雌激素对SD大鼠肾小球硬化的影响

目的探讨雌激素替代治疗对SD大鼠肾小球硬化的影响.方法 18只12周龄雌性SD大鼠随机分为3组(1)去卵巢组(简称Ovx组);(2)去卵巢+雌激素组(简称Ovx+E2组);(3)假手术组(简称 Control组).自由取食与饮水.检测手术前,3月后再次测量血压后处死,检测血清雌二醇浓度、电镜下观察肾脏皮质超微结构的变化.结果 (1)去卵巢组的SD大鼠血清雌二醇水平明显低于假手术组,雌激素替代治疗后血清雌激素浓度明显升高,与假手术组相比没有明显差别;(2)卵巢切除前3组血压之间没有明显的差别.3月后,SD大鼠去卵巢组血压明显高于手术前及假手术组,雌激素替代治疗后血压降低,与假手术组没有明显的差别;(3)电镜下肾脏超微结构的变化假手术组大鼠肾脏皮质电镜检查未见异常;去卵巢组大鼠出现肾小球硬化的表现;雌激素替代治疗后与去卵巢组比较超微结构没有明显的改善.结论 SD大鼠去卵巢后血压升高,给予雌激素替代治疗后可抑制血压升高;SD大鼠去卵巢后,肾脏出现纤维化的病理改变,雌激素替代治疗后不能抑制肾小球纤维化的进程.     

雌激素对SD大鼠血脂代谢的影响

目的探讨雌激素对SD大鼠血脂代谢的影响。方法24只12周龄雌性SD大鼠随机分为3组（1）去卵巢组（简称Ovx组），（2）去卵巢＋雌激素组（简称Ovx＋E2组），（3）假手术组，作为对照组。3月后断头取血，检测，血清雌二醇、血清总胆固醇、甘油三酯、高密度脂蛋白。结果去卵巢后的SD大鼠血清雌二醇水平明显低于假手术组，雌激素替代治疗后血清雌激素浓度明显升高，与假手术组相比没有明显差别。去卵巢组大鼠血清胆固醇水平明显高于假手术组，雌激素替代治疗后胆固醇水平降低，与假手术组相比无差异；大鼠去卵巢后血清甘油三酯稍有升高但没有统计学意义，去卵巢雌激素替代治疗组与假手术组相比较血清甘油三酯明显升高，与去卵巢组比较稍高，但没有统计学意义；去卵巢组大鼠血清高密度脂蛋白水平明显低于假手术组，给予雌激素替代治疗后血清高密度脂蛋白水平明显升高与假手术组没有明显的差别。结论雌激素替代治疗能调节SD大鼠的血脂代谢，降低胆固醇，升高高密度脂蛋白，但可使甘油三酯进一步升高。     

雌激素对SD大鼠血脂代谢的影响

目的探讨雌激素对SD大鼠血脂代谢的影响.方法24只12周龄雌性SD大鼠随机分为3组(1)去卵巢组(简称Ovx组),(2)去卵巢+雌激素组(简称Ovx+E2组),(3)假手术组,作为对照组.3月后断头取血,检测,血清雌二醇、血清总胆固醇、甘油三酯、高密度脂蛋白.结果去卵巢后的SD大鼠血清雌二醇水平明显低于假手术组,雌激素替代治疗后血清雌激素浓度明显升高,与假手术组相比没有明显差别.去卵巢组大鼠血清胆固醇水平明显高于假手术组,雌激素替代治疗后胆固醇水平降低,与假手术组相比无差异;大鼠去卵巢后血清甘油三酯稍有升高但没有统计学意义,去卵巢雌激素替代治疗组与假手术组相比较血清甘油三酯明显升高,与去卵巢组比较稍高,但没有统计学意义;去卵巢组大鼠血清高密度脂蛋白水平明显低于假手术组,给予雌激素替代治疗后血清高密度脂蛋白水平明显升高与假手术组没有明显的差别.结论雌激素替代治疗能调节SD大鼠的血脂代谢,降低胆固醇,升高高密度脂蛋白,但可使甘油三酯进一步升高.     

雌激素对自发性高血压大鼠心肾纤维化的影响

为探讨雌激素对自发性高血压大鼠心肾纤维化的影响 ,将雌性自发性高血压大鼠随机分为假手术、去卵巢雌激素治疗组和去卵巢安慰剂组。分别测量治疗前后大鼠血压和体重 ,3个月后测左心室重和血清雌二醇水平 ,采用免疫组织化学方法及计算机图像分析仪检测转化生长因子 β1 在心脏及肾脏的表达 ,采用苦味酸天狼星红染色及计算机图像分析仪检测心肌间质胶原容积分数。结果发现 ,去卵巢雌激素治疗组血压和转化生长因子 β1 在心、肾的表达和左心室重 体重以及心肌间质胶原容积分数等明显低于去卵巢安慰剂组 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,与假手术组无明显差别 ;去卵巢安慰剂组上述指标均高于假手术组 (P <0 .0 5 )。以上提示 ,自发性高血压大鼠去卵巢后血压升高 ,雌激素替代治疗后能抑制其血压升高 ,抑制其心肾纤维化。     

