顶空毛细管气相色谱法测定美司钠原料和注射液的残留溶剂

目的建立美司钠原料及其注射剂中4种残留溶剂的顶空毛细管气相色谱测定方法。方法使用HP-1毛细管气相色谱柱(30m×0.25mm,0.25μm),采用程序升温。初始温度为40℃,保持5min,再以20℃·min-1升温至150℃;进样口温度为200℃;检测器为FID;检测器温度为250℃。顶空进样,平衡温度为75℃,平衡时间为30min。结果同时测定了美司钠原料和注射液中4种残留有机溶剂,甲醇、乙醇、异丙醇和丙酮分离度均在2.0以上,线性范围分别为6.6～66.0(r1=0.999 4),4.9～49.1(r2=0.999 9),5.8～58.0(r3=0.999 5)和8.0～80.0μg·mL-1(r4=0.999 6),平均加样回收率分别为97.3%,98.2%,99.5%和99.1%,RSD值分别为1.9%,2.1%,1.5%和1.7%。结论该方法灵敏、准确,可用于美司钠原料及其注射液中残留溶剂的检测。     

顶空气相色谱法测定溴吡斯的明原料药中的残留溶剂

目的采用顶空气相色谱法测定溴吡斯的明原料药中的残留溶剂。方法色谱柱为PEG-20M(38 mm×0.25mm,0.32μm),氢火焰离子化检测器,载气为氮气,进样口温度为200℃,检测器温度为250℃。柱温为程序升温:初始温度50℃,保持5 min,再以10℃.min-1的速率升温至150℃,保持5 min,顶空条件:顶空平衡温度80℃,平衡时间30 min。结果该方法中溴吡斯的明的残留溶剂得到了较好的分离与测定。丙酮在0.25~0.75 mg.mL-1,乙醇在0.25~0.75 mg.mL-1,甲苯在0.044 5~0.133 5 mg.mL1线性关系良好,相关系数分别为0.999 2、0.998 2、0.995 6。丙酮、乙醇和甲苯的精密度(RSD)分别为3.2%、2.8%、4.1%(n=6),回收率分别为100.5%(RSD=4.6%)、98.4%(RSD=5.5%)和101.2%(RSD=3.7%)(n=6)。结论该方法可用于溴吡斯的明原料药中的残留溶剂测定。     

气相色谱法测定厄贝沙坦中9种残留溶剂

目的:建立厄贝沙坦原料药中9种残留溶剂(甲醇,乙醇,丙酮,异丙醇,乙腈,二氯甲烷,甲基叔丁基醚,乙酸乙酯及甲苯)的检测方法。方法:色谱柱为Kromat KB-624(30 m×0.53 mm,3.0μm);程序升温;载气为氮气,流速为5.0 ml·min-1;进样口温度为200℃;检测器为氢火焰离子化检测器,检测器温度为250℃;顶空进样,顶空瓶平衡温度为80℃,平衡时间20min。以二甲基亚砜为溶剂,用外标法测定9种残留溶剂的量,进样量为1 ml。结果:在本色谱条件下,9种残留溶剂分离良好。在各自的浓度范围内线性关系良好(r≥0.999 1),平均回收率为99.08%~105.14%,RSD为1.1%~3.3%(n=9);定量限分别为15.68,25.45,1.09,10.61,4.54,5.73,1.04,10.58,1.89μg。结论:本方法简便,准确,重复性好,可用于厄贝沙坦原料药中多种残留溶剂的同时测定。     

顶空气相色谱法测定尼伐地平中的残留溶剂

目的建立顶空气相色谱法测定尼伐地平原料药中5种残留有机溶剂的方法。方法色谱柱为DB-624（30 m×0.53 mm,3μm）,氢火焰离子化检测器（FID）,进样口温度为200℃,检测器温度为250℃,顶空平衡温度为80℃,顶空平衡时间为30 min,程序升温40℃保持8 min,以10℃min-1的速度升至180℃并保持5 min,N,N-二甲基甲酰胺（DMF）为溶剂。结果 5种有机溶剂和DMF的峰完全分离,且线性关系良好,平均回收率为乙醇102.1%、丙酮99.4%、异丙醇97.9%、乙酸乙酯98.9%和甲苯100.2%。5种残留溶剂的检出量均符合2010版中国药典规定（乙醇、丙酮、异丙醇和乙酸乙酯限度均为0.5%,甲苯为0.089%）。结论该方法操作简单,结果可靠,可用于尼伐地平原料药中的残留有机溶剂的测定。     

顶空进样气相色谱法测定氟伐他汀钠中残留溶剂

目的建立顶空进样气相色谱法检测氟伐他汀钠原料药中7种残留溶剂。方法采用顶空进样气相色谱法。色谱柱为CP-sil 5CB毛细管柱(60 m×0.32 mm,5μm);进样口温度:180℃;氢火焰离子化检测器温度:250℃;柱温:120℃;载气:氮气;流速:1.2 m L·min-1;分流比2∶1。顶空进样,顶空平衡温度80℃,顶空平衡时间30 min,进样体积1.0 m L。结果各被测溶剂均能良好分离,各溶剂峰面积与浓度均呈良好的线性关系,方法的精密度良好,回收率均较为理想。结论该方法适用于氟伐他汀钠原料药的残留溶剂测定。     

