隐球菌性脑膜炎78例脑脊液细胞学改变

目的总结隐球菌性脑膜炎(CNM)的脑脊液标本细胞学检测资料,提高对隐球菌性脑膜炎的诊断。方法总结近6年(2003年1月至2008年7月)我院CNM的临床资料、脑脊液诊断情况。结果共78例患者,常规涂片墨汁染色首检阳性者48例(61.5%),26例(33.3%)重复送检时发现隐球菌,余4例(5.1%)墨汁染色始终呈阴性,靠隐球菌培养确诊。55例(70.5%)行细胞学检查的患者首次送检即直接找到隐球菌。结论脑脊液细胞学较常规涂片墨汁染色首检隐球菌阳性率更高。CNM的诊断有赖于脑脊液墨汁染色、细胞学检查、隐球菌培养等多种手段相结合以提高其阳性率。     

脑脊液细胞学检查对新型隐球菌脑膜炎的诊断价值

目的了解脑脊液细胞学检查对新型隐球菌的检出率。方法脑脊液标本用离心沉淀法收集,HE染色后镜检观察菌体形态特征,对可疑隐球菌者行PAS染色以证实。结果新型隐球菌在HE染色下有其独特的形态学特征,根据其特征可做出初步诊断,再结合PAS染色,可大大提高检出率。结论脑脊液细胞学检查对新型隐球菌的检查有一定的诊断价值,能弥补单一墨汁染色极易漏诊的缺陷,对新型隐球菌脑膜炎快速作出敏感性和特异性较高的诊断。     

隐球菌性脑膜炎23例脑脊液细胞学分析

目的分析隐球菌性脑膜炎脑脊液细胞学特点,比较脑脊液细胞学染色、墨汁染色、乳胶凝集实验检出隐球菌的敏感度及特异度,以提高对隐球菌性脑膜炎的认识。方法总结2008年1月至2013年2月确诊的23例隐球菌脑膜炎患者与同期住院的23例非隐球菌脑膜炎患者临床资料及脑脊液细胞学资料并予以分析。结果脑脊液细胞瑞氏吉姆萨染色检测灵敏度91.3%,明显高于墨汁染色灵敏度43.4%,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);脑脊液细胞学瑞氏吉姆萨染色检测特异度100%,明显高于乳胶凝集实验法特异度56.5%,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论脑脊液细胞学检查比传统的墨汁染色法及乳胶凝集实验有更高的灵敏度及特异度,且更直接,是一种先进快捷便利的检测方法。     

新型隐球菌脑膜炎的临床分析

目的 分析新型隐球菌脑膜炎的临床及脑脊液改变特点.方法 对2例新型隐球菌脑膜炎进行回顾性分析.结果 2例病人均有发热、头痛、脑膜刺激征阳性.突出特点是颅内压力显著增高,脑脊液涂片墨汁染色1例在入院后首次检查发现新型隐球菌,另1例反复多次检查才发现新型隐球菌.死亡1例,痊愈1例.结论 新型隐球菌脑膜炎除脑膜炎的表现外,突出特点是颅内压力显著增高,脑脊液墨汁染色查见新型隐球菌是确诊的依据,但需多次检查才能发现新型隐球菌,导致诊断困难,不能及时抗真菌治疗,本病预后差,病死率高.     

新型隐球菌脑膜炎的临床分析

目的 分析新型隐球菌脑膜炎的临床及脑脊液改变特点。方法 对2例新型隐球菌脑膜炎进行回顾性分析。结果 2例病人均有发热、头痛、脑膜刺激征阳性。突出特点是颅内压力显著增高，脑脊液涂片墨汁染色1例在入院后首次检查发现新型隐球菌，另1例反复多次检查才发现新型隐球菌。死亡1例，痊愈1例。结论 新型隐球菌脑膜炎除脑膜炎的表现外，突出特点是颅内压力显著增高，脑脊液墨汁染色查见新型隐球菌是确诊的依据，但需多次检查才能发现新型隐球菌，导致诊断困难，不能及时抗真菌治疗，本病预后差，病死率高。     

