中国西部地区脑脊液细菌分布及耐药性分析

目的 了解2016—2017年中国西部脑脊液分离菌的分布及耐药性。方法 中国西部10家医院脑脊液分离株,按统一 方案用纸片扩散法或自动化仪器进行抗菌药物敏感性试验,按CLSI(美国临床实验室标准化协会)2016年版标准判断结果。结果 10家医院2016—2017年脑脊液标本分离细菌1234株,其中革兰阳性菌697株,占56.5%,革兰阴性菌537株,占43.5%。最常见的 分离菌依次为凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌、鲍曼不动杆菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、屎肠球菌、大肠埃希菌、粪肠球菌、肺炎链球菌、醋酸钙 不动杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌和金黄色葡萄球菌。脑脊液标本中MRSA和MRCNS的检出率分别为27.9%和66.7%,未发现对万古霉 素、替考拉宁和利奈唑胺耐药菌株;粪肠球菌和屎肠球菌对万古霉素的耐药率分别为2.2%和1.6%;大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌 中产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBL)菌株的检出率分别为64.2%和58.1%,肺炎克雷伯菌对碳青霉烯类抗生素的耐药率(22.2%~23.6%) 高于大肠埃希菌(3.6%~4.4%),铜绿假单胞菌对碳青霉烯类的耐药率45%以上,鲍曼不动杆菌对碳青霉烯类的耐药率高达85%以 上。结论 脑脊液分离株对常用抗菌药物耐药性严重,碳青霉烯耐药革兰阴性菌的出现和增多,给脑脊液感染的治疗带来极大 挑战,应合理使用抗菌药物,加强医院感染控制,抑制耐药菌的传播。     

2016年福建省晋江市医院细菌耐药性监测

目的 了解福建省晋江市医院2016年临床分离菌对常用抗菌药物的敏感性和耐药性。方法 收集本院2016年1-12月的临床分离菌株,采用自动化仪器法或纸片扩散法(K-B法)进行细菌药物敏感性试验,按美国临床实验室标准化研究协会(CLSI)2016年版标准判断结果,WHONET 5.6软件统计分析。结果 共分离临床菌1,744株,其中革兰阳性菌590株,占33.8%,革兰阴性菌1,154株,占66.2%。金黄色葡萄球菌和凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌中甲氧西林耐药株(MRSA和MRCNS)检出率分别为29.6%和72.9%,MRSA和MRCNS对常用抗菌药物的耐药率均显著高于甲氧西林敏感株(MSSA和MSCNS),未发现替考拉宁、万古霉素和利奈唑胺耐药株。肠球菌属中粪肠球菌对多数测试抗菌药物(利奈唑胺除外)的耐药率均显著低于屎肠球菌,发现利奈唑胺耐药粪肠球菌2株,未发现替考拉宁和万古霉素耐药的粪肠球菌和屎肠球菌。肺炎链球菌非脑膜炎分离株对青霉素均高度敏感。大肠埃希菌、克雷伯菌属(肺炎克雷伯菌和产酸克雷伯菌)、奇异变形菌中ESBLs检出率分别为50.4%、22.5%和16.7%,肠杆菌科细菌对碳青霉烯类抗生素高度敏感,但有2.8%的肺炎克雷伯菌对碳青霉烯类耐药。铜绿假单胞菌对亚胺培南和美罗培南的耐药率分别为29.7%和21.2%。不动杆菌属(鲍曼不动杆菌占94.2%)对亚胺培南和美罗培南的耐药率分别为60.5%和62.9%。流感嗜血菌和卡他莫拉菌β-内酰胺酶产酶率分别为46.9%和99.3%。结论 县级医院临床分离菌的构成和耐药性均有别于大型综合性医院。     

