限制性二尖瓣环成形联合冠状动脉旁路移植术治疗缺血性二尖瓣反流

目的 探讨限制性二尖瓣环成形联合冠状动脉旁路移植术(CABG)治疗缺血性二尖瓣反流的近、中期效果及其在逆转左心室重构中的作用.方法 2000年1月至2008年6月,111例伴有中重度缺皿性二尖瓣反流的冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病患者接受限制性二尖瓣环成形联合CABG.男性81例,女性30例;平均年龄(63±18)岁.术前经胸超声心动图示二尖瓣反流中度7例,中重度65例,重度39例.比较患者手术前后及术后各时期经胸超声心动图资料.结果 院内死亡3例.术毕经食管心脏超声显示二尖瓣无反流69例,轻度反流34例,轻中度反流5例,中重度反流3例,该3例术中改行二尖瓣置换.术后3、12和24个月的生存率分别为96.2%、93.5%和89.7%.射血分数从术前的(46±6)%升至术后的(53±6)%(P＜0.01);左心房内径从术前(58±6)mm下降到术后(46±6)mm(P＜0.01);左心室舒张末内径从(61±8)mm下降到(48±10)mm(P＜0.01).术后二尖瓣反流程度明显下降(P＜0.01),心功能(NYHA分级)有明显改善(P＜0.01).24个月的随访期内,2例冉行二尖瓣置换术.结论 限制性二尖瓣环成形联合CABG治疗缺血性二尖瓣反流的近、中期效果满意,其对左心室重构有着明显逆转作用.

Abstract：

Objective To retrospectively summarize and analyze the short and mid term follow-up outcomes of combined coronary artery bypass grafting ( CABG) and restrictive mitral annuloplasty in curing ischemic cardiomyopathy and ischemic mitral regurgitation (IMR) , and to study its effect on reverse left ventricular remodeling. Methods From January 2000 to June 2008,111 patients of coronary artery disease with morderate to severe IMR underwent combined CABG and restrictive mitral annuloplasty, downsizing by 1-2 ring sizes. There were 81 male and 30 female patients. The age ranged from 36 to 83 years with a mean of (63 ± 18) years. Preoperative transthoracic echocardiography showed minimal to moderate IMR in 7 cases, moderate to severe in 65 cases and severe in 39 cases. The left artrial diameter (LAD) was (58 ±6) mm, left ventricular end-diastolic diameter (LVEDD) was (61 ±8) mm, left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) was 46% ±6%. Serial studies were performed to assess the survival rate, the extent of mitral regurgitation (MR), LVEF, the leaflet coaptation height, LAD, LVEDD, New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional class. Results Hospital mortality was 2.7% (3 cases). Each case received an undersized ring. Intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography showed that no regurgitation in 69 cases,minimal in 34 cases, minimal to moderate in 5 cases, moderate to severe in 3 cases which received mitral valve replacement. The 3-, 12- and 24-month survival rate was 96. 2% , 93. 5% and 89. 7% respectively.Mitral regurgitation grade decreased after the operative prodecures (P ＜0. 01). LVEF increased from (46 ± 6) % to (53 ±6) % (24 months follow-up) (F＜0. 01). LAD decreased from (58 ±6) mm to (46 ±6)mm(24 months follow-up) (P ＜0. 01). LVEDD decreased from (61 ±8) mm to (48 ± 10) mm (24 months follow-up) (P ＜ 0. 01 ) . There was no significant decline of LVEDD in 18 cases ( 16. 2% ) whose preoperative mean LVEDD was (69 ±9) mm. NYHA functional class improved after operative procedures ( P ＜ 0. 01) . At 24 months follow-up, 2 cases received valvular replacement Conclusions Combined CABG and restrictive mitral annuloplasty is a feasible and effective treatment for IMR, the short and mid term outcomes are satisfactory, and a significant reduction of LVEDD and an increase of LVEF due to reverse ventricular remodeling were observed.     