雷洛昔芬对去卵巢大鼠血压的影响

目的 探讨雷洛昔芬对去卵巢大鼠血压的影响.方法 40只12周龄雌性SD大鼠随机均分为5组去卵巢组、假手术对照组、雌激素组(倍美力,1 mg·kg-1·d-1)、小剂量雷洛昔芬组(易维特,1 mg·kg-1·d-1)和大剂量雷洛昔芬组(易维特,3 mg·kg-1·d-1),测量治疗前、后各组血压的变化.结果 去卵巢组血清雌二醇水平显著低于假手术对照组,雌激素或雷洛昔芬治疗后雌二醇水平都上升(P＜0.01).卵巢切除前5组大鼠之间的收缩压差异无统计学意义,3个月后去卵巢组收缩压明显升高,高于治疗前及治疗后其他各组收缩压的水平.雌激素或雷洛昔芬治疗后,收缩压水平下降,低于去卵巢组[治疗后去卵巢组(128.46±15.78)mm Hg,假手术对照组(104.48±15.03)mm Hg,雌激素组(106.83±13.52)mm Hg,小剂量雷洛昔芬组(109.55±11.23)mm Hg,大剂量雷洛昔芬组(107.57±17.56)mm Hg,P＜0.01].结论 雷洛昔芬可降低去卵巢大鼠收缩压水平,有助于降低绝经后的心血管危险.     

雌二醇对大鼠血管紧张素Ⅱ及其1型受体表达的影响

目的雌二醇对去卵巢SD大鼠血管紧张素Ⅱ及其1型受体表达的影响。方法24只12周龄雌性SD大鼠随机分为3组:去卵巢组、去卵巢加雌二醇(简称雌二醇)组和假手术组。测量术前和术后大鼠体重、血压,检测血清雌二醇、血浆血管紧张素Ⅱ、心脏、肾皮质、主动脉血管紧张素Ⅱ1型受体mRNA的表达水平。并用离体培养血管平滑肌细胞,检测雌二醇对血管平滑肌血管紧张素Ⅱ1型受体mRNA表达的影响。结果1.三组大鼠在手术前体重没有明显差别,三个月后,与假手术组比较,去卵巢组大鼠体重显著增加(475.8±23.0比372.1±13.1,P<0.05),雌二醇组与假手术组比较无明显差别(387.3±15.9比372.1±13.1,P>0.05)。2.术前三组大鼠血压没有明显的差别。三个月后,去卵巢组大鼠血压明显升高(117.5±7.6比104.4±6.2mmHg,P<0.05),雌二醇组血压不升高,与假手术组没有差别。3.与假手术组比较,去卵巢组血浆血管紧张素Ⅱ浓度明显升高(617.7±80.1比215.0±26.7,P<0.05)。雌二醇组血浆血管紧张素Ⅱ浓度与假手术组没有区别。4.与假手术组比较,去卵巢组心脏、肾脏、主动脉血管mRNA表达明显增加,雌二醇组无显著差异。5.体外培养血管平滑肌细胞,在0.2%小牛血清培养基的条件下,加入10-6mol/L雌二醇,从4h开始抑制血管平滑肌细胞血管紧张素Ⅱ1型受体mRNA的表达,12h血管紧张素Ⅱ1型受体mRNA的表达明显降低(0.65±0.06比0.85±0.07,P<0.05)。在0.2%小牛血清培养基的条件下,10-5、10-6和10-7mol/L雌二醇呈浓度依赖性的抑制血管紧张素Ⅱ1型受体mRNA的表达,当雌二醇10-6mol/L血管紧张素Ⅱ1型受体mRNA的表达显著降低(0.67±0.06比0.85±0.07,P<0.05)。结论1.雌二醇可抑制血管紧张素Ⅱ1型受体的表达及降低血管紧张素Ⅱ水平。2.雌二醇对心血管系统作用可能通过降低血管紧张素Ⅱ及其1型受体的表达     

雌激素对更年期大鼠血压的影响

目的 观察口服小剂量17β-雌二醇补充治疗对去卵巢大鼠血压的影响.方法 SD大鼠30只,随机分为正常对照组,卵巢摘除组(OVX),假手术组(SHAM),卵巢摘除组+17β-雌二醇组(OVX+E)和假手术组+17β-雌二醇组(SHAM+E).灌胃法给予17β-雌二醇(1 mg/kg).1次/d.采用卵巢摘除术制备雌性更年期大鼠模型,尾袖法测尾动脉收缩压(SBP).结果 OVX组大鼠尾动脉SBP明显高于正常对照组和SHAM组(P<0.05),OVX+E组大鼠尾动脉SBP明显低于OVX组(P<0.05).结论 雌激素缺乏导致了更年期大鼠血压的增加,口服小剂量17β-雌二醇补充治疗可降低因雌激素缺乏导致的更年期大鼠血压的增加,这可能是雌激素对心血管系统的重要保护机制之一.     