2008年南京医科大学第一附属医院细菌及真菌耐药性监测

目的 了解2008年我院临床分离病原菌分布及其对常用抗菌药物的耐药性.方法 细菌及真菌鉴定采用API系统;细菌药物敏感试验测定采用纸片扩散法(K-B法),根据CLSI 2008版判断结果;真菌药物敏感试验测定采用Rosco纸片法,判断标准由Rosco公司提供:WHONET 5.4软件进行统计分析.结果 2008年我院共分离出病原菌4972株,其中,革兰阳性菌1106株,占22.2%,革兰阴性菌2475株,占49.8%,真菌1386株,占27.9%.耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)和耐甲氧西林凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌(MRCNS)的菌株分别占59.2%和52.7%.葡萄球菌属中甲氧西林耐药株对大多数常用抗菌药物的耐药率显著高于甲氧西林敏感株,未发现对万古霉素、替考拉宁和利奈唑胺的耐药株.肠球菌属中,屎肠球菌和鸟肠球菌对多数抗菌药物的敏感率低于粪肠球菌,3种肠球菌均已出现少数对万古霉素或替考拉宁耐药的菌株.肠杆菌科细菌中大肠埃希菌和克雷伯菌属的ESBLs分离率为59.4%和45.3%,产ESBLs菌株对常用抗菌药物的耐药率高于非产ESBLs菌株.非发酵革兰阴性杆菌对抗菌药物的耐药率均显著高于肠杆菌科细菌.结论 细菌耐药性呈增长趋势,白假丝酵母菌的分离率升至第1位,需加强耐药性监测,并采取有效控制措施.     

某院2016年-2017年临床患者脑脊液中致病菌的分布及其耐药性分析

目的:分析临床患者脑脊液(CSF)中常见病原菌的分布及其对抗菌药物的耐药情况,为临床合理选用抗菌药物提供参考。方法:抽取2016年—2017年间医院住院患者脑脊液中常见病原菌培养结果资料,分析其分离出的常见病原菌的分布及其对抗菌药物的耐药性。结果:常见病原菌培养结果中,分离出病原菌菌株95株,标本主要来自神经外科(90.53%)、神经内科(4.21%)和ICU(2.11%);其中革兰阳性菌67株占70.53%,表皮葡萄球菌、溶血葡萄球菌及腐生葡萄球菌位居革兰阳性球菌前3位,分别占18.95%、16.84%和10.53%;革兰阴性菌27株占29.47%,鲍曼不动杆菌为主要分离菌占10.53%、鲍曼/醋酸钙不动杆菌复合体占8.42%、阴沟肠杆菌占3.16%;革兰阳性菌对呋喃妥因、替考拉宁、万古霉素均保持100%完全敏感;呋西地酸除粪肠球菌100%对其耐药外,表皮葡萄球菌等其他球菌对呋西地酸100%敏感;奎奴普丁/达福普汀除粪肠球菌对其100%耐药外,表皮葡萄球菌等均对奎奴普丁/达福普汀100%敏感;鲍曼不动杆菌、鲍曼/醋酸钙不动杆菌复合体、肺炎克雷伯菌肺炎亚种、阴沟肠杆菌、嗜麦芽寡养单胞菌、黏质沙雷菌对阿莫西林-克拉维酸、氨苄西林均高度耐药,而其对多黏菌素高度敏感;哌拉西林除黏质沙雷菌高度敏感外,阴沟肠杆菌对其耐药(66.67%),而对其他菌均高度耐药;第1代头孢唑林除鲍曼/醋酸钙不动杆菌复合体对其高度敏感外,其他均高度耐药;革兰阴性、阳性菌对其他常见药物均呈现不同程度中高度耐药。结论:对患者脑脊液的监测和病原菌的培养和分离,了解其耐药情况和变化原因,以确保预防多重耐药菌的产生和合理用药。     

某院80例胆囊结石患者伴发胆道感染的病原菌分布特点及其耐药性分析

目的：分析胆囊结石伴发胆道感染（cholecystolithiasis with biliary tract infection,CBTI）患者感染病原菌的分布特点及其耐药性。方法：选取2018年1月—2022年2月庐山市人民医院普外科收治的80例CBTI患者作为研究对象,汇总与分析患者感染病原菌的病原学特点。结果：80例CBTI患者标本中,分离出病原菌113株,其中革兰阴性菌78株（占69.03%,以大肠埃希菌、铜绿假单胞菌为主）、革兰阳性菌30株（占26.55%,以粪肠球菌、屎肠球菌为主）和真菌5株（占4.42%,以假丝酵母为主）;药敏试验结果显示,革兰阴性菌中大肠埃希菌对氨苄西林的耐药率为84.21%,对亚胺培南较为敏感,铜绿假单胞菌对氨苄西林、头孢唑林和复方磺胺甲噁唑的耐药率均达100.00%,革兰阳性菌中粪肠球菌、屎肠球菌对克林霉素的耐药率均达100.00%,但对万古霉素较为敏感。结论：CBTI患者感染病原菌的分布和耐药性具有一定特征性,临床应根据药敏试验结果选用耐药率低的抗菌药物治疗,以确保感染的有效控制和胆囊结石的后续治疗。     