限制性二尖瓣环成形联合冠状动脉旁路移植术治疗缺血性二尖瓣反流

Objective To retrospectively summarize and analyze the short and mid term follow-up outcomes of combined coronary artery bypass grafting ( CABG) and restrictive mitral annuloplasty in curing ischemic cardiomyopathy and ischemic mitral regurgitation (IMR) , and to study its effect on reverse left ventricular remodeling. Methods From January 2000 to June 2008,111 patients of coronary artery disease with morderate to severe IMR underwent combined CABG and restrictive mitral annuloplasty, downsizing by 1-2 ring sizes. There were 81 male and 30 female patients. The age ranged from 36 to 83 years with a mean of (63 ± 18) years. Preoperative transthoracic echocardiography showed minimal to moderate IMR in 7 cases, moderate to severe in 65 cases and severe in 39 cases. The left artrial diameter (LAD) was (58 ±6) mm, left ventricular end-diastolic diameter (LVEDD) was (61 ±8) mm, left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) was 46% ±6%. Serial studies were performed to assess the survival rate, the extent of mitral regurgitation (MR), LVEF, the leaflet coaptation height, LAD, LVEDD, New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional class. Results Hospital mortality was 2.7% (3 cases). Each case received an undersized ring. Intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography showed that no regurgitation in 69 cases,minimal in 34 cases, minimal to moderate in 5 cases, moderate to severe in 3 cases which received mitral valve replacement. The 3-, 12- and 24-month survival rate was 96. 2% , 93. 5% and 89. 7% respectively.Mitral regurgitation grade decreased after the operative prodecures (P ＜0. 01). LVEF increased from (46 ± 6) % to (53 ±6) % (24 months follow-up) (F＜0. 01). LAD decreased from (58 ±6) mm to (46 ±6)mm(24 months follow-up) (P ＜0. 01). LVEDD decreased from (61 ±8) mm to (48 ± 10) mm (24 months follow-up) (P ＜ 0. 01 ) . There was no significant decline of LVEDD in 18 cases ( 16. 2% ) whose preoperative mean LVEDD was (69 ±9) mm. NYHA functional class improved after operative procedures ( P ＜ 0. 01) . At 24 months follow-up, 2 cases received valvular replacement Conclusions Combined CABG and restrictive mitral annuloplasty is a feasible and effective treatment for IMR, the short and mid term outcomes are satisfactory, and a significant reduction of LVEDD and an increase of LVEF due to reverse ventricular remodeling were observed.     

限制性二尖瓣环成形联合冠状动脉旁路移植术治疗缺血性二尖瓣反流

Objective To retrospectively summarize and analyze the short and mid term follow-up outcomes of combined coronary artery bypass grafting ( CABG) and restrictive mitral annuloplasty in curing ischemic cardiomyopathy and ischemic mitral regurgitation (IMR) , and to study its effect on reverse left ventricular remodeling. Methods From January 2000 to June 2008,111 patients of coronary artery disease with morderate to severe IMR underwent combined CABG and restrictive mitral annuloplasty, downsizing by 1-2 ring sizes. There were 81 male and 30 female patients. The age ranged from 36 to 83 years with a mean of (63 ± 18) years. Preoperative transthoracic echocardiography showed minimal to moderate IMR in 7 cases, moderate to severe in 65 cases and severe in 39 cases. The left artrial diameter (LAD) was (58 ±6) mm, left ventricular end-diastolic diameter (LVEDD) was (61 ±8) mm, left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) was 46% ±6%. Serial studies were performed to assess the survival rate, the extent of mitral regurgitation (MR), LVEF, the leaflet coaptation height, LAD, LVEDD, New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional class. Results Hospital mortality was 2.7% (3 cases). Each case received an undersized ring. Intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography showed that no regurgitation in 69 cases,minimal in 34 cases, minimal to moderate in 5 cases, moderate to severe in 3 cases which received mitral valve replacement. The 3-, 12- and 24-month survival rate was 96. 2% , 93. 5% and 89. 7% respectively.Mitral regurgitation grade decreased after the operative prodecures (P ＜0. 01). LVEF increased from (46 ± 6) % to (53 ±6) % (24 months follow-up) (F＜0. 01). LAD decreased from (58 ±6) mm to (46 ±6)mm(24 months follow-up) (P ＜0. 01). LVEDD decreased from (61 ±8) mm to (48 ± 10) mm (24 months follow-up) (P ＜ 0. 01 ) . There was no significant decline of LVEDD in 18 cases ( 16. 2% ) whose preoperative mean LVEDD was (69 ±9) mm. NYHA functional class improved after operative procedures ( P ＜ 0. 01) . At 24 months follow-up, 2 cases received valvular replacement Conclusions Combined CABG and restrictive mitral annuloplasty is a feasible and effective treatment for IMR, the short and mid term outcomes are satisfactory, and a significant reduction of LVEDD and an increase of LVEF due to reverse ventricular remodeling were observed.     