雌激素对心血管的保护作用的实验研究

目的本文探讨雌二醇对去卵巢后高血压大鼠心血管系统的作用。方法 12周龄雌性自发性高血压大鼠18只，随机分成3组：实验组2组，大鼠去卵巢后分别喂养安慰剂，雌二醇1mg/kg/day;未去卵巢组1组给安慰剂喂养作为对照组。分别测量治疗3个月前后收缩血压，体重，全心重量，左心室重量，血浆AngⅡ浓度，血脂，血糖和尿素氮肌酐，尿酸以及肠系膜三级动脉血管壁／腔面积比。结果 （1）与未去卵巢组比，去卵巢后收缩期血压明显升高。雌二醇组治疗后收缩期血压均明显下降；（2）去卵巢后全心重量和体重之比及左心室重量和体重之比明显高于未去卵巢组；（3）去卵巢后血浆AngⅡ浓度明显升高，雌二醇治疗后AngⅡ浓度明显下降；（4）去卵巢后血浆TC、TG明显升高，雌二醇治疗后TC、TG浓度下降，去卵巢后血糖明显升高，治疗后降低；（5）去卵安慰剂组肠系膜动脉壁／腔面积比明显高于未去卵巢组，去卵巢雌激素喂养组比去卵巢安慰剂组明显下降。结论 去卵巢对心血管系统具有不利影响。雌激素替代治疗消除或减少不利影响，对心血管系统产生保护作用。     

雷洛昔芬对去卵巢大鼠血脂的影响

目的探讨选择性雌激素受体调节剂雷洛昔芬对去卵巢大鼠血脂的影响。方法将40只3月龄雌性SD大鼠随机分为5组,去卵巢组、假手术组、雌激素组、小剂量雷洛昔芬组(小剂量组)和大剂量雷洛昔芬组(大剂量组),每组8只。治疗3个月后,测量各组治疗前后体重、血压和血脂的变化。结果去卵巢组TC和LDL-C显著高于其他4组(P<0.01),雌激素组与假手术组比较无统计学差异(P>0.05),与小剂量组比较,大剂量组能更进一步降低TC和LDL-C(P<0.05)。去卵巢组TG与假手术组比较稍有升高,但无统计学差异,雌激素组TG高于假手术组和大、小剂量组(P<0.05)。去卵巢组HDL-C明显低于其他4组(P<0.01),雌激素组HDL-C与假手术组比较无统计学差异(P>0.05),与小剂量组比较,大剂量组能更进一步升高HDL-C(P<0.05)。结论雷洛昔芬可改善去卵巢大鼠的脂代谢状况,有助于降低绝经后的心血管危险。     

早期给予雌激素对去卵巢兔动脉斑块及血脂、单核细胞趋化蛋白1的影响

目的观察早期不同剂量雌激素替代治疗对高脂饮食诱导的去卵巢雌兔动脉粥样硬化及血脂、单核细胞趋化蛋白1的影响。方法健康雌性新西兰白兔28只，随机分为假手术组、去卵巢组、去卵巢＋小剂量雌激素替代治疗组（苯甲酸雌二醇200μg）和去卵巢＋大剂量雌激素替代治疗组（苯甲酸雌二醇1mg）。术后给予高脂饲料喂养，测定血清总胆固醇、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇、雌二醇和单核细胞趋化蛋白1浓度，并分离主动脉标本行组织形态学观察。结果与假手术组比较，去卵巢组高脂喂食后血清总胆固醇、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇、单核细胞趋化蛋白1均明显升高，血清高密度脂蛋白胆固醇、雌二醇水平下降；而雌激素替代治疗组的上述指标与假手术组相似；与小剂量雌激素替代治疗组比较，大剂量雌激素替代治疗组12周后雌二醇水平较高、单核细胞趋化蛋白1水平较低。比较主动脉斑块面积，去卵巢组大于假手术组，而雌激素替代治疗两组明显小于去卵巢组和假手术组，但雌激素替代治疗两组之间差异无显著性。主动脉斑块面积与高脂喂养12周后血清低密度脂蛋白胆固醇、总胆固醇以及单核细胞趋化蛋白1水平呈明显正相关（r分别为0．765，0．803，0．829，P均〈0．01），与血清高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（r=-0．441，P〈0．05）、雌二醇水平呈负相关（r=-0．755，P〈0．01）。结论早期雌激素替代治疗可改善血脂代谢、降低单核细胞趋化蛋白1水平、减少主动脉斑块面积。雌激素的调脂、抗炎作用可能与其抗动脉粥样硬化作用有关。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.