某地区2013年度细菌耐药监测分析

目的总结西安市2013年度临床分离病原菌分布和耐药特征,为医药管理部门和临床抗菌药物合理应用提供病原菌耐药监测数据。方法常规方法培养分离医院内感染病原菌,并应用半自动或全自动细菌鉴定分析仪鉴定到种,药敏试验方法按CLSI规定的标准进行。采用WHONET5.6软件进行数据统计分析。结果 2013年度共分离出病原菌株19995株,革兰阴性菌12654株占63.29%,革兰阳性球菌5472株占27.37%,真菌821株占分离率的4.11%,革兰阳性杆菌及厌氧菌205株占1.03%;临床分离占前5位的细菌分别为大肠埃希菌、鲍曼不动杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌、肺炎克雷伯菌和金黄色葡萄球菌。耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)的发生率为53.49%,未发现对万古霉素耐药的金黄色葡萄球菌;屎肠球菌和粪肠球菌对万古霉素耐药率分别为1.75%和0.33%,对利奈唑胺的耐药率分别为0.44%和1.92%;大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌超广谱β-内酰胺酶的产生率分别为68.1%和46.8%。结论院内感染病原菌耐药现象较为普遍,耐药率与去年相比没有发生明显改变,但耐药监测工作仍要继续进行下去,尤其对院内感染的重要病原菌MRSA、VRE、碳氢酶烯类药物耐药的肠杆菌科细菌、泛耐药的铜绿假单胞菌和鲍曼不动杆菌要进行重点监测,且应与临床加强沟通,使得检验结果更好的服务于临床。     

2012-2015年阿坝州人民医院重症监护病房下呼吸道感染病原菌的分布及耐药性分析

目的：分析阿坝州人民医院重症监护病房下呼吸道感染病原菌的分布及耐药性,为临床合理用药提供参考。方法对2012年1月—2015年12月阿坝州人民医院重症监护病房分离下呼吸道感染病原菌的分布及药敏结果进行回顾性分析。结果共分离出病原菌192株,其中革兰阴性菌124株,占64.6%,主要为铜绿假单胞菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、流感嗜血杆菌和鲍曼不动杆菌。革兰阳性菌56株,占29.1%,主要为金黄色葡萄球菌和肠球菌。真菌12株,占6.3%。主要革兰阴性菌对氨苄西林、亚胺培南都较为敏感。铜绿假单胞菌和鲍曼不动杆菌对青霉素类、第2、3代头孢菌素类耐药率较高;肺炎克雷伯菌和流感嗜血菌对第2、3代头孢菌素类耐药率较高。革兰阳性菌对万古霉素、替加环素都较为敏感;金黄色葡萄球菌对青霉素G耐药率较高;肠球菌对利奈唑烷耐药性高。白色念球菌和白色假丝酵母菌对氟康唑、伊曲康唑和两性霉素敏感率较高。结论阿坝州人民医院重症监护病房下呼吸道感染病原菌以革兰阴性菌为主,高海拔地区患者易产生多重耐药性菌株,临床应及时了解病原菌分布及耐药情况,合理使用抗菌药物。     