外科治疗缺血性二尖瓣反流的中期随访

目的介绍外科治疗缺血性二尖瓣反流的手术方法和中期随访结果。方法自1996年12月至2002年6月,55例缺血性二尖瓣反流病人接受了手术治疗,其中男性45例,女性10例,年龄(56.63±9.31)岁。术前心功能I～II级7例,III～IV级48例。二尖瓣反流轻度9例,中度28例,重度18例。46例中度以上反流者行冠状动脉旁路移植术加二尖瓣手术。结果无手术及术后早期死亡,无术后早期严重并发症。随访53例,平均随访(45.3±18.7)个月,晚期死亡及再手术各2例。结论中度以上的缺血性二尖瓣反流应积极采用手术治疗的方法,二尖瓣成形术应为首选,术后中期随访效果良好。     

慢性中重度缺血陛二尖瓣关闭不全的外科治疗及中期随访

目的 比较二尖瓣成形术和瓣膜置换术治疗慢性中重度缺血性二尖瓣关闭不全的手术效果及中期随访结果 .方法 自2002年6月至2008年5月,83例慢性缺血性二尖瓣关闭不全(中度35例,重度48例)接受冠状动脉旁路移植术同期行二尖瓣成形术或二尖瓣置换术.男49例,女34例;年龄51～77岁,平均(59.3±7.5)岁.43例二尖瓣成形术包括使用Dacron补片条或自体心包条环缩后瓣环21例,交界处环缩9例,后叶矩形切除9例,St.Jude成形环环缩4例.40例二尖瓣置换术包括机械瓣28例,生物瓣12例.结果 住院死亡3例,二尖瓣成形术组和二尖瓣置换术组住院死亡分别占2.3%(1/43例)、5.0%(2/40例),差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).术后瓣膜置换组机械通气时间长于二尖瓣成形组(P<0.05),二尖瓣成形组术后6例残余轻度二尖瓣反流(P<0.05)但不影响心功能,两组其他住院并发症无统计学差异(P>0.05).76例通过门诊或电话随访,随访3～60个月,平均(20.2±4.9)个月.随访期间二尖瓣成形术7例轻度二尖瓣反流.瓣膜置换组人工瓣功能均良好,3例出现抗凝相关并发症.随访远期死亡7例,冠状动脉旁路移植术同期二尖瓣成形术和二尖瓣置换术5年生存率分别为90%和61%.结论 对于慢性中重度缺血性二尖瓣关闭不全病人,二尖瓣成形术后近期和远期效果好,可作为优先选择的术式.     