脑脊液中新型隐球菌的检测及识别摘要

目的 :探讨脑脊液中隐球菌的检测最佳方法。方法 :对 2 8例隐球菌脑膜炎患者的脑脊液 ,应用瑞氏染色、阿利新兰染色 (Alcian Blue)、细胞计数器直观察、墨汁涂片等实验室方法检测、比较。结果 :瑞氏染色可在光镜下直接观察到隐球菌。阿利新兰对隐球菌有特异性 ,阳性率高 ,隐球菌被染成蓝绿色而背景的炎细胞不着色。墨汁涂片 ,假阳性率高 ,且涂片不均匀时 ,不易计数。结论 :我们通过实验证明 ,瑞氏染色法是一种首选的快捷便利的方法 ,瑞氏染色作为中枢神经系统炎症性疾病时的脑脊液常规染色 ,并能同时检出隐球菌 ,可先于临床提供诊断依据 ;当隐球菌少不能确定时 ,可做阿利新兰染色确诊 ;用细胞计数器精确计数 ,为临床病情判断及药物疗效提供依据 ;墨汁涂片易受涂片不均匀、杂质污染等影响 ,可造成计数不准确 ,故我们不主张采用。脑脊液中隐球菌的检出率低 ,我们认为另一原因与对隐球菌识别的经验不足有关 ,有些固缩的隐球菌似淋巴细胞大小 ,染色深 ,不易与红、白细胞区别 ,我们建议瑞氏染色片应保持潮湿时观察 ,并用阿利新兰染色鉴别。     

隐球菌性脑膜炎早期诊断及疗效探讨(附30例报道)

目的提高对隐球菌性脑膜炎的认识,探讨隐球菌性脑膜炎的最佳诊断与治疗方法。方法对我科收治的30例经病原学证实的隐球菌性脑膜炎患者进行回顾性分析。结果30例隐球菌性脑膜炎患者入院前有20例被误诊,其中误诊为结核性脑膜炎14例。采用涂片墨汁染色法,脑脊液细胞学MGG染色法,阿利新兰染色法检出隐球菌的阳性率分别为66.67%,84.00%,81.82%。单一应用两性霉素B治疗12例,好转4例,恶化2例,死亡6例。应用大扶康或氟康唑静脉注射18例,其中对于较重的辅以脑脊液置换加鞘内注射两性霉素B和(或)氟美松,好转14例,恶化2例,死亡2例。结论隐球菌性脑膜炎的误诊率很高。采用多种检测方法,多次反复送检,可以提高隐球菌性脑膜炎的早期诊断率。联合用药较单一用药好,首选大扶康或氟康唑,辅以脑脊液置换,并鞘内注射,效果更好。     

新型隐球菌性脑膜炎26例临床观察

目的观察新型隐球菌性脑膜炎的临床特点,总结分析其临床表现、实验室检查、鉴别诊断与治疗原则,探讨新型隐球菌性脑膜炎治疗进展。方法对26例新型隐球菌性脑膜炎患者的临床资料进行回顾,总结其治疗经验。结果所有患者均表现为头痛、发热,脑脊液乳胶凝集试验阳性,其中21例脑脊液墨汁染色可见新型隐球菌生长。经两性霉素B联合氟胞嘧啶、氟康唑治疗,总有效率达76.92%(20/26);4例早期采用两性霉素B联合伏立康唑治疗的患者症状与体征明显改善。结论新型隐球菌性脑膜炎误诊率高,脑脊液乳胶凝集试验阳性有助于早期明确诊断,可减少误诊率。两性霉素B、氟胞嘧啶、氟康唑均为一线抗真菌药物,联合用药可提高疗效。     

新型隐球菌脑膜炎脑脊液的检测方法探讨

现将我院2004-2008年隐球菌性脑膜炎(隐脑)( cryptococcal neoformans,CM)50例,分别做细胞学、墨汁染色、乳胶凝集试验、真菌培养,通过几种方法比较,探讨其临床诊断价值,以期提高该病的诊治水平.     