泌尿道感染细菌的耐药性分析

目的分析泌尿道感染病原菌的分布及耐药情况,指导临床合理用药。方法对2003￣2004年我院住院及门诊患者413份尿培养标本及其分离出的株细菌进行鉴定和药物敏感实验。结果共分离泌尿道感染菌株227株,以大肠埃希菌为主,占43.2%;其次为粪肠球菌、阴沟肠杆菌、变形杆菌、粘质沙雷氏菌、无乳链球菌、凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、屎肠球菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、铜绿假单胞菌等;大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌对于头孢二代和头孢三代耐药率低于30%,但大肠埃希菌对于左氧沙星和氧氟沙星的耐药率高于50%。阴沟肠杆菌和粘质沙雷氏菌对本次实验中抗生素的耐药率大于40%。屎肠球菌的耐药性高于粪肠球菌。未见对万古霉素的耐药株。凝血酶阴性葡萄球菌和金黄色葡萄球菌对苯唑西林的耐药率分别为50.0%和28.6%。结论临床医师在经验用药前,应送尿培养,有利于合理用药。     

101株颅内感染病原菌的分布及耐药性分析

目的了解颅内感染病原菌的分布特点及其耐药情况,为临床抗感染治疗和合理用药提供参考。方法对2 539份脑脊液的培养结果及相关临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果检出病原菌101株,其中葡萄球菌30株,占29.7%。各类菌的分布高度集中,分别为鲍曼不动杆菌17株(16.8%)、表皮葡萄球菌16株(15.8%)、新型隐球菌16株(15.8%)、肺炎链球菌7株(6.9%)。病原菌多数来自神经外科,占60.4%;其次是神经内科,占21.8%。葡萄球菌对苯唑西林、红霉素、克林霉素、四环素、复方新诺明多数耐药,对万古霉素、替考拉宁、利奈唑胺100%敏感。肺炎链球菌对青霉素、头孢噻肟、头孢曲松仍较敏感。鲍曼不动杆菌仅对米诺环素(耐药率12.5%)、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦(耐药率33.3%)较为敏感;肺炎克雷伯菌、阴沟肠杆菌仍对碳青霉烯类敏感,前者对哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、左氧氟沙星等亦较敏感。20株真菌均对氟康唑、伏立康唑、两性霉素B高度敏感。结论颅内感染多发生于神经外科,以凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌、鲍曼不动杆菌、肠杆菌科细菌等院内感染常见病原菌为主,耐药严重。应根据药敏结果选用合适抗菌药物,经验治疗首选万古霉素与美洛培南联合用药。神经内科颅内感染最常见病原菌为新型隐球菌,可用两性霉素B联合氟康唑治疗。     

2008年蚌埠医学院第一附属医院病原菌耐药性监测

目的 了解我院2008年临床分离细菌对抗菌药物的耐药性.方法 使用纸片扩散法及MIC测定,按照CLSI(2008)标准判读细菌药敏结果.结果 临床分离细菌1723株,其中革兰阴性细菌1212株(70.3%).金黄色葡萄球菌和凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌中耐甲氧西林分别占42.5%和77.1%;粪肠球菌对氨苄西林/舒巴坦和庆大霉素的耐药率分别为43.5%和69.6%,而屎肠球菌分别为89.5%和84.2%,未发现万古霉素及利奈唑胺耐药株.肠杆菌科细菌对亚胺培南敏感率92%以上,其次对阿米卡星、哌拉西林/三唑巴坦敏感性较高.不动杆菌多重耐药情况严重,对亚胺培南耐药率高达64.8%,泛耐药株占29.6%;铜绿假单胞菌对碳青霉烯类亚胺培南耐药率为23.2%.2008年分离出真菌351株,其中白色念珠菌占53.6%.真菌对临床常用抗真菌药物敏感性较高,对两性霉素B、伏立康唑敏感性最高.结论 我院2008年临床分离细菌临床耐药性十分严重,其中以不动杆菌、表皮葡萄球菌尤其值得关注.提倡加强耐药性监测和合理使用抗菌药物.     

36例新型隐球菌性脑膜炎的临床分析

目的 探讨36例新型隐球菌性脑膜炎的临床特征，以提高对该病的认识。方法 分析36例新型隐球菌感染患者的临床资料。结果 新型隐球菌感染的患者临床表现均有不同程度的头痛、颅内压增高表现，葡萄糖降低尤为显著，IgG、IgM、IgA及微量总蛋白升高明显。治疗后脑脊液和血清标本中隐球菌荚膜多糖抗原滴度下降明显。新型隐球菌对两性霉素B(100%)、氟康唑(94.4%)和5-氟胞嘧啶(94.4%)抗真菌药敏感性较高。结论 对颅内压增高、脑膜刺激征阳性的患者反复多次进行脑脊液培养、墨汁染色和隐球菌荚膜多糖抗原检测，有助于新型隐球菌性脑膜炎的早期诊断和早期治疗；隐球菌荚膜多糖抗原滴度随着患者病情的好转而下降。两性霉素B联合氟康唑或5-氟胞嘧啶治疗新型隐球菌性脑膜炎仍然安全有效；早期控制感染和降低颅内压是治疗的关键。     

