125I粒子腔内治疗在中晚期胆管癌的临床应用进展

摘 要：胆管癌是指源于肝外胆管包括肝门区至胆总管下端胆管的恶性肿瘤,发病隐匿,发现肿瘤时大都已是中晚期,预后非常差,肿瘤引起的梗阻性黄疸等一系列并发症,使患者生活质量明显降低。姑息性治疗目前主要是经皮肝穿刺引流（PTCD）或内镜下胆道引流或支架植入,缓解患者的梗阻性黄疸征象,但随着肿瘤的进展,胆道再发梗阻发病率非常高。在胆道引流或支架基础上,行125I粒子腔内植入,在缓解梗阻基础上局部对肿瘤进行治疗,现就125I粒子腔内治疗在中晚期胆管癌的临床应用作一综述。     

43例原发性肝癌伴胆管梗阻的介入诊疗价值

[目的]探讨原发性肝癌伴胆管梗阻的介入诊断与治疗价值。[方法]43例原发性肝癌伴胆管梗阻患者，13例行经皮肝穿刺胆管造影（PTC）检查，30例行内窥镜逆行胰胆管造影（ERCP）检查。24例行胆管内支架置入术，39例行经肝动脉化疗栓塞术（TACE）治疗。[结果]所有原发性肝癌伴胆管梗阻患者均经PTC或ERCP等影像学检查获得正确诊断。24例患者分别置入了8枚塑料内支架和16枚金属支架，技术成功率为100％。患者术后1周的血清胆红素水平由术前（287±42）μmol／L降（101±50）μmol／L（P〈0．05）。39例患者成功地进行了TACE治疗。[结论]PTC和ERCP检查对原发性肝癌伴胆管梗阻有较高的诊断价值，胆道内支架置入术与TACE等介入治疗是其安全有效的治疗方法。     

经皮肝穿刺胆管引流和经皮肝穿刺胆管支架置入治疗老年人恶性胆管梗阻

目的:探讨经皮肝穿刺胆管引流(percutaneous transhepatic cholangial drainage,PTCD)和经皮肝穿刺胆管支架(percutaneous transhepatic cholangial sent,PTCS)置入对老年人恶性胆管梗阻的临床应用价值.方法:53例60岁以上老年人恶性胆管梗阻患者, 35例施行PTCS置入,11例施行PTCD,7例施行单纯外引流,术后1周进行肝胆管造影复查,手术前及手术后1周检测血清总胆红素(total bilirubin,TBIL)及丙氨酸氨基转移酶(alanine aminotransferase,ALT)等指标.结果:32例患者支架一次性置入成功,3例患者行肝胆管外引流5～7 d后成功置入支架.手术后1周TBIL及ALT较手术前明显下降(P<0.05).胆管内支架置入患者的平均生存期为11.5个月,行胆管内外引流患者的平均生存期为5.5个月.结论: PTCD和PTCS置入治疗老年人恶性胆管梗阻操作简便、有效.     

肝门部胆管癌的介入治疗分析

1 方法 从1999年5月到1999年10月我们对5例肝门部胆管癌患者采用经皮经肝穿刺置管引流术(PTCD)或胆管内金属支架置入术(EMS)姑息性治疗恶性梗阻性黄疸。其中男性3例,女性2例。年龄42～65岁,平均为53.5岁。5例患者中,采用单纯置管外引流1例,置管内外引流2例,金属内支架置入术2例(共置入3枚支架,其中1例置入2枚)。本组病例介入治疗前均进行B超、CT、MRI、MRCP检查,均为不能接受外科手术治疗的病例。5例均经右腋中线第7肋间     

介入疗法治疗恶性胆道梗阻性黄疸42例

目的探讨介入疗法对恶性胆道梗阻性黄疸的治疗效果。方法入组42例恶性胆道梗阻性黄疸患者,采用经皮肝穿刺胆管造影引流术(PTCD)和(或)裸金属内支架置入术,在胆道内置入内外引流管和(或)裸金属内支架,进行引流胆汁的姑息性治疗。结果全组42例患者经皮肝穿刺胆管术均一次成功,成功率100%。术后2周,血清总胆红素水平明显下降,肝功能明显改善。本组患者平均生存期为9个月,最长可达20个月。结论介入疗法对恶性胆道梗阻性黄疸是一种有效的姑息性治疗手段。     

