灭鼠毒饵适口性效果观察

目的观察鼠类盗食不同毒饵的现场盗食率,比较6种灭鼠毒饵的适口性,筛选一种适口性好,比较经济的灭鼠毒饵。方法用粉迹法调查鼠密度。用0.5%的溴鼠灵配制成(稻谷、小板栗、南瓜子、花生、大米)毒饵。采用溴鼠灵膏剂为毒饵对照。采用连续3 d投毒的方法,计算盗食率。结果灭鼠前后的鼠密度为44.2%和8.8%。鼠类对灭鼠毒饵的盗食率分别为:稻谷41.7%、小板栗39.5%、南瓜子32.2%、花生12.0%、大米6.9%、溴鼠灵膏2.1%。经灭鼠前后鼠密度调查、灭鼠毒饵盗食率的比较(P<0.01)。结论鼠类嗜觅带壳的硬食物,用稻谷和小板栗配制成的灭鼠毒饵是公共食堂及外环境等灭鼠场地较好的毒饵。     

新型环保杀鼠剂胆钙化醇现场灭鼠效果观察

目的通过现场试验了解新型环保杀鼠剂胆钙化醇的灭鼠效果。方法 2017年1-2月在上海市长宁区内选择两块环境条件、面积、鼠密度相似的居民小区,分别在试验区投放胆钙化醇蜡丸毒饵,对照区投放大隆蜡丸毒饵,观察两种药物的灭鼠效果和拖食情况。结果试验区和对照区的鼠密度下降率分别为87.02%和82.81%,灭鼠效果差异无统计学意义(χ~2_(灭后密度)=0.293,P=0.589);胆钙化醇杀鼠剂的拖食率(3.51%)低于大隆杀鼠剂(5.43%),差异有统计学意义(χ~2=4.205,P=0.040)。结论胆钙化醇杀鼠剂可有效降低居民区外环境的鼠密度。应探索新型杀鼠剂的应用,建议我国鼠类防制总结胆钙化醇杀鼠剂应用范围和技术,尤其是特定场所的投药方式、频次和灭鼠效果,为鼠类防制提供支持。     

溴敌隆与溴鼠灵毒饵灭鼠效果的比较

目的评价溴敌隆和溴鼠灵毒饵现场灭鼠效果,筛选安全、高效的杀鼠剂。方法选择玉林市区4个条件基本相同的地点和郊区2个养殖场,使用溴敌隆和溴鼠灵毒饵进行现场灭鼠效果观察。结果 0.005%溴敌隆和0.005%溴鼠灵毒饵灭效第10天分别为82.25%和83.99%;第15天分别为93.64%和92.00%。结论溴敌隆和溴鼠灵毒饵是两者灭鼠效果差异无显著性。     

云南省野鼠鼠疫疫区处置中溴敌隆灭鼠效果评价

目的评价溴敌隆在云南省野鼠鼠疫疫区处置中的灭鼠效果,为鼠类控制及鼠疫防治提供基础数据。方法2017年4-5月选择云南省丽江市玉龙县、古城区和大理白族自治州剑川县、鹤庆县居民区及耕地两种生境,使用0.5%溴敌隆母液配制0.005%的小麦毒饵,采取"回合式"投药,采用不设对照区的鼠疫流行疫点区和设对照区的非疫点区分别进行灭鼠效果试验。利用Excel 2010和SPSS 18.0软件对调查数据进行统计分析,灭鼠率的比较采用χ~2检验。结果鼠疫流行疫点居民区灭鼠率为77.67%~100%,耕地为88.89%~100%;设对照区的非疫点居民区灭鼠率为88.48%~100%,耕地为85.72%~97.74%。疫点区和非疫点区同一生境不同县(区)及4个县(区)不同生境灭鼠率差异均无统计学意义(χ~2=0.800、0.863,均P0.05),两种试验设计方法计算居民区和耕地的灭鼠率差异均无统计学意义(χ~2=1.507、0.050,均P0.05)。结论溴敌隆杀鼠剂对云南省家栖和野栖鼠类仍具有良好的毒杀作用,且适口性较好,在鼠疫疫区处置过程中可有效降低鼠密度,防止鼠疫疫情蔓延。目前仍可用于云南省家、野鼠两型鼠疫疫区及大面积控制鼠害。     

干预性灭鼠在鼠疫自然疫源地监测及预警中的应用

目的 探讨干预性灭鼠在长爪沙鼠鼠疫自然疫源地监测及预警中的应用.方法 长爪沙鼠密度调查采取一日弓形夹法;长爪沙鼠密度预测采用动物经典的数量预测预报公式,并结合当地实际情况做出预警;灭鼠药选用抗凝血剂溴鼠灵,毒饵浓度0.008％,采用鼠洞投药方式.结果 平均每公顷投毒饵约10 kg,14d后灭效达99％以上,长爪沙鼠平均密度从灭前的31只/hm2下降至灭后的0.25只/hm2.结论 采用溴鼠灵在长爪沙鼠鼠疫自然疫源地高风险区域实施干预性灭鼠措施,能有效降低鼠疫主要宿主密度,消除该地区动物间鼠疫暴发流行的可能及风险因素.     

