能量代谢在巨噬细胞极化促进非酒精性脂肪肝病中的作用

巨噬细胞极化参与非酒精性脂肪肝病（NAFLD）相关炎症与纤维化形成。由于肝脏微环境糖、脂质、氨基酸代谢等能量代谢差异，NAFLD不同时期巨噬细胞极化偏倚不尽相同，分泌细胞因子并促进NAFLD进展。该文介绍肝脏巨噬细胞极化在NAFLD进展期的特点，并从糖、脂类、氨基酸代谢综述巨噬细胞极化参与肝脏疾病发生的机制，以期为靶向巨噬细胞能量代谢治疗NAFLD的策略提供依据。     

非酒精性脂肪肝样本库质控体系的建立

正非酒精性脂肪肝(non-alcoholic fatty liver disease,NAFLD)是一种与胰岛素抵抗和遗传易感性密切相关的代谢应激性肝损伤,是以肝细胞脂肪变性和脂肪蓄积为病理特征,但无过量饮酒史的临床综合征~([1])。随着人们生活水平的提高,NAFLD的发病率逐年升高。全球流行病学调查表明,成人的NAFLD发病率是20%~33%,肥胖人群中发病率高达75%,目前已成为一种严重威胁人类健康的常见的慢     

NAFLD与胰岛素抵抗关系的探讨

非酒精性脂肪性肝病（nonalcoholic fat liver disease,NAFLD）是一种除外酒精和其它明确因素所致的以弥漫性肝细胞大泡性脂肪变为主要特征的肝脏病变,包括单纯性脂肪肝及其演变的脂肪性肝炎（nonalcoholic steatohepatitis,NASH）和肝硬化。     

2型糖尿病患者合并非酒精性脂肪肝与胰岛素抵抗的相关性

目的研究2型糖尿病合并非酒精性脂肪肝（NAFLD）患者的代谢特征、胰岛功能及胰岛素抵抗水平,并探讨其主要危险因素。方法根据肝脏B超结果,将113例2型糖尿病患者分为NAFLD组和非NAFLD组,比较两组之间的体质指数（BMI）、血脂、血糖、胰岛素、C肽、肝酶、尿酸、胰岛素抵抗、胰岛β细胞功能等指标,并采用Logistic回归分析2型糖尿病患者合并NAFLD的独立危险因素。结果 NAFLD组BMI、甘油三酯（TG）、空腹血糖（FBG）、餐后2h血糖（2hPG）、空腹胰岛素（FIns）和C肽（FCP）、丙氨酸转氨酶（ALT）、天冬氨酸转氨酶（AST）、胰岛素抵抗指数（HOMA-IR）较非NAFLD组均显著升高,而年龄、高密度脂蛋白（HDL）则显著降低。Logistic回归显示年龄、BMI、TG、HOMA-IR与2型糖尿病患者合并NAFLD独立相关（OR=0.95,P=0.024;OR=1.24,P=0.024;OR=2.81,P=0.025;OR=11.96,P=0.001）,其中HOMA-IR是主要的危险因素。结论 2型糖尿病合并非酒精性脂肪肝患者存在更严重的肥胖倾向和代谢紊乱,而胰岛素抵抗是其主要危险因素。     

利用剪切波弹性成像技术评价大鼠非酒精性脂肪性肝病严重程度

目的:探讨剪切波弹性成像（SWE）技术评估非酒精性脂肪性肝病（NAFLD）严重程度的可行性及其影响因素。方法:SD大鼠随机分为对照组（40只）和实验组（48只）,实验组通过不同饮食建立严重程度不同的NAFLD大鼠模型,分别于第1、2、3、8、12周末检测肝脏杨氏模量平均值（Emean）并切除大鼠肝脏行组织病理学和mRNA表达分析。结果:Emean与NAFLD严重程度呈显著正相关（r=0.838, P<0.001）。NAFLD不同病理分组间的Emean差异有统计学意义（F=113.58, P<0.001）。非酒精性脂肪性肝炎（NASH）组和肝硬化组Emean显着高于正常组、单纯性脂肪变性和临界组（P<0.001）;肝硬化组的Emean显着高于NASH组（P<0.001）;正常组、单纯性脂肪变性组和临界组之间,Emean没有显着差异（P>0.05）。Emean与MCP-1、TNF-α、Ⅰ型胶原和α-SMA表达水平均呈显著正相关（r=0.340~0.678, P均<0.01）,而MCP-1（B=0.560, P<0.001）、I型胶原（B=0.429, P<0.001）是与肝脏Emean呈独立相关的因素。。SWE诊断NASH及肝硬化的截值分别为6.0 kPa、9.7 kPa,曲线下面积分别为0.95、0.98,敏感性分别为88.9%、86.5%,特异性分别为100%、92.7%。结论:SWE技术可用于评估NAFLD严重程度;MCP-1、I型胶原是影响肝脏硬度的主要生物分子。     

83例非酒精性脂肪性肝病与中心性肥胖、高血糖、高血压、高血脂的相关性分析

非酒精性脂肪性肝病（non—alcoholic fatty liver disease，NAFLD）是除外酒精和其他明确的肝损害因素所致的，以弥漫性肝细胞大泡性脂肪变为主要特征的临床病理综合症。正常肝脏脂肪含量约占肝重量的5％，在脂肪肝时其含量可高达40～50％，绝大多数堆积在肝内的脂肪是甘油三酯以小滴形式分散在肝细胞浆的无结构部分，随后可相互融合成大脂肪泡。随着生活水平的改善和生活方式的改变，NAFLD的患病率日益增加，     

