国产流行性腮腺炎疫苗效果观察

目的：观察国产腮腺炎疫苗的免疫效果。方法：用血凝抑制（ＨＩ）试验检测免疫前、后血清抗体水平;在接种疫苗１个月后观察接种组和对照组１年内腮腺炎的发病率。（结果）检测了８８名无腮腺炎病史及接种史的１￣６岁健康儿童免疫前、后血清、ＨＩ抗体阳转率为７７．０３％、ＧＭＴ为１：４．１０,免疫成功率为７６．１４％,接种疫苗后１年内接种组腮腺炎发病率０,对照组发病率０．３１％,差异有高度显著性（Ｐ〈０．０１）。（     

溧水县儿童百白破疫苗基础免疫效果研究

目的：观察３月龄儿童百白破疫苗基础免疫效果。方法：选择未接种过百白破疫苗,未患过相应传染病的３月龄儿童６８人,分别在接种百白破疫苗前后接种后１个月采血检测相应缺体。结果：免疫前儿童百日咳,白喉,破伤风３种抗体阳性率和ＧＭＴ分别为１．４７％和１：１０．３１、４１．１８％和１：２．０２、１９．１２％和１：１．４６,免疫１个月后,３种抗体阳性率和ＧＭＴ分别为１００％和１：２５０．５５、９８．５％和１：６     

两种剂型脊髓灰质炎疫苗的免疫效果观察

为了解国产糖丸剂型和法国产液体剂型３价脊髓灰质炎减毒活疫苗的免疫效果，在本市农村进行了观察。对１２６名≥２月龄婴儿分２组，分别以一种剂型疫苗免疫，免疫前和每次免疫后１个月采血，用ＥＬＩＳＡ法检测脊灰ＩｇＧ抗体。结果表明，两种剂型疫苗免疫后，３个型ＩｇＧ抗体阳性率均在９６％以上；几何平均滴度（ＧＭＴ）糖丸疫苗Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ型分别为１：３８２５．１、１：２９５４．４和１：２７６３．３，液体疫苗则为１：４４６７．６、１：３１４１．４和１：２７５３．３。两种剂型疫苗免疫后的抗体阳性率和ＧＭＴ的差异均无显著的统计学意义     

国产酵母重组乙肝疫苗不同免疫程序免疫的效果观察

应用２批国产酵母重组乙肝疫苗，分别按０、１、２、和０、１、６免疫程序对３９３名小学生进行１年免疫效果观察。所有接种的小学生中未发现严重副反应者。结果表明，免疫程序对抗体阳转率影响较小，第１针免疫后３个月（Ｔ３）时，接种各疫苗组的抗体阳转率均达或接近９０％，第１针免疫后７个月（Ｔ７）时，接种各疫苗组的抗体阳转率均达高峰（９０．００％～９８．２８％），其后开始缓慢下降，而抗体ＧＭＴ与免疫程序有关，０、１、２免疫程序组抗体ＧＭＴ上升快，而０、１、６组抗体峰值高。     

国产和法国产风疹疫苗的免疫效果及安全性

通过对国产和法国产两种风疹疫苗在４岁儿童和１７岁学生中接种观察表明，血凝抑制（ＨＩ）抗体，阳转率均为１００．０％。４岁儿童免疫后１个月的抗体几何平均滴度倒数（ＧＭＲＴ）分别为１５６．８．１６０．５：１７岁学生免疫后１个月抗体ＧＭＲＴ分别为１６８．９．１６４．７，两种疫苗在两个年龄组中免疫后抗体ＧＭＲＴ的差异无显著的统计学意义。通过对两种疫苗在４岁儿童免疫后１年的观察，抗体阳性率均为１００．０％，ＧＭＲＴ分别为１２３．７和１１５．６。与免疫后１个月相比，ＨＩ抗体ＧＭＲＴ的差异无显著的统计学意义；两种疫苗在免疫后１年抗体ＧＭＲＴ的差异也无显著的统计学意义。另外，在接种两种疫苗后未发现不良反应。     