2008年龙滩水电站贵州库区移民安置点灭鼠效果评价

目的控制龙滩水电站蓄水后移民安置点的鼠密度,预防鼠传疾病的发生与流行。方法采用间歇式投饵法对居民住宅和耕作区投放0.005%溴敌隆小麦颗粒毒饵,采用粉迹法和夹夜法进行灭前、灭后鼠密度调查。结果安置点居民住宅室内灭前粉块阳性率平均为9.90%,灭后为2.04%,灭效为79.39%。耕作区灭前鼠密度平均为6.54%,灭后为1.08%,灭效为83.49%。灭鼠前后鼠密度差异有统计学意义（χ^2值分别为64.33和32.15,P〈0.01）。结论此次灭鼠效果表明,采用的技术方案科学合理,组织措施有力,选择的药物、毒饵剂型和灭鼠时机等均适合库区移民安置点鼠类特点。     

0.005%溴鼠灵饵剂的适口性及其现场灭鼠效果研究

目的观察0.005%溴鼠灵饵剂实验室的适口性和现场灭鼠的效果。方法用0.005%溴鼠灵饵剂对大白鼠进行实验室的有选择摄食试验和3种类型试验现场的灭家栖鼠的药效观察。结果 0.005%溴鼠灵饵剂对大白鼠的摄食系数为1.28,达到A级;实验室灭鼠率为100%,养鸡场、居民区和农贸市场3种不同类型试验场所的家栖鼠校正灭鼠率分别为94.05%、89.47%及88.77%。结论 0.005%溴鼠灵饵剂对家栖鼠毒效髙,适口性好,具有较好的防治效果。     

2种抗凝血灭鼠剂现场灭鼠效果比较研究

目的比较溴鼠灵毒饵和溴敌隆毒饵现场灭鼠效果,为今后灭鼠工作提供科学依据。方法用粉迹法测定现场鼠密度,计算较正灭鼠率。结果现场较正灭鼠率,溴鼠灵为85.9%,溴敌隆为71.5%。结论2种抗凝血灭鼠剂均具有很好的现场杀灭效果,但是溴鼠灵效果更好,可以用于铜陵地区灭鼠。     

杀鼠迷现场灭鼠效果观察

我市从未使用过杀鼠迷灭鼠。为观察该药灭鼠效果 ,进行了现场试验。1　材料与方法　 7.5%杀鼠迷水剂 ,配制成0 .0 375%稻谷毒饵 ;80 %敌鼠钠盐 ,配制成 0 .2 %稻谷毒饵。选择历年鼠情严重的排粉厂及中兴副食仓库为试验区 ,投放杀鼠迷稻谷毒饵 ;另选 2个鼠害相当单位为对照区 ,投放敌鼠钠盐毒饵。试验区和对照区均采用饱和投药法 ,2堆 /15ｍ2 ,2 5ｇ/堆 ,于每日下午 6时投饵 ,翌晨查补毒饵 ,吃光加倍 ,连续投放5ｄ。试验前及投药后第 16ｄ采用粉迹法测定鼠密度 ,计算灭鼠率。2　结果　2 .1　灭鼠效果　试验区灭前鼠密度为 72 .64% ,灭后降至 …     

两种抗凝血灭鼠剂实验室及现场灭鼠效果比较

目的比较溴鼠灵毒饵和杀特宁B型饵剂实验室及现场灭鼠效果,为今后灭鼠工作提供科学依据。方法用有选择给饵法测定毒饵的适口性及实验室毒杀效果;用粉迹法测定现场鼠密度,计算校正灭鼠率。结果溴鼠灵毒饵的摄食系数为1.10,杀特宁B型饵剂为1.35;2种毒饵实验室灭鼠率均为100%;现场校正灭鼠率,溴鼠灵毒饵为86.67%,杀特宁B型饵剂为42.99%。结论2种抗凝血灭鼠剂均具有很好的适口性及室内毒杀效果,但现场条件下溴鼠灵毒饵灭鼠更好,可以用于社区的大面积灭鼠。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.