经皮胆道内支架置入术姑息性治疗恶性梗阻性黄疸临床观察

目的研究经皮胆道内支架置入术姑息性治疗恶性梗阻性黄疸的临床价值。方法28例恶性梗阻性黄疸接受经皮经肝胆道内支架置入术,男18例,女10例。胆管癌13例,胰头癌4例,胆囊癌3例,肝门区转移癌8例。共置入胆道内28枚金属内支架。结果28例采用经皮经肝穿刺置入胆道内支架均获得成功。结论经皮胆道内支架置入术是姑息治疗手术不能切除的恶性梗阻性黄疸的有效方法,配合动脉内灌注化疗可提高恶性阻塞患者的生存率。     

支架置入术治疗恶性低位胆道梗阻的临床价值

目的 探讨金属胆道支架置入术治疗恶性低位胆道梗阻的有效性、安全性.方法 32例恶性胆道低位梗阻患者(中位年龄61岁),术前经CT和磁共振胰胆管造影(magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography,MRCP)证实为恶性胆道低位梗阻.其中,胆管癌12例,胰头癌11例,壶腹癌5例,转移癌2例,胆囊癌2例.32例患者行经皮经肝胆道穿刺,于胆总管中下端置入32枚自膨式金属胆道支架.结果 32例患者手术成功率100.0％,支架位置良好,胆汁引流通畅.术中无胆道出血、胆汁渗漏及胆道破裂等严重并发症.32例患者于术后7天复查肝功能,其血清总胆红素(total bilirubin,TB)由术前的(378.11±134.53) μmol/L下降至(166.10 ±74.37) μmol/L(P＜0.05);血清直接胆红素(direct bilirubin,DB)由术前的(219.14±86.37) μmol/L下降至(98.26 ±53.68) μmol/L(P＜0.05).29例于术后30天复查肝功能,其血清TB由术前的(356.78±118.21) μmol/L下降至(56.10±44.37)μmol/L;血清DB由术前的(219.14 ±86.37) μmol/L下降至(38.26±43.68) μmol/L,均P＜0.05.30例获得随访,随访1-42月(平均25.4月),9例再发支架内梗阻(30.0％),其中4例再行支架治疗,3例行导管引流治疗,2例未治疗死亡.十二指肠梗阻1例,行十二指肠支架治疗后缓解.生存期1-33月,平均生存期(11.56±2.14)月,中位生存期10.0月.结论 金属胆道支架置入术是治疗恶性低位胆道梗阻的安全、有效的方法.     

经皮胆道引流及金属支架置入术治疗恶性胆道梗阻31例

[目的]探讨经皮肝穿刺胆道引流及支架置入术治疗恶性胆道梗阻的临床疗效及经验。[方法]在DSA下对31例恶性胆道梗阻患者先行经皮肝穿刺胆道造影（PTC）了解狭窄部位和长度。如导丝不能越过狭窄段,则行外引流术;如能越过狭窄段,则行支架置入术。[结果]31例患者中4例单纯外引流,25例单支架置入,2例双支架置入。术前血清总胆红素249．6±89．1μmol／L,术后2周与1个月血清总胆红素分别下降到108．7±36．2μmol／L与55．6±16．5μmol／L（P〈0．01）,碱性磷酸酶与丙氨酸转氨酶下降明显（P均〈0．01）。4例单纯外引流中3例于术后1个月内死亡。出现并发症9例（29％）。生存6个月21例,生存12个月13例,生存18个月4例。[结论]经皮胆道引流及支架置入术是姑息性治疗恶性胆道梗阻的有效方法。     

恶性胆道梗阻双介入治疗13例

目的：评价胆道引充及结合动脉内灌注化疗在恶性胆道梗阻中的治疗效果。方法：在13例患者中（男8例,女5例）4例行经皮肝穿胆道引流（PTCD）,9例放置胆道内支架,置入支架类型：国产镍钛记忆合金支架6例,被膜支架3例,所有病例定期做肿瘤供动脉插管灌注化疗。结果：W一部病例经引流后梗阻性黄疸症状迅速消失,黄疸逐日消退,随访4例13个月,7例于PTCD和支架放置术后4至11个月死亡,生存的6例无再闭塞发生,支架无移位。结论：本疗法是一种对恶性梗阻性黄疸比较理想的姑息性治疗方法。     

