKGROUND:

Cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT) is a rare disease and it has different etiologies. Inherited or acquired prothrombotic state plays a key role in the development of CVT.

METHODS:

A 28-year-old man who presented to our emergency department with persistent headache and accompanied by complaints of nausea and vomiting over a week. Neurologic examination revealed bilateral papilledema. Brain computed tomography showed a hyperdense area on the posterior part of the occipital lobe. Brain magnetic resonance imaging and magnetic resonance venography revealed thrombosis of CVT. Homozygous mutations were found for methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR). MTHFR CG677T gene mutation and blood tests showed elevated homocysteine levels on the etiological screening. There was no other etiology for CVT.

RESULTS:

Headache and other complaints were improved after treatment of heparin, warfarin, and vitamin B12. No recurrence of symptoms was observed upon outpatient follow-up.

CONCLUSION:

Since CVT is an important cause of headache, we recommend etiology screening for patients who present with CVT for MTHFR gene mutations and family counseling should be provided.KEY WORDS: Cerebral venous thrombosis, Headache, Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene mutation