慢性中重度缺血陛二尖瓣关闭不全的外科治疗及中期随访

Objective To compare the results of mitral valve reconstruction and replacement as treatments for moderate to severe ischemic mitral regurgitation(IMR), and report the mid-term outcome. Methods From June 2002 to May 2008, 83 pa-tients with moderate IMR(35 cases) and severe IMR (48 cases) underwent coronary artery bypass grafting(CABG) combined with mitral valvuloplasty (MVP) (n = 43) or mitral valve replacement (MVR) (n = 40). There were 49 males and 34 females with a mean age of (59.3±7.5) years(51 -77years). The procedures of MVP included annuloplasty with a Dacron or autologous per-icardium ring in 21cases, commissural annuloplasty in 9, quadrangular resection of the posterior leaflet in 9 and using St. Jude mitral annuloplasty ring in 4. In the cases underwent MVR, 28 patients received mechanical prostheses and 12 received biopros-theses. Results 30-day mortality rate was 2.3% for MVP and 5.0% for MVR (P >0.05). The 30-day complication rate was similar for the 2 groups but mechanical ventilation time was longer for MVR patients. Mild MR ocurred in 6 patients with MVP (P <0.05). Sevonty-six patients were followed by outpatient department visit or telephone for (20.2 ± 4.9) months (3 - 60 months). During the follow-up period, 7 patients with MVP had mild insufficiency but free off etber complications. All the valve prothesis functioned well. However, 3 cases had thromboembolic complications and 7 late deaths were recorded in MVR group. Five-year complication-free survival rate was 90% for MVP group and 61% for MVR. Conclusion MVP resulted in excellent durability and provided significant mid-term survival benefit over MVR. MVP should be the first choice for patients with chronic IMR.     

慢性中重度缺血陛二尖瓣关闭不全的外科治疗及中期随访

Objective To compare the results of mitral valve reconstruction and replacement as treatments for moderate to severe ischemic mitral regurgitation(IMR), and report the mid-term outcome. Methods From June 2002 to May 2008, 83 pa-tients with moderate IMR(35 cases) and severe IMR (48 cases) underwent coronary artery bypass grafting(CABG) combined with mitral valvuloplasty (MVP) (n = 43) or mitral valve replacement (MVR) (n = 40). There were 49 males and 34 females with a mean age of (59.3±7.5) years(51 -77years). The procedures of MVP included annuloplasty with a Dacron or autologous per-icardium ring in 21cases, commissural annuloplasty in 9, quadrangular resection of the posterior leaflet in 9 and using St. Jude mitral annuloplasty ring in 4. In the cases underwent MVR, 28 patients received mechanical prostheses and 12 received biopros-theses. Results 30-day mortality rate was 2.3% for MVP and 5.0% for MVR (P >0.05). The 30-day complication rate was similar for the 2 groups but mechanical ventilation time was longer for MVR patients. Mild MR ocurred in 6 patients with MVP (P <0.05). Sevonty-six patients were followed by outpatient department visit or telephone for (20.2 ± 4.9) months (3 - 60 months). During the follow-up period, 7 patients with MVP had mild insufficiency but free off etber complications. All the valve prothesis functioned well. However, 3 cases had thromboembolic complications and 7 late deaths were recorded in MVR group. Five-year complication-free survival rate was 90% for MVP group and 61% for MVR. Conclusion MVP resulted in excellent durability and provided significant mid-term survival benefit over MVR. MVP should be the first choice for patients with chronic IMR.     

重症缺血性心肌病病人的冠状动脉旁路移植术

目的　评价冠状动脉旁路移植术 (CABG)对重症缺血性心肌病的治疗效果。方法　 1991年至 1998年间共收治 44例重症缺血性心肌病病人 ,单纯左室射血分数 (LVEF)≤ 0 35 ,无室壁瘤和其他合并症。平均左室舒张末直径 (LVEDD)为 (6 1 0± 10 5 )mm。PET试验证明 ,缺血心肌部位仍有存活心肌。 35例应用左乳内动脉 (LIMA) ,均与前降支吻合 ;其余用大隐静脉 ,平均每例搭桥 2 5根。 1例术后第 4d死于室颤。 3例术后应用主动脉内球囊反搏 (IABP)。平均随访 (4 2 5± 12 6 )个月 ,出院后 1周 1例死于严重心律失常。平均LVEF为 0 49± 0 11,较术前有显著提高 (P <0 0 5 )。平均LVEDD为 (5 6 5±7 3)mm ,较术前有所缩小。结论　CABG在重症缺血性心肌病中的疗效取决于存活心肌的多少和冠状动脉再血管化的程度。PET心肌显像是目前临床上判断存活心肌的主要诊断方法。围术期处理注意控制高危因素 ,术中加强心肌保护。尽可能缩短主动脉阻断时间 ,停机困难者应尽早应用IABP ,是提高手术成功的基本要素     