顶空气相色谱法测定马来酸依那普利中5种残留溶剂

目的采用顶空气相色谱法测定马来酸依那普利原料药中5种残留溶剂。方法色谱柱:DB624毛细管柱(氢火焰离子检测器),载气:氮气,进样口温度:220℃,检测器温度:220℃。柱温为程序升温:初始柱温为35℃,保持7 min,以每分钟20℃升至200℃,保持5 min。顶空条件:顶空平衡温度为80℃,平衡时间为20 min。正丙醇为内标物。结果 5种残留溶剂在各自的浓度范围内呈良好的线性关系(r=0.999 6～0.999 8,n=7),平均回收率(n=9)为84.24%～98.50%;精密度、重复性RSD均小于2%。结论本方法适用于马来酸依那普利中有机溶剂残留的测定。     

GC测定拉科酰胺原料药中的5种残留溶剂

目的建立顶空进样气相色谱法检测拉科酰胺原料药中5种残留溶剂的方法。方法采用顶空毛细管气相色谱法,色谱柱为AgilentHP-5石英毛细管柱（30．0m×0．32mm×0．25μm）;进样口温度：210℃;FID检测器温度：240℃;柱温：50℃;载气：氮气;流速：1．0mL·min^-1。顶空进样,顶空平衡温度：85℃,顶空平衡时间：30min;进样体积：0．35mL。结果在上述条件下,5种残留溶剂均能良好分离,各溶剂峰面积与浓度均呈良好的线性关系,方法精密度良好,回收率均较为理想。结论该法适用于拉科酰胺原料药中残留溶剂的测定。     

顶空气相色谱法测定卡巴他赛中有机溶剂的残留量

目的建立顶空气相色谱法测定卡巴他赛中甲醇、乙醇、丙酮、二氯甲烷和正己烷共5种有机溶剂的残留量。方法采用顶空气相色谱法,氢火焰离子化检测器;载气为氮气,流速为2.0 m L·min-1;色谱柱为DB-624毛细管柱(30 m×530μm,3μm);采用柱温50℃保持7 min,以50℃·min-1的速率升温至220℃,保持3 min;进样口温度为200℃,检测器温度为250℃;分流进样,分流比为5∶1;顶空平衡温度为100℃,顶空平衡时间为20 min;顶空定量环体积为1 m L。以外标法用峰面积计算残留溶剂的含量。结果甲醇、乙醇、丙酮、二氯甲烷和正己烷的线性关系良好(r=0.997 8~0.999 5),平均回收率为94.0%~99.1%,检测限分别为0.67、0.64、0.23、0.94和0.03 mg·L-1。结论本方法可用于卡巴他赛中残留溶剂的检查。     

顶空气相色谱法测定福沙匹坦二甲葡胺中8种残留溶剂的含量

目的:建立顶空气相色谱法测定福沙匹坦二甲葡胺中甲醇、乙醇、丙酮、乙腈、甲基叔丁基醚、四氢呋喃、乙酸乙酯及甲苯残留量的方法。方法:采用顶空气相色谱法,色谱柱为DB-624毛细管柱(30 m×0.53 mm,3.0μm),载气为氮气,流速为2.0 ml·min^-1,进样口温度为200℃,FID检测器,检测器温度为250℃,程序升温:起始温度为45℃,维持5 min,再以20℃·min^-1的速率升温至200℃,维持3 min。顶空平衡温度为80℃,平衡时间为20 min。结果:8种残留溶剂分离度良好,在一定浓度范围内呈良好的线性关系(r≥0.9997),平均回收率在95%~105%范围内,检出限分别为0.19,0.31,0.06,0.13,0.03,0.05,0.16,0.12μg·ml^-1。结论:该方法灵敏度高,准确度好,适用于福沙匹坦二甲葡胺原料药中残留溶剂的测定。     

顶空毛细管气相色谱法测定富马酸阿奇霉素中的残留溶剂

目的 建立毛细管气相色谱方法测定富马酸阿奇霉素中的残留溶剂.方法 采用气相色谱法测定,色谱柱为:DB-5(5％苯基-95％二甲基硅氧烷固定液)石英毛细管柱(Agilent 60m×0.320mm×1.00μm),载气为氮气;柱温为60℃;FID检测器温度为250℃;进样口温度为200℃;顶空瓶平衡温度55℃,平衡时间30min.结果 被测物均能得到良好的分离,峰面积与浓度呈良好的线性关系,精密度与回收率良好.结论 该法可用于富马酸阿奇霉素原料中残留溶剂的检查.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.