非酒精性脂肪性肝病与脂联素及胰岛素抵抗的关系

非酒精性脂肪性肝病（Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease,NAFLD）是一种与血脂异常、高胰岛素血症、2型糖尿病以及遗传一环境一代谢应激密切相关的临床病理综合征,包括单纯性脂肪肝以及由其演变的脂肪性肝炎和脂肪性肝硬化3种类型,临床常合并高血压、糖尿病等,可作为代谢综合征的一个临床特点。胰岛素抵抗（Insulin Resistance,IR）是代谢综合征的病理基础及中心环节,是贯穿多种代谢相关疾病的主线,其作为脂肪性肝病形成的“初次打击”被广泛接受。     

姜黄素对非酒精性脂肪性肝病大鼠的肝组织Bcl-2和Bax表达的影响

正非酒精性脂肪性肝病(nonalcoholic fatty liver disease,NAFLD)是最常见的慢性肝脏疾病,是以肝脏异常脂肪沉积而引起肝脏一系列病理变化的一种疾病,其病理变化包括:单纯性脂肪肝、脂肪性肝炎、肝纤维化和肝硬化,甚至肝癌等[1]。随着人们生活习惯的改变,NAFLD的发病率呈现逐年上升的趋势,严重危害人们的健康,NAFLD的患病率在成人和儿童中不断的增加,约为3%～10%,尤其是在肥胖儿童中,患病率已经上升到40%～70%[2]。目前关于NAFLD的发病机制尚不明确,现国内外研究较热的是抗氧化应激机     

HBV感染对FibroScan（R）实施受控衰减参数评价脂肪肝影响的研究

目的 评价HBV感染是否对FibroScan（R）实施受控衰减参数（CAP）有影响.方法 使用FibroScan-502机型对临床诊断非酒精性脂肪性肝病（NAFLD）患者、慢性乙型肝炎患者（CHB）及慢性乙肝合并脂肪肝（CHB合并NAFLD）患者进行肝脏脂肪含量（CAP值）测定.结果 579例CHB患者、124例CHB合并NAFLD患者和624例NAFLD患者FibroScan检查,FibroScan测定的CAP与BMI呈正相关（r=0.46,P=0.004）,而与血清HBV NDA载量、HBsAg载量以及HBeAg阳性与否无关;CHB组的CAP值（218.90 ＆#177;56.40 dB/m）显著低于NAFLD组（290.85＆#177;61.46 dB/m,P=0.00）,也低于CHB合并NAFLD组（284.93＆#177;64.70 dB/m,P=0.00）,而CHB合并NAFLD组的CAP值与NAFLD组间的差异无统计学意义（P=0.55）;血清高HBV DNA载量组的CAP值与低HBV DNA载量组间,高HBsAg载量的CAP值与低HBsAg载量组间,以及HBeAg阳性组的CAP值与HBeAg阴性组间差异均无统计学意义.结论 HBV感染不影响FibroScan测定的CAP值.     

非酒精性脂肪性肝病的治疗研究

非酒精性脂肪性肝病（NAFLD）是一种由胰岛素抵抗、肝脏炎症、高脂血症等多种原因导致的慢性肝脏疾病。NAFLD现已成为欧美等发达国家以及我国最常见的慢性肝病之一。根据流行病学调查显示,NAFLD在我国发病率约为15%,而在欧美等发达国家发病率已超过20%。NAFLD死亡率高于普通人群,因此针对NAFLD的有效治疗十分重要。目前在临床上针对其治疗主要包括生活方式干预、药物治疗以及外科手术治疗。本文结合国内外文献对NAFLD的治疗研究进行综述。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.     

Der Einfluß von Nahrungsmitteln und Rauchen auf die klinisch-chemische Diagnostik von Phäochromozytom,Neuroblastom und Karzinoid-Syndrom

Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß von verschiedenen Nahrungsmitteln auf Methoden zur Bestimmung von Adrenalin (AD), Noradrenalin (NA), Vanillinmandelsäure (VMS), Metanephrinen (MN), Homovanillinsäure (HVS) und 5-Hydroxyindolessigsäure (5-HIE) im 24 h-Harn zur Diagnose des Phäochromozytoms bzw. Karzinoid-Syndroms wurde untersucht. Die in die Untersuchung einbezogenen Nahrungsmittel waren: Tee, Kaffee, Mandeln, Ananas, Käse, Walnüsse, Vanillepudding, Bananen, Tomaten und Milchschokolade. Außerdem wurde der Einfluß des Zigarettenrauchens auf die Bestimmung von AD, NA, VMS und MN untersucht.Walnüsse führten zu einer starken Erhöhung der 5-HIE-Ausscheidung. Bananen erhöhten die Ausscheidung von AD, NA, VMS, MN und 5-HIE. Kaffee und Ananas bewirkten eine geringe Zunahme der MN-Werte. Rauchen von 20–30 Zigaretten/Tag beeinflußte keine der vier Variablen.Wenn die beschriebenen Methoden benutzt werden, sollte lediglich auf den Verzehr von Bananen und Walnüssen vor und während der Harnsammelperioden verzichtet werden, da die oberen Normgrenzen im Harn überschritten werden könnten. Ein Verzicht auf Kaffee und Ananas in normalen Mengen ist nicht erforderlich. Es besteht kein Anlaß, weiterhin die bisherigen umfangreichen Restriktionen der übrigen Nahrungsmittel beizubehalten.