经皮肝穿胆道支架置入治疗恶性胆道梗阻的临床研究

目的:总结经皮肝穿刺胆道金属内支架植入治疗恶性胆道梗阻的临床疗效及经验.方法: 92例恶性胆道梗阻性黄疸患者,采用经皮肝穿刺肝胆管支架置入术.根据胆道梗阻狭窄的不同部位和狭窄的程度采用相应的放置方式.结果: 92 例患者中,91例胆道支架成功放置,其中12例放置双支架,支架扩张良好,引流通畅,血清胆红素下降明显.术后死亡2例,胆道出血3例,腹水渗漏6例,胆漏2例,支架移位1例,胆管炎9例,胆道再阻塞11例.结论对不能手术的恶性胆道梗阻性黄疸患者,经皮肝穿刺胆道内支架植入术创伤小,可提高患者的生存质量,延长生存期,是一种较为安全、有效的方法.     

胆管支架治疗恶性梗阻性黄疸５３例分析

目的　观察经皮肝穿刺肝胆管支架治疗恶性梗阻性黄疸的疗效及不良反应。方法　５３例恶性胆道梗阻患者采用经皮肝穿刺置入胆管支架治疗,术前及术后１周复查血清总胆红素、直接胆红素。２２例患者行肝动脉栓塞化疗（ＴＡＣＥ）。结果　共置入５５枚镍钛形状记忆合金内支架,其中２例各置入２枚胆道支架,技术操作成功率１００％。术前及术后１周血清总胆红素、直接胆红素均有显著差异（Ｐ＝０.０２１,Ｐ＝０.０１８）,支架置入后行ＴＡＣＥ者中位生存期（３９.２周）明显高于未行ＴＡＣＥ组（１７.３周）,术中及术后的并发症经及时处理后均能缓解。结论　对梗阻性黄疸患者经皮肝穿刺支架治疗对解除胆道梗阻是一种安全、有效的方法。术后行肝动脉栓塞化疗者能明显延长患者生存。     

58例恶性梗阻性黄疸的治疗分析

目的：对58例恶性梗阻性黄疸的治疗进行分析。方法：回顾性分析恶性梗阻性黄疸患者58例,男性30例,女性28例,平均年龄（60±29）岁,所有患者均经CT及MRI检查,结合临床确诊为恶性梗阻性黄疸,全部行PTCD或胆道支架置入,28例患者术后给予TACE治疗,3例患者行PTGD治疗。结果：58例患者均胆道穿刺成功,置入引流管或放置胆道支架,各项胆红素（TBL,DBL,IBL）下降至正常者50例,无明显下降者5例,升高者3例,28例行TACE治疗,6例行PTGD治疗。结论：PTCD及胆道支架置入缓解梗阻性黄疸明显,先TACE治疗患者生存期超过未行TACE治疗患者,高位梗阻患者（特别是老年患者）预后较差。     

Analysis of Different Ways of Drainage for Obstructive Jaundice Caused by Hilar Cholangiocarcinoma

Objective: To evaluate the prognosis of different ways of drainage for patients with obstructive jaundicecaused by hilar cholangiocarcinoma. Materials and Methods: During the period of January 2006- March 2012,percutaneous transhepatic catheter drainage (PTCD)/ percutaneous transhepatic biliary stenting (PTBS) wereperformed for 89 patients. According to percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography (PTC), external drainagewas selected if the region of obstruction could not be passed by guide wire or a metallic stent was inserted if itcould. External drainage was the first choice if infection was diagnosed before the procedure, and a metallicstent was inserted in one week after the infection was under control. Selection by new infections, the degree ofbilirubin decrease, the change of ALT, the time of recurrence of obstruction, and the survival time of patients asthe parameters was conducted to evaluate the methods of different interventional treatments regarding prognosisof patients with hilar obstruction caused by hilar cholangiocarcinoma. Results: PTCD was conducted in 6 patientsand PTBS in 7 (p<0.05). Reduction of bilirubin levels and ALT levels was obvious after the procedures (p<0.05).The average survival time with PTCD was 161 days and with PTBS was 243 days (p<0.05). Conclusions: Withboth drainage procedures for obstructive jaundice caused by hilar cholangiocarcinoma improvement in liverfunction was obvious. PTBS was found to be better than PTCD for prolonging the patient survival.     

