多节段下肢动脉闭塞的治疗

下肢动脉硬化闭塞症是血管外科常见病,是导致慢性下肢缺血的主要原因,其发病率随年龄增大而增加[1]。65岁以上的男性约10%患有下肢动脉硬化闭塞症,而75岁以上则有20%的发病率[2]。北美60岁以上的高血压病人中有近25%患有慢性下肢缺血[3]。多节段(combined-segment)下肢动脉闭塞     

颅外颈动脉硬化性闭塞症的治疗现状

缺血性脑血管病占所有脑卒中的70％～80％,颅外颈动脉硬化性闭塞症是导致缺血性脑卒中最主要和最常见的原因,其主要的治疗方法有药物治疗、外科手术治疗和血管腔内治疗。颈动脉内膜切除手术（carotid endarterectomy,CEA）曾被认为是治疗颈动脉硬化闭塞性疾病、降低缺血性脑卒中发生的最佳方案。随着介入技术和介入材料的发展,经皮颈动脉支架成形术（carotid atery stenting,CAS）正逐渐成为治疗颈动脉狭窄的又一重要治疗手段。     

下肢缺血性疾病的药物治疗

随着人口老龄化的到来，以动脉硬化闭塞症（ＡＳＯ）为主的下肢缺血性疾病已成威胁人类健康的主要疾病之一。据资料表明，美国＜７０岁的人群中发病率高达７０％，３７～６９岁则为１％～２％。医学的飞速发展，使其药物治疗摆脱了传统的溶栓、扩血管等单纯范畴，而发展成...     

动脉硬化闭塞症病因的研究进展

动脉粥样硬化 (atherosclerosis,AS)是老年人最常见的疾病 ,在我国 6 0岁以上的人群中发病率高达 6 0 %。动脉硬化性疾病主要指动脉硬化闭塞症 ,其次是糖尿病动脉闭塞症。在周围血管动脉粥样物质不断扩大和继发性血栓形成 ,可引起动脉管腔狭窄、闭塞 ,使肢体出现慢性或急性缺血症状 ,这种疾病被称为动脉硬化闭塞症 (arteriosclerosisobliterans,ASO)。ASO是AS逐渐发展的结果 ,真正的发病因素尚未完全清楚 ,多认为本病的病因是多源性的 ,现就ASO的病因研究进展做一简要综述。1　年龄最近几年的研究表明 ,人在年轻甚至幼儿时就已有AS的…     

下肢动脉硬化闭塞症的外科治疗

下肢动脉硬化闭塞症(lowerextremityatheroscleroticocclu sivedisease,LEAOD)是血管外科常见病,是导致慢性下肢缺血的主要原因,其发病率随年龄增大而增加,Criqui统计65岁以上的男性约10%患有LEAOD,而75岁以上则有20%的发病率[1];北美60岁以上的高血压患者中有近25%患有慢性下肢缺血[2]。LEAOD是全身动脉硬化的局部表现。在我们的一组158例严重多节段动脉硬化闭塞症患者中,50%以上合并有心脑血管疾病,25%以上合并有糖尿病。严重的合并症是导致临床治疗效果欠佳和死亡率高的主要原因之一。因此,在下肢缺血的治疗中,不仅要注重肢体血管…     

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动脉闭塞性疾病是中、老年的外科常见病。综合国外文献资料，其发病率在60岁以下人群中为3％，70岁以上人群中则增至20％以上，男性多于与女性，与糖尿病、吸烟、高血压、高血脂和高血粘度等关系密切。主要由动脉粥样硬化引起，多发生于下肢和颅外颈动脉，造成下肢和脑组织缺血性病变。     