胶体金免疫层析法和乳胶凝集试验检测隐球菌荚膜多糖抗原对艾滋病继发隐球菌感染的诊断价值

目的 探讨胶体金免疫层析法(LFA)和乳胶凝集试验(LA)检测隐球菌荚膜多糖抗原对艾滋病患者继发隐球菌感染的诊断价值及治疗观察的临床意义.方法 采用LFA和LA对艾滋病患者继发隐球菌感染治疗前后的脑脊液标本和血清标本行隐球菌荚膜多糖抗原检测,并与脑脊液墨汁染色和真菌培养进行比较,评价其诊断的灵敏度和特异度.同时动态观察治疗期间隐球菌荚膜多糖抗原滴度的变化,和LFA的干扰因素.结果 LFA和LA对脑脊液标本隐球菌检测的敏感度分别为97.73%和95.45%,血清标本的敏感度也分别为97.73%、95.45%;对脑脊液标本的特异性分别为95.83%、95.83%,对血清标本的特异性分别为89.39%和87.12%.艾滋病继发隐球菌感染患者脑脊液标本中的隐球菌荚膜多糖抗原滴度随着患者病情的好转而逐渐下降,治疗前后脑脊液和血清中荚膜抗原滴度差异均有统计学意义(t=6.309,P<0.001;t=6.814,P<0.001).结论 LFA与LA适用于隐球菌脑膜脑炎患者的快速诊断;脑脊液隐球菌多糖荚膜抗原的动态监测对艾滋病患者继发隐球菌感染的疗效观察具有重要的参考价值.     

Effect of rifampicin on the pharmacokinetics of fluconazole in patients with AIDS

OBJECTIVE: To study the effect of rifampicin on the pharmacokinetics of fluconazole and on clinical outcomes of fluconazole treatment in patients with AIDS-related cryptococcal meningitis. PATIENTS: Forty Thai patients with AIDS and cryptococcal meningitis, of whom 20 had been receiving oral rifampicin for at least 2 weeks to treat tuberculosis. METHODS: Patients were treated for cryptococcal meningitis with amphotericin 0.7 mg/kg/day for 14 days followed by fluconazole 400 mg/day, which was reduced to 200 mg/day once culture of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) became negative. Patients with tuberculosis received oral rifampicin 600 mg/day at night. Blood samples were collected from the first 12 patients in each group and pharmacokinetic parameters for fluconazole were calculated. CSF samples were collected by lumbar puncture and monitored for eradication of Cryptococcus neoformans. RESULTS: Concomitant administration of rifampicin with fluconazole resulted in significant changes in the pharmacokinetic parameters of fluconazole, including a 39% increase in elimination rate constant, 28% shorter elimination half-life, 22% decrease in area under the concentration-time curve, 17% decrease in maximum concentration and 30% increase in clearance (p < 0.05). Different fluconazole regimens did not affect the extent of change in the elimination rate constant. Although serum concentrations of fluconazole during the time that patients received rifampicin concomitantly with fluconazole 200 mg/day were generally lower than the minimum inhibitory concentration for C. neoformans, there were no significant differences in clinical outcomes between the two groups to date (p = 0.792). CONCLUSIONS: Coadministration of rifampicin with fluconazole caused significant changes in the pharmacokinetic parameters of fluconazole. Long-term monitoring for recurrence rates of cryptococcal meningitis is required to assess the clinical significance of this interaction.     