甲型肝炎病毒H_2株减毒活疫苗与乙型肝炎血源疫苗同时接种的效果观察

对学龄前儿童进行甲肝减毒活疫苗（Ｈ２株）和乙肝血源疫苗同时接种的免疫效果观察。通过血清学检测筛检出２９８名对ＨＡＶ、ＨＢＶ易感的健康儿童，分为３组观察，即单独接种甲肝疫苗的Ⅰ组、单独接种乙肝疫苗的Ⅱ组和同时接种甲、乙肝疫苗的Ⅲ组。甲肝疫苗接种后１个月，Ⅰ组和Ⅲ组血清抗体阳转率分别为８７．３９％和９０．１４％；７个月后分别为９８．３１％和１００％，抗－ＨＡＶ滴度在１：１～１：３２之间，ＧＭＴ分别为４．５４和５．０９。经统计学检验均无显著性差异。乙肝疫苗全程免疫后１个月，Ⅱ组和Ⅲ组的抗—ＨＢｓ阳转率分别为９７．０９％和９７．１４％，抗—ＨＢｓ水平ＧＭＴ分别６２．９２和６３．３９，经统计学检验亦无显著性差异。本文研究证明甲、乙肝疫苗可以同时接种，为将来甲肝疫苗纳入计划免疫提供了有益的依据。     

珠海市1～30岁健康人群风疹抗体水平监测和风疹疫苗免疫的血清学效果

为给我省将风疹疫苗接种纳入计划免疫管理提供科学依据，１９９６年以珠海市为试点，在该市三个区选择９４４名１～３０岁健康人群，用微量血球凝集抑制（ＨＩ）试验检测风疹ＨＩ抗体，总阳性率为６８．２％，几何平均滴度倒数（ＧＭＲＴ）为３６．１，其中＜１６岁儿童的风疹抗体阳性率和ＧＭＲＴ均明显低于≥１６岁人群。从９４４人中随机抽取１６９人接种风疹疫苗，观察免疫后的血清效果，免疫成功率为４７．３％，其中免前抗体阴性者，免后阳转率为９６．５％，免前抗体≤１：６４者，免疫成功率为９５．６％，免后比免前ＧＭ－ＲＴ增长９．３倍。同时对珠海市１～７岁儿童普遍接种风疹功苗，接种率为６１．２％，其中１岁儿童接种率７１．１％。疫苗接后未发现严重副反应，显示风疹疫苗有良好的免疫原性，安全可靠，建议逐步将风疹疫苗接种纳入计划免疫管理。     

陕西省肾综合征出血热疫苗中期效果评价及免疫增…

目的：观察两种ＨＦＲＳ灭活疫苗在陕西省高发病区接种后第２年的免疫效果。方法：于加强免疫前及免疫后１４天、１年采集接种者静脉血，应用数量细胞病变法和荧光法检测中和抗体、ＩｇＧ抗体，并观察流行病学防病效果。结果：鼠脑纯化灭活疫苗（Ｉ型）加强免疫１年后，中和抗体体阳性率为４５％，ＧＭＴ５．４１，接种组无发病者，而对照组发病率为７９．１０／１０万，保护率１００％；沙鼠肾灭活疫苗（Ｉ型）中和抗体阳性率４０％     

麻疹,流行性腮腺炎,风疹活疫苗血清学效果监测

对广州市１１０名干８～９月龄完成麻疹基础免疫的１岁健康儿童,给予默沙东公司生产的麻疹、流行性肋泉炎和风疹活疫苗（Ｍ－Ｍ－ＲⅡ）接种,进行血清学效果监测。结果：麻疹ＥＬＩＳＡ－ＩｇＧ抗体在接种疫苗１个月后,阳性率由接种前的６４．５％上升到１００％,抗体几何平均滴度（ＧＭＴ）由１．４４．６上升至１：２１６５．１;流行性肋腺炎ＨＩ抗体免疫全部阴性,免后１个月阳笥率达８９％,ＣＭＴ由零上升至１：１４．６;     

甲型肝炎减毒活疫苗免疫程序的探讨

５２名ＨＡＶ抗体阴性的儿童,按０、３个月免疫程序,经２针低剂量（５．５０ｌｇＣＣＩＤ５０／ｍｌ）甲型肝炎减毒活疫苗免疫,于第２针接种后７天检测ＨＡＶ抗体阳转率为１００％,抗体效价ＧＭＴ值为１∶１４;全部接种儿童的ＡＬＴ均在正常范围内（２～２４μｌ）;免前ＨＡＶ抗体阳性的儿童,经２针免疫后,抗体效价增长在２倍以上     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.