个体化血管重建术治疗下肢多平面动脉硬化闭塞症

目的 观察序贯立交搭桥或结合腔内技术治疗下肢多平面动脉硬化闭塞症的临床效果。方法 2004年4月～2005年7月，对11例14条下肢多平面动脉硬化闭塞症患者，采用序贯立交搭桥或动脉内膜剥脱术或腔内外结合手术治疗。其中男10例，女1例；年龄62～79岁，平均70．5岁。表现为间歇性跛行8例（FontaineⅡ期），静息痛3例（Fontaine Ⅲ期），足趾溃疡、坏疽1例（FontaineⅣ期）。彩色多普勒检查示14条下肢均为多平面动脉硬化闭塞，踝肱指数（ankle brachialindex，ABI）为0．36±0．11。下肢数字减影血管造影（digital subtraction angiography，DSA）显示双侧髂总动脉闭塞2em、髂外动脉闭塞、双侧股浅动脉闭塞3例，右侧髂总动脉狭窄、髂外动脉闭塞、双侧股浅动脉闭塞1例，单侧髂外动脉狭窄、股浅动脉闭塞7例。术后行DSA、彩色多普勒检查及ABI测定，观察血管通畅情况。结果 术后无死亡。患者均获随访3～26个月，平均14．5个月。间歇性跛行、静息痛等症状均消失，ABI术后为0．89±0．13，与术前比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。肢体获救率100％。术后3～280d行下肢DSA显示转流血管通畅率为92．86％（13／14）。结论 序贯立交搭桥或腔内外手术结合，是治疗严重下肢多平面动脉硬化闭塞症的一种可靠、安全、相对微创的治疗方法。     

颈动脉颅外段狭窄外科干预的选择:手术还是支架?

颅外段颈动脉硬化狭窄或闭塞是脑血管事件,如短暂性脑缺血发作(transient ischemie attack,TIA)、脑卒中发生的主要病因之一.Faries等[1]报道美国每年约有70万人发生脑卒中,是造成患者死亡的第3位原因,其中80%来自脑缺血,20%～30%是由颈动脉粥样硬化闭塞引起,而通过早期的积极干预可以有效降低缺血性脑卒中发生.     

下肢动脉硬化闭塞症的治疗进展

下肢动脉硬化闭塞症（ arteriosclerosis obliterans , ASO）是在动脉粥样硬化基础上发生的下肢动脉闭塞性疾病,是外周动脉疾病（ peripheral arterial disease, PAD）的重要组成部分,也是造成下肢缺血的主要原因,可导致间歇性跛行、静息痛、肢端溃疡和肢体坏疽,且该病多合并心脑血管疾病,治疗风险大,致残率及致死率高。随着人类生活水平的提高和老龄化的趋势,下肢动脉硬化闭塞症的发生率逐年上升,且随年龄的增长而增加,70岁以上人群患病率达到15％～33．8％［1,2］。对于PAD的治疗,目前有较多的方法。选择恰当有效的治疗方法,可以减少致残率、致死率,对于改善患者生存质量意义重大。现将该病的治疗方法综述如下。     

老年动脉硬化闭塞症与糖尿病

老年动脉硬化闭塞症与糖尿病郭水英曾庆玲林爱珍福建省煤矿中心医院（福建３５０００１）老年动脉硬化闭塞症（ＡＳＯ）与糖尿病（ＤＭ）是老年人的常见病、多发病，两者关系密切，互为因果。近１０年来，我们对８４０例ＡＳＯ患者伴ＤＭ进行了回顾追踪研究，现报告如下。...     

牙体牙弓颌骨阻力中心及其临床意义

牙体、牙弓及颌骨的阻力中心在正畸矫治力系统中具有重要的意义,也是正畸学领域争论较多的一个问题。Dermaut等研究表明,当力作用于物体阻力中心时,物体将发生平动,否则将发生平动和转动的复合运动。目前,国内外多数学者认为牙体、牙弓及颌骨存在阻力中心,但其位置存在争议。本文就牙体、牙弓及颌骨的阻力中心及其临床意义作一综述。     

Hazards and complications of endoscopic transurethral ureterolithotripsy and lithoextraction and means of prevention

Complications related to ureterolithotomy and ultrasonic ureterolithotripsy performed under the control of visual endoscope were analyzed in 86 ureterolithiasis patients, methods of their prevention discussed. All the aforementioned complications were distributed into three groups: inapplicability of surgery due to anatomic and functional defects of lower and upper urinary tracts, intraoperative, and postoperative complications. The commonest ones were ureteral abruption and perforation, acute pyelonephritis, temporary vesicoureteral reflux. Their control measures were considered as relative methods of treatment: immediate surgical intervention in case of ureteral abruption, renal catheterization in patients with insignificant ureteral perforation or acute pyelonephritis. Adequate ureteroscopy, careful consideration of pro- and contraindications, catheterization of renal pelvis and urinary bladder performed within 2-3 days after the surgery and adequate antibacterial therapy are the most decisive steps in the control of aforementioned complications.     