Cryptococcosis in patients from Tikur Anbessa Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

A study was done to investigate the occurrence of Cryptococcus neoformans infection in patients admitted to Tikur Anbessa Hospital. Cryptococcus neoformans is an important opportunistic fungal pathogen in immunocompromised patients. The study was done over a period of 18 months, from October 1998 to April 2000. During this period, a total of 1088 cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) specimens were sent to the bacteriology laboratory in Tikur Anbessa Hospital, out of which 275 were subjected for India ink examination. Out of these 19 (7%) were India ink positive. Additionally one lymph node aspirate was also India ink positive. All these specimens were culture positive for Cryptococcus neoformans. The medical records of these patients were retrospectively reviewed and all presenting clinical symptoms were recorded. In this group of patients with meningitis the most common presenting were fever and headache. In addition, at the time of admission, 75% of the patients had other opportunistic infections, such as oral candidiasis, herpes zoster and Pneumocystis carini pneumonia. The mortality rate was high even in patients with appropriate therapy. All the isolates were identified as C. neoformans var. neoformans. The variety gatti was not isolated in this study.     

Fluconazole. A review of its pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties, and therapeutic potential in superficial and systemic mycoses

Fluconazole is a bis-triazole antifungal drug with novel pharmacokinetic properties (metabolic stability, relatively high water solubility) which contribute to its therapeutic activity. Clinical experience is limited to a relatively small number of mycoses and, as might be expected at this early stage of development, optimal dosage and duration of treatment for some serious mycoses is not yet established. Further study to evaluate higher dosages and to establish the efficacy of fluconazole relative to more established antifungal agents is required. In patients with oropharyngeal or oesophageal candidiasis, fluconazole produces rapid relief and eradicates the yeast in 50 to 90% of patients. Relapse of oral infection is common in chronically immunocompromised patients regardless of the antifungal used, and adequate primary therapy plus long term prophylaxis appears necessary in patients with AIDS. A single oral dose of fluconazole was comparable to standard topical azole therapy in women with acute vaginal candidiasis. Preliminary reports of success against deep-seated candidiasis are encouraging; moreover, experience in noncomparative clinical trials suggests that fluconazole 200 to 400mg once daily resolves infection in the majority of seriously ill patients. Clinical improvement has been reported in a few cases of pulmonary Aspergillus infection but the overall efficacy of conventional dosages of fluconazole in this mycosis has not been as impressive. Early experience in coccidioidosis, predominantly meningitis, suggests a beneficial clinical effect with oral fluconazole in this difficult to treat mycosis but relapse remains a problem. Fluconazole is a promising treatment of cryptococcal meningitis. The rate of clinical resolution and eradication of Cryptococcus neoformans from cerebrospinal fluid has been similar between fluconazole and amphotericin B treatment groups in comparative trials. Comparative trials of maintenance therapy indicate a similar low rate of relapse among patients given oral fluconazole once daily and intravenous amphotericin B once weekly. However, these results are preliminary and further study is required. Fluconazole has been well tolerated to date but wider clinical experience is needed, especially with regard to the rate occurrence of hepatotoxicity and exfoliative skin reactions. The promising clinical response of patients with various forms of candidiasis or cryptococcosis--together with convenient administration regimens--recommends fluconazole as a useful addition to currently available systemic antifungal therapies, in particular for the treatment of mycoses in patients with AIDS.     

Management of cryptococcal meningitis in patients with AIDS

A case of cryptococcal meningitis in a patient with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is described, as well as the epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and therapeutic management of the disease. In July 1987 a 38-year-old white man was admitted to the hospital because of confusion, disorientation, and headache. His medical history was notable for a positive human immunodeficiency virus test. Culture of the cerebrospinal fluid was positive for Cryptococcus neoformans. The patient was started on amphotericin B 16 mg/day (0.3 mg/kg/day) intravenously and flucytosine 2 g every six hours (150 mg/kg/day) orally. Despite premedication with diphenhydramine and acetaminophen, he experienced rigors that were treated with hydrocortisone and meperidine. Three weeks later he was discharged on flucytosine 2 g orally every six hours and amphotericin B 50 mg intravenously every other day. One week later the patient developed fever and chills; blood cultures were positive for methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus, and his peripheral leucocyte count was 1.8 X 10(3)/cu mm. Flucytosine was discontinued, and he was treated with intravenous nafcillin while remaining on amphotericin B. In October the patient complained of nausea, vomiting, weakness, and agitation. A CSF latex agglutination titer for cryptococcal antigen was 1:32. He was treated with amphotericin B 50 mg daily until symptoms resolved and then continued on amphotericin B 50 mg twice weekly. Cryptococcosis is the most common life-threatening fungal infection among AIDS patients. In contrast to immunocompetent hosts, this population invariably develops disseminated disease, with 85% having meningeal involvement. The most effective therapy for cryptococcal meningitis in patients with AIDS has not been established.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Cryptococcal meningitis in Auckland 1969-89