腰大池置管治疗艾滋病合并新生隐球菌性脑膜炎疗效评价

目的 观察与评价腰大池置管持续引流治疗艾滋病合并新生隐球菌性脑膜炎患者的疗效.方法 对12例艾滋病合并新生隐球菌性脑膜炎顽固性高颅压患者采用腰大池置管持续引流同时给予两性霉素-B、氟康唑、5-氟胞嘧啶等抗真菌治疗,定期复查脑脊液常规、生化,脑脊液墨汁染色查隐球菌,观察临床症状改善情况,记录拔管时间.结果 经腰大池置管持...     

Rapid diagnosis of cryptococcal meningitis by microscopic examination of centrifuged cerebrospinal fluid sediment.

The classic India ink test is positive in only half of cryptococcal meningitis cases, and reliable, rapid cryptococcal antigen (CRAG) testing requires technical expertise and facilities not always available. We therefore examined cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) sediment using May-Giemsa, periodic acid-Schiff, and Gram stains in 16 patients with cryptococcal meningitis. The India ink test was positive in seven patients (44%), while microscopic examination of sediment revealed cryptococci in 13 (81%); in six of these 13 the India ink test was negative. Both methods failed to detect the pathogen in the remaining three patients. CRAG testing in CSF was negative in two patients (one with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, one with diabetes mellitus) whose India ink test also was negative while cryptococci were identified in their CSF sediment. No false positives occurred with CSF May-Giemsa staining in 27 cases of aseptic meningitis with negative cultures for Cryptococcus. In all, microscopic examination of centrifuged and stained CSF sediment proved more sensitive for rapid diagnosis of cryptococcal meningitis than the India ink method, and in two of our patients cryptococci were seen in centrifuged CSF sediment despite negative CRAG and India ink tests.     

脑脊液检测对隐球菌性脑膜炎的临床意义

目的探讨脑脊液(CSF)检测对隐球菌性脑膜炎(CM)的临床诊断、治疗及预后的意义。方法分析36例CM患者的CSF动态变化、疗效及转归。结果 CM患者在治疗前32例(88.9%)CSF压力升高、34例(94.4%)墨汁染色阳性、26例(72.2%)白细胞总数升高、33例(91.7%)蛋白质含量升高、27例(75.0%)氯化物含量降低,治疗后6例(33.3%)脑脊液压力升高、4例(22.2%)墨汁染色阳性、8例(44.4%)白细胞总数升高、10例(55.6%)蛋白质含量升高、4例(22.2%)氯化物含量降低,且上述指标均呈动态变化。36例患者中治愈17例(47.2%),好转10例(27.8%),死亡9例(死于脑疝)(25%)。结论脑脊液检查是CM临床诊断最重要的手段,在治疗过程中可作为动态观察CM疗效的指标。     

Successful treatment with corticosteroids for refractory deterioration of cryptococcal meningitis with an increasing cryptococcal antigen titer

We report a 55-year-old man with Cryptococcus neoformans meningitis who showed refractory deterioration twice with an increased cerebrospinal fluid cryptococcal antigen titer during the course of treatment. Although the initial deterioration was temporarily improved by placement of a ventriculoperitoneal shunt, he experienced deterioration again. However, he improved after administration of systemic corticosteroids. The present case suggests that systemic corticosteroid can be a choice of treatment to rescue immunocompetent patients with Cryptococcus neoformans meningitis and severe deterioration, even if cerebrospinal fluid analysis shows an increased cryptococcal antigen titer.     

基本临床及实验室资料在成人结核性脑膜炎中的诊断价值

目的 以基本的临床及实验室资料为基础寻找成人结核性脑膜炎和新型隐球菌性脑膜炎的鉴别点,并建立相应诊断规则.方法 实验对象为中山大学附属第三医院2000年～2008连续住院的成人患者,包括100例结核性脑膜炎患者及119例新型隐球菌性脑膜炎患者,并分析其基本的临床及实验室资料.运用logistic回归分析寻找可独立预测结核性脑膜炎的危险因素,并建立相应的诊断规则.结果 Logistic回归分析得出六项可独立预测结核性脑膜炎的危险因素:性别、神志改变、视听损害、脑脊液蛋白、脑脊液白细胞数及合并颅外结核.利用上述因素建立的诊断规则其诊断结核性脑膜炎的灵敏度为78.0%,特异度为95.2%,阳性预测价值92.9%,阴性预测价值84.4%.结论 基本的临床及实验室资料有助于帮助鉴别结核性脑膜炎和新型隐球菌性脑膜炎,可在实验室条件不够完善的广大基层医院应用.     