Percutaneous transhepatic hybrid biliary endoprostheses using both plastic and metallic stents for palliative treatment of malignant common bile duct obstruction

To evaluate clinical safety and efficacy of percutaneous transhepatic hybrid biliary prostheses for palliative treatment in patients with common bile duct obstruction caused by advanced malignancies. A total of 13 consecutive patients was treated with percutaneous transhepatic biliary endoprostheses concurrently using both plastic and metallic stents. Serum total bilirubin levels before and after stent placement were evaluated. The technical success rate, the period with no obstructive jaundice, patient survival and complications were also assessed. Median bilirubin levels decreased from 3.8 mg/dL before to 1.2 mg/dL after stent placement, and this difference was statistically significant. The median no‐jaundice period after bile duct stent placement was 6.0 months (range: 2–11 months), and overall survival time was 7.0 months. Of the 13 patients, nine did not have recurrent jaundice by the time of death, whereas four (31%) had recurrent jaundice. A second intervention was performed in these four patients. A new plastic stent was placed and jaundice did not recur up to the time of death. No serious complications such as cholangitis, pancreatitis or bile duct perforation developed. Percutaneous transhepatic hybrid biliary endoprostheses using both plastic and metallic stents can be useful as non‐invasive palliative treatment to relieve jaundice in patients with malignant obstructive jaundice.     

Length and quality of survival following external beam radiotherapy combined with expandable metallic stent for unresectable hilar cholangiocarcinoma

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Hilar cholangiocarcinoma is a morbid disease with a poor prognosis because resection cannot be performed in many cases. The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether external beam radiotherapy (RT) combined with expandable metallic biliary stent (EMS) affects the length and quality of survival of patients with unresectable hilar cholangiocarcinomas. METHODS: Fifty-one patients with unresectable hilar cholangiocarcinoma were retrospectively reviewed. Thirty patients received external beam radiotherapy combined with EMS (EMS+RT group), 10 patients were treated with EMS alone (EMS group), and the remaining 11 patients underwent percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage alone (PTBD group). The length and quality of survival were analyzed and compared among the three groups. RESULTS: The mean survival of 6.4 months in the EMS group was significantly longer than that of 4.4 months in the PTBD group (P < 0.05). The EMS+RT group with a mean survival of 10.6 months had a significantly longer survival than the EMS group (P < 0.05). The average of the monthly Karnofsky scores of 74.9 in the EMS+RT group and 68.1 in the EMS group, as a parameter of quality of survival, was significantly higher than that of 57.7 in the PTBD group (P < 0.01). The number of hospital days per month of survival was significantly smaller in the EMS+RT and EMS groups than in the PTBD group (10.4, 14.2 vs. 27.3 days; P < 0.001). The EMS+RT group had a longer stent patency than the EMS group (mean: 9.8 vs. 3.7 months; P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate that external radiotherapy combined with metallic biliary endoprosthesis can increase the length and quality of survival and consequently provide a definite palliative benefit for patients with unresectable hilar cholangiocarcinoma.     

Clinical Characteristics and Treatment Outcomes of Patientswith Unresectable Cholangiocarcinoma in Thailand: Are thereDifferences Dependent on Stent Type?

Cholangiocarcinoma, though very rare in Western countries, is one of the commonest liver malignancies inSoutheast Asia, especially in Thailand. More than half of the patients present with advanced stage disease. Giventhe poor treatment outcomes of adjuvant therapeutic options, many patients undergo only biliary drainage forpalliative treatment. Clinical characteristics and treatment outcomes after biliary stenting were here analyzedfor a total of 224 uresectable cholangiocarcinoma cases, 58.9% in men. The mean age was 61.5 years. Hilarinvolvement was the most common location. The patients underwent biliary drainage using plastic and metallicstents equally, early stent occlusion being encountered in 21.4% and 10.7%, respectively. The median survivaltime was 4.93 months for patients who received plastic and 5.87 months for patients who received metallic stents.     

Safety of biliary stent placement followed by definitive chemoradiotherapy in patients with pancreatic cancer with bile duct obstruction