Twenty-six patients with cryptococcal meningitis were seen in Auckland between 1969 and 1989. The incidence of cryptococcal meningitis in Auckland residents was 0.12 cases/100,000/year. Ten (38%) of the patients were Maori or Pacific Island Polynesians. Nineteen (73%) had a predisposing cause, including immunosuppressive therapy in nine and the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in seven. The most common presenting syndrome was a subacute or chronic meningitis. Other clinical syndromes included a slowly progressive ataxia, polyradiculopathy, and headache with vomiting. In two patients, the symptoms of meningitis were overshadowed by those of systemic cryptococcal infection. Delay in making the diagnosis was common. The most sensitive method for diagnosing cryptococcal meningitis was the cerebrospinal fluid cryptococcal antigen test. Antifungal therapy cured 17 of the 25 (68%) treated patients overall, 15 of the 19 (79%) without AIDS and six of the seven with no underlying disease.     

新型隐球菌性脑膜炎患者脑脊液中隐球菌与CD_4~＋ T细胞关系的分析

目的：探讨新型隐球菌性脑膜炎患者的脑脊液特点。方法：腰椎穿刺术获得脑脊液,脑脊液标本涂片墨汁染色查找带有荚膜的新型隐球菌。采用免疫细胞化学染色方法观察隐球菌数量与白细胞计数及CD4＋T细胞计数的关系。结果：28例新型隐球菌性脑膜炎患者,脑脊液白细胞数在（10～300）×106/L之间,多以淋巴细胞为主。随着疾病病程的进展和治疗,出现隐球菌先增后减与白细胞先减后增的变化趋势,而CD4＋T细胞则随疾病的治疗逐渐减少。结论：脑脊液中CD4＋T细胞可作为新型隐球菌性脑膜炎患者疗效观察的指标。     

Cryptococcal lymphadenitis as a manifestation of immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome in an HIV-positive patient: a case report and review of the literature

Cryptococcus neoformans infections are typically associated with T-cell deficiencies, including acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Although highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has strongly reduced AIDS-related opportunistic infections, the restoration and reactivation of CD4+ cells can induce an immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS), consisting in a deregulated inflammatory response to latent infectious pathogens and/or to their residual antigens. Cryptococcal lymphadenitis has occasionally been documented in IRIS. Here we report a case of histology- and culture-negative cryptococcal lymphadenitis associated with IRIS in an adult AIDS patient with a history of disseminated cryptococcosis, after the start of fully adherent HAART. Appropriate diagnosis was established on nested-PCR and sequence analysis of the interspacer region 2 of C. neoformans ribosomal DNA, and detection of slow-growing blastospores in enrichment cultures of fine-needle lymph node aspirate. Review of recent literature and our case findings suggest that IRIS-associated cryptococcal lymphadenitis is more likely the flare up of a latent infection rather than an immunopathological response to residual antigen of unviable cryptococci.     

Epidemiology and management of cryptococcal meningitis: developments and challenges

The significance of cryptococcal infection as a cause of human disease has dramatically evolved in recent years. The objective of this study was to outline the worldwide significance of cryptococcosis and review developments in the management of cryptococcal meningitis. Cryptococcus neoformans var. grubii remains an important cause of disease, particularly in hosts with acquired immunosuppression. Cryptococcus gattii, on the other hand, infects hosts with seemingly normal immune systems and a recent dramatic outbreak in a new ecologic environment highlights the emerging clinical significance of this fungal pathogen. The introduction of new antifungal agents and the adoption of strategies for controlling elevated intracranial pressure in cryptococcal meningitis have added to our therapeutic options. However, the mortality from this infection remains unacceptably high and we are faced with the specific challenges in the management of this disease.