二尖瓣成形术对轻中度缺血性二尖瓣关闭不全中期疗效的影响

目的评价单纯冠状动脉旁路移植术和同期加二尖瓣成形术对轻中度缺血性二尖瓣关闭不全（IMR）中期疗效的影响。方法1999年8月至2004年8月手术后生存的术前轻中度IMR病人60例，其中冠状动脉旁路移植术同期二尖瓣成形术（MVP组）和单纯冠状动脉旁路移植术（C组）各30例，分析术前资料，包括年龄、性别、二尖瓣反流程度、心功能、左心形态及左心室射血分数（LVEF）等，利用超声心动比较术后中期心功能和左心形态改善情况，利用生活质量评估表（SAQ量表）评价两组生活质量的改变。结果中期生存率MVP组为96．7％，C组为92．6％，两组差异无统计学意义。MVP组术后左心房内径缩小，C组左心房内径增大（P〈0．05），左心室内径改变两组差异无统计学意义。两组病人LVEF较术前均改善，但MVP组明显优于C组（P〈0．05）。MVP组术后生活质量明显优于C组病人，SAQ总得分分别为66．18和58．20（P〈0．05）。结论冠状动脉旁路移植术同期二尖瓣成形术可以明显提高轻中度IMR病人中期预后、生存率和生活质量，中期疗效优于单纯冠状动脉旁路移植术；     

改良二尖瓣成形术治疗小儿二尖瓣反流

目的 总结改良二尖瓣成形术在小儿二尖瓣反流中的治疗经验。方法 1999年3月至2009年12月共收治小二尖瓣中、重度反流行改良二尖瓣成形术患儿106例。全组男69例,女37例;年龄0.4～8.5岁,平均(3.7±1.8)岁;体重6.6 ～52.0 kg,平均(10.0±3.5)kg。术前超声评估左心室功能。按年龄分为3组：＜6个月16例;6个月到2岁51例;2岁到8.5岁39例。另有7例合并二尖瓣狭窄,根据术前血流动力学、功能状况和解剖结构分别采用取不同的手术方法。结果 死亡3例(2.8％),其中2例为术后二尖瓣反流加重严重影响心功能,1例为合并难以纠治的肺高压。其他患儿恢复良好。结论 对于小儿二尖瓣反流行成形术可行,术后早期效果良好,瓣膜发育尚可,再手术率相对较低。对小儿二尖瓣反流早期干预可以减少瓣膜损害。     

Preoperative left ventricular dimensions predict reverse remodeling following restrictive mitral annuloplasty in ischemic mitral regurgitation.