Histochemical and contractile properties of striated muscles of urethra and levator ani of dogs and sheep

AIMS: To understand their possible importance in long- and short-term control of continence, some properties of the striated muscles of the urethra and pelvic floor (levator ani) of dogs and sheep were investigated, especially fiber types and contractile characteristics. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Striated muscles of urethra and levator ani of 29 male and 6 female dogs and 11 male and 6 female sheep were removed and cut into strips. Some strips were frozen and stained for ATPase at pH 9.4 and 4.3 for fiber typing; others were set up in an organ bath to study contractile responses to nerve stimulation. RESULTS: All muscles contained both type I (slow) and type II fibers, ranging from 97% type II in female greyhound urethra to 60% in female sheep levator ani. For each muscle, there were fewer type II muscles in sheep than in dog. The diameters of the urethral fibers were about 60% of the levator ani in dogs and 34% in sheep. Contraction of the urethral muscle was faster than for levator ani and declined to about 80% of the peak, 500 msec after the beginning of stimulation at 20 Hz. The levator ani contraction rose to a steady level as long as stimulation continued. CONCLUSIONS: Both the levator ani and urethral striated muscles contain slow and fast fiber types. The levator ani muscles are capable of sustained contraction with rapid onset which will produce long-term closure of the urethra. The circular urethral muscle contraction was faster but less well maintained.     

Characterisation and differentiation of chondroblastomas and chondromyxoidfibromas - presence and expression of collagen types I and II

AIM: Chondroblastomas and chondromyxoidfiibromas are rare benign skeletal neoplasms with reported overlapping histology. Aim of this study was to analyse the biochemical composition of the matrix of these tumour entities in order to further characterise the cellular phenotypes of these neoplasms using typical cell biological marker genes. METHODS: The matrix compositions of chondroblastomas and chondromyxoidfibromas were analyzed by HE-histology, histochemistry, and immunolocalization techniques. Cellular gene expression patterns were detected by mRNA in situ hybridization. RESULTS: Chondroblastomas are rich in collagen type I and show foci of an osteoid-like matrix, whereas collagen type II as a typical marker of chondrocytic differentiation was not detected in any of the specimens. Chondromyxoidfiibromas had foci of chondroid appearance with chondroblastic cellular differentiation characterised by collagen type II expression. CONCLUSION: These results characterise chondroblastomas and chondromyxoidfiibromas as skeletal neoplasms that have a different biology and which can be distinguished by matrix protein expression products: collagen type II, the typical marker of chondroblast differentiation, could only be detected in chondromyxoidfibromas, but not in chondroblastomas. Thus, both neoplasms are clearly different on the cell biological level.     

Effect of smoking and abstention on oxidative burst and reactivity of neutrophils and monocytes

BACKGROUND: Smoking is associated with surgical wound infections, impaired wound healing, and tissue-destructive disorders. The mechanisms are largely unknown, but changes in the function and activity of inflammatory cells may be involved. METHODS: Seventy healthy volunteers (54 smokers and 16 never smokers) were included. The smokers were studied while they smoked and after 20 days of abstinence. After the first 10 days of abstinence, they were randomized to double-blind treatment with transdermal nicotine patch 25 mg per day or placebo. Venous blood neutrophils and monocytes were sampled and isolated. In 22 randomly selected smokers and in all never smokers, the oxidative burst and chemotaxis were determined by a chemiluminescence response assay and a modified Boyden chamber technique, respectively. Stimulants were opsonized zymosan, formyl-Met-Leu-Phe, and zymosan-activated serum. RESULTS: The neutrophil and monocyte oxidative burst was 50% and 68% lower, respectively, in smokers compared to never smokers (P < .05). Neutrophil chemotaxis was 93% higher in smokers (P < .05). Monocyte chemotaxis was lower in smokers compared to never smokers (P < .05). After 20 days of abstinence, neutrophil oxidative burst increased to the level of never smokers (P < .05); monocyte oxidative burst increased by 50% (P < .05). Chemotaxis was only marginally affected. The changes induced by abstinence were less pronounced in the transdermal nicotine patch group compared to the placebo group. CONCLUSIONS: Smoking attenuates the oxidative burst of inflammatory cells and increases chemotaxis. Three weeks of abstinence normalize the oxidative burst, but affect chemotaxis only marginally.