BackgroundAlthough patients with malignant bile duct obstruction due to pancreatic cancer are often initially treated with biliary stent placement, concurrent chemoradiotherapy with stents poses a potential risk of increased toxicity. This retrospective study aimed to evaluate the safety of biliary stent placement followed by definitive concurrent chemoradiotherapy in patients with pancreatic cancer.MethodsPatients with pancreatic cancer who underwent either a plastic stent or a self-expanding metallic stent placement for malignant bile duct obstruction before definitive concurrent chemoradiotherapy were retrospectively reviewed. Radiotherapy was delivered in 1.8 Gy per fraction to a total dose of 50.4 Gy. Gemcitabine, TS-1 plus Gemcitabine, or TS-1 was the concurrent chemotherapy/regimen. The primary endpoint was the rate of biliary stent-related toxicities, defined as biliary bleeding, duodenal perforation, or bile duct perforation.ResultsThirty patients were included. Plastic stents were placed in 23 patients and self-expanding metallic stent in seven patients at the start of irradiation. The median follow-up time was 20 (range, 2–63) months, and 27 patients (90%) completed concurrent chemoradiotherapy. Biliary stent-related toxicity (grade 3 biliary bleeding) was confirmed in one patient (3%) with a plastic stent 9 months after concurrent chemoradiotherapy. The median duration of locoregional control, progression-free survival, and overall survival were 31.1, 7.3, and 10.5 months, respectively.ConclusionsStent placement followed by concurrent chemoradiotherapy was not associated with an apparent increase in toxicity and may be an appropriate treatment for patients with locally advanced pancreatic head cancer with bile duct obstruction.     

A case of unresectable hilar cholangiocarcinoma treated with an insertion of biliary stent and herbal medicine obtaining a good quality of life

An advanced hilar cholangiocarcinoma was poor in prognosis and required a biliary duct drainage tube insertion to prevent jaundice. An endoscopically placed metallic biliary stent is efficient for improving QOL of patients with the disease. This case was of a 65-year-old man. He was admitted to our hospital with obstructive jaundice. Hilar cholangiocarcinoma was diagnosed by computed tomography (CT) and MR cholangiopancreatography (MRCP). Abdominal angiography revealed an unresectable cholangiocarcinoma through the portal vein obstruction and stenosis of the left hepatic artery for tumor invasion. After a second opinion and informed consent, he was inserted a biliary stent (non-covered metallic stent) under an endoscopy. The jaundice was improved further and other laboratory data showed normal results except for tumor markers. After the patient left the hospital, he came to our hospital as an outpatient basis for observation. He was prescribed herbal medicine from the other hospital. Now after ten months since the biliary stent insertion, he has been free from symptoms with normal laboratory data.     

肝部分切除与肝十二指肠韧带骨髂化治疗肝门部胆管癌

Objective To summarize the surgical experience of partial hepatectomy with skeletonization of the hepatoduodenal ligament in the treatment of hilar cholangiocarcinoma.Methods Between Jan.1999 and Dec,2001,67 consecutive patients with hilar cholangiocarcinoma underwent surgical exploration at the Second Military Medical University,Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital.The clinical data of these patients were reviewed.Results Of the 67 patients,65(97%) underwent surgical resection.Fourty-nine patients(73%) received curative resection:22 skeletonization resection(SR) and 27 SR combined with partial hepatectomy.In 16 patients(9%) with curative resection the tumor margin was histologically postive and the resection was therefore considered palliative.The tumors were classified according to Bismuth with SR was type Ⅱ(17cases),various types of partial hepatectomy with SR was type Ⅲ and type IV.Right lobectomy with right caudate lobectomy was indicated in type Ⅲ(6cases),left lobectomy with complete caudate lobectomy in type Ⅲb(15cases),right loobectomy with complete caudate lobectomy(3 cases),left lobectomy with complete caudate lobectomy(9 cases) and quadrate lobectomy(2 cases)in type IV.SR and left lobectomy with complete caudate lobectomy was successfully performed in 2 patients(3%) who had undergone palliative biliary resection and cholangiojejunostomy before.Eight patients(12%) had local resecton of the tumor with Roux-en-Y hepaticojejunostomy reconstruction using intrahepatic stents.Two patients(3%) had palliative biliary drainage.Combined portal vein resection was performed in 13 patients(20%) and hepatic artery resection in 27 patients(40%) .Twenty-four atients(36%) had no postoperative complication,23 patients(34%) had minor complications only ,and the remaining 20 patients(30%) had major complications.Of the 20 patients with major complications,14 recovered,the remaining 6 patients died from hepatorenal failure with other organ failures,from myocardial infarction or from intraabdominal or gastrointestianl bleeding 7,12,14,42,57 or 89 days after surgery.The 30-day operative mortality was 4.5%.The mean survival of the patient with curative resecton was 16 months(range 1-32 months);for those undergong palliative resection mean survival was 7 months(range 1-14months).Conlusion Partial hepatectomy with SR for hilar cholangiocarcinoma can be performed with acceptable morbidity and mortality.For curative treatmet of hilar cholangiocarcinoma,caudate lobectomy is always recommended in Bismuth Ⅲ/IV.