OBJECTIVE: Ischemic mitral regurgitation can be treated with a restrictive mitral annuloplasty, with or without coronary revascularization. In this study, the extent of reverse remodeling of the left ventricle following this strategy is assessed, as well as the factors that influence it. METHODS: Eighty-seven consecutive patients with ischemic mitral regurgitation and a mean ejection fraction of 32+/-10% underwent restrictive mitral annuloplasty (downsizing by two ring sizes, median ring size 26), with additional coronary revascularization in 75 patients. All underwent transthoracic echocardiography 18 months after surgery to assess residual mitral regurgitation, mitral valve gradient and left ventricular end-systolic and end-diastolic dimensions. Univariate and multivariate analysis was performed to identify predictors for reverse remodeling, defined as a 10% reduction in left ventricular dimension. Receiver-operating characteristic analysis was used to identify cut-off values for preoperative left ventricular dimensions in predicting reverse remodeling. RESULTS: Early mortality was 8.0% (seven patients, three non-cardiac), late mortality was 7.5% (six patients, four non-cardiac). There were two reoperations (redo annuloplasty), and four readmissions for heart failure. At 29 months follow-up, NYHA class improved from 3.0+/-0.9 to 1.3+/-0.5 (P<0.01). Mitral regurgitation grade decreased from 3.1+/-0.5 to 0.6+/-0.6 at 18 months, left ventricular end-systolic dimension decreased from 52+/-8 to 44+/-11 mm (P<0.01), and end-diastolic dimension from 64+/-8 to 58+/-10mm (P<0.01). Multivariate analysis identified preoperative left ventricular end-diastolic dimension as the single best factor in predicting occurrence of reverse remodeling. For end-systolic dimension, 51mm was the optimal cut-off value to predict reverse remodeling (specificity and sensitivity 81%, area under curve 0.85); for end-diastolic dimension, the cut-off value was 65mm (specificity and sensitivity 89%, area under curve 0.92). CONCLUSIONS: Stringent restrictive mitral annuloplasty with or without revascularization provides excellent clinical results with acceptable mortality. At 18 months follow-up, there is no significant residual mitral regurgitation. Reverse remodeling occurs in the majority of patients, but is limited by preoperative left ventricular dimensions. In patients with a left ventricular end-diastolic dimension exceeding 65mm, additional surgical procedures are necessary to try and obtain reverse remodeling in this subgroup.     

Combined mitral valve replacement and coronary artery bypass grafting through a left thoracotomy after retrosternal oesophageal reconstruction

A 74-year-old man with a history of retrosternal oesophageal reconstruction was referred for surgical treatment of mitral valve regurgitation and coronary artery disease. He underwent mitral valve replacement combined with coronary artery bypass grafting through a left thoracotomy. Combined mitral valve replacement and coronary artery bypass grafting through a left thoracotomy were feasible in this patient with a retrosternal neo-oesophageal conduit.     

Downsizing of the mitral valve and coronary revascularization in severe ischemic mitral regurgitation results in reverse left ventricular and left atrial remodeling

Objective: Data of combined mitral downsizing by restrictive prosthetic ring annuloplasty and coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) in patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy and moderately severe to severe mitral regurgitation (MR) are rare, and little is known about the effect on reverse left ventricular (LV) and left atrial (LA) remodeling. Methods: Thirty-eight patients (70.6±8.3 years) with coronary artery disease, ischemic cardiomyopathy (LV ejection fraction [LVEF] 31±8%) and moderately severe to severe MR (grade 3.6±0.5) underwent CABG and mitral downsizing by 2–4 ring sizes. Clinical follow-up and serial transthoracic echocardiographic studies were performed after surgery (discharge, 3±0.5 months, 13±7 months) to assess survival, NYHA class, MR, leaflet coaptation height, LA and LV dimensions/volumes, fractional shortening (FS) and LVEF. Results: Early mortality (<30 days) was 2.6%, survival at follow-up was 92 and 85%, respectively. NYHA class improved from 3.3±0.6 to 1.5±0.6 (P<0.001). Residual MR at discharge and at follow-up was grade 0.5 and 0.6, respectively (P<0.001). Leaflet coaptation height was 8±1 mm and did not change over time. LV end-diastolic, end-systolic and LA dimensions decreased from 60±7 to 57±8 mm, from 47±9 to 42±9 mm and from 51±5 to 45±4 mm, FS increased from 23±9 to 28±10% (P<0.001); LV end-diastolic and end-systolic volumes decreased from 188±33 to 171±30 ml and from 129±35 to 105±33 ml, LVEF increased from 31±8 to 39±10% (P<0.001). Conclusions: Combined mitral downsizing and CABG surgery was performed with excellent clinical results: only minimal residual MR, a significant reduction of LA dimension and an increase of LV contractility due to reverse remodeling were observed.