Complete Binocular Blindness as the First Manifestation of HIV-Related Cryptococcal Meningitis

Ocular complications of HIV-related cryptococcal meningitis are reasonably common, but complete binocular blindness as the first manifestation of HIV is extremely rare. A 58-year-old man presented with binocular blindness. He experienced blurred vision for 3 days before the blindness. Mild pleocytosis was present in the cerebrospinal fluid, from which Cryptococcus neoformans was cultured. Serology revealed positivity for HIV antibody. He was treated with antifungal and antiretroviral therapy. This case indicates that HIV-related cryptococcal meningitis should be taken into consideration when determining the cause of unexpected sudden binocular blindness.     

Chronic meningitis in Thailand. Clinical characteristics, laboratory data and outcome in patients with specific reference to tuberculosis and cryptococcosis

The charts of 114 consecutive patients with chronic meningitis admitted to a general hospital in Bangkok, Thailand, between 1993 and 1999 were retrospectively reviewed. The most common causative agents were Cryptococcus neoformans (54%) and Mycobacterium tuberculosis (37%). HIV and other underlying diseases had a major impact on the presentation of chronic cryptococcal meningitis patients. Compared to HIV-negative cryptococcal meningitis patients (21%), HIV-positives (79%) had a significantly lower incidence of focal signs (p = 0.02), hydrocephalus (p = 0.03) and seizures (p = 0.001) during hospital stay, furthermore, a lower leucocyte level, a significantly higher glucose level (p = 0.02) and a lower protein level (p = 0.03) in the first cerebrospinal fluid examination. Of the 43 patients with chronic tuberculous meningitis, only 3 were HIV positive. Focal neurologic deficits were found more frequently in tuberculous meningitis patients (p = 0.001) when compared to cryptococcal meningitis patients without HIV. Cerebral infarction on cerebral CT was indicative of tuberculous meningitis. Cryptococcal meningitis patients with HIV infection had a worse outcome compared to non-AIDS patients. Advanced stage of the disease on admission, decreased level of consciousness prior to and on the admission day and raised intracranial pressure above 40 cm H(2)O at any given time were predictive of a poor outcome in tuberculous meningitis patients.     

脑脊液14-3-3蛋白检测对隐球菌性脑膜炎的意义

目的评价脑脊液酪氨酸3-加单氧酶/色氨酸5-加单氧酶激活蛋白(14-3-3蛋白)含量的变化与隐球菌性脑膜炎(CM)患者病情及预后之间的联系。方法从16例隐球菌性脑膜炎患者和18例对照组中获取脑脊液标本,进行脑脊液细胞学检测,并用ELISA法检测脑脊液中14-3-3蛋白含量。结果隐球菌性脑膜炎患者脑脊液中14-3-3蛋白含量较对照组增高,P<0.05。在隐球菌性脑膜炎患者中,有7例患者经过抗真菌治疗症状好转,脑脊液中的隐球菌被清除,但14-3-3蛋白并没有随着治疗的好转及隐球菌的清除有显著下降。结论隐球菌性脑膜炎患者脑脊液中14-3-3蛋白含量较对照组明显增高,且不会在短期内随着治疗的进行和临床症状的改善而显著下降。     

Difficulty in diagnosing chronic meningitis caused by capsule-deficient Cryptococcus neoformans

We report a case of chronic meningitis due to capsule-deficient Cryptococcus neoformans which could not be diagnosed by routine morphological and immunological cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) examination. Repeated CSF examination and culture did not disclose the fungal body, and the cryptococcal antigen tests were always negative. Culture of ventricular fluid showed non-encapsulated cultured cells which were stained positively by indirect immunofluorescence using diluted sera from another patient diagnosed with cryptococcal meningitis. Inoculation of dispersed colonies into mice resulted in encapsulated C neoformans. It is important to suspect capsule-deficient C neoformans when the conventional diagnostic approaches fail to identify the organism or antigens.