肺移植治疗矽肺五例临床分析

目的 探讨肺移植治疗矽肺的手术适应证、围术期的处理及疗效.方法 对经当地职业病防治中心诊断为矽肺的5例终末期矽肺患者进行了肺移植治疗.移植前5例患者的X线胸片、CT提示不同程度的肺间质纤维化、肺气肿伴肺大泡、伴大小不等的肺结节团块影,平均肺动脉压均＞30mm Hg,心功能Ⅲ-Ⅳ级;2例术前有胸部手术史,呼吸机依赖1例.5例矽肺患者中,1例在体外膜肺氧合(ECMO)辅助下行续贯式双肺移植,4例接受单肺移植,其中3例在ECMO辅助下完成.结果 病例5于术后8 d因多器官功能衰竭死亡,其余4例均康复出院.随访中病例3术后7月死于重症感染,病例1、病例2、病例4现已分别存活5、3、2年.患者术后肺动脉压下降,肺功能得到明显改善,生活质量良好.有轻度的慢性排异,出现闭塞性细支气管炎(BOS)的表现.结论 肺移植对治疗终末期矽肺有效,单、双肺移植治疗矽肺均有较好的应用前景,患者远期的生存还需进一步观察.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the selection of recipients, operative technique, and perioperative management of lung transplantation for silicosis. Methods Lung transplantations(LTx) were performed for five end-stage silicosis in our hospital who were diagnosed in accordance with recommendations of the local Prophylactico-Therapetic Institution for Occupational Diseases.The chest roentgenogram and high resolution CT showed somewhat pulmonary interstitial fibrosis, pulmonary emphysema and massive opacities. The mean pulmonary artery pressure (mPAP) was＞30mmHg,NYHA Ⅲ or Ⅳ. Two patients received thoracic surgery prior to LTx,one patient was ventilator-dependent. One patient received bilateral sequence lung transplantation (BSLT) under extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) support. Four patients received single lung transplantation (SLT),3 under ECMO support. Results Patient five died of multiple organ failure on postoperative day 8,the remaining four patients were discharged from hospital.During follow up,patient three died of severe infection 7 month postoperatively,the remaining three patients were alive for 5 years, 3 years and 2 years respectively,and lived good quality of life, especially with lower mPAP and improved lung function.Although our patients suffered low-grade chronic rejection with the manifestation of bronchiolitis obliterative syndrome (BOS). Conclusion Lung transplantation is a viable option for patients with end-stage silicosis,providing acceptable quality of life and survival.Both SLT and BSLT are satisfactory approach for end-stage silicosis.and long-term survival requires further investigations.     

Lung transplantation

Lung transplantation (LT) has evolved to become an important alternative in the management of patients with end-stage pulmonary disease and chronic respiratory failure. The beginnings of this technique can be traced back to the experiments of Carrel and Guthrie over a hundred years ago. However, it was not until 1963 when the first clinical experience was performed by Hardy. Clinical success did not arrive until the 1980's thanks to the works of the Toronto Lung Transplant Group. Well established criteria have been described in order to consider a patient as a potential candidate to receive a lung. Several diseases are capable of causing terminal lung damage and in general they can be classified according to their origin as obstructive (COPD, emphysema), restrictive (fibrosis), chronic infectious (cystic fibrosis, bronquiectasis), and vascular (primary pulmonary hypertension). The most frequent diagnosis is COPD. Clinically relevant modes of LT include the implant of one lung (single LT), or both lungs (bilateral sequential LT). Transplantation of the cardiopulmonary block is reserved for special situations and lobar transplantation is still considered experimental. Donor condition is essential to the success of LT. The potential donor patient frequently suffers deterioration in lung function due to edema formation or infection and both complications restrict lung's using for transplantation. Lung preservation is also limited to a short period of time which rarely exceeds 6 hours in spite of specially-designed preservative solutions such as the low potassium dextran. Outcome after LT shows current one-year survival between 65-70% with reduction to 40-45% after five years. Mortality within the first year is usually related to primary graft failure and infection. Long-term survival depends on controlling infectious problems due to immunosuppression as well as the development of bronchilitis obliterans as a manifestation of chronic rejection. LT is a therapeutic modality reserved for selected patients with chronic respiratory failure due to end-stage lung disease.     

The first heart-lung transplantation in a Hungarian patient with cystic fibrosis

INTRODUCTION: Progressive lung disease and respiratory insufficiency is the leading cause of early death for patients with cystic fibrosis. METHOD: Successful heart-lung transplantation was performed in the 24 years old man with cystic fibrosis for end stage lung diseases and for concomitant dilatative cardiomyopathy. RESULTS: Six months following the operation the patient returned to full-time his job, and leads an active life like other fellow-men of his age. CONCLUSIONS: The attention is called with this case report to a rarely necessary intervention available for Hungarian patients as well. The criteria of the lung transplantation in cystic fibrosis, the preoperative screening and the tasks of the postoperative care are summarised.     

Survival and impact of bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome after lung transplantation at the Academic Hospital Groningen, 1990/'98

OBJECTIVE: To describe the results of the lung transplantation programme in Groningen in relation to the bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome (BOS), in the first 118 consecutive patients. DESIGN: Retrospective. METHOD: Data were collected on the 118 patients subjected to lung transplantation in November 1990 to June 1998 in the University Hospital Groningen, the Netherlands, regarding the prevalence of chronic transplant dysfunction (BOS) and survival. RESULTS: 117 lung transplantations (95 bilateral lung transplantations including 2 retransplants, and 22 single lung transplantations) and 1 heart-lung transplantation had been performed. The patients were 70 males and 48 females with a mean age of 42 years (range: 9-64). The mean (SD) survival at 1, 2, 3 and 5 years post transplantation was 83% (3), 70% (4), 66% (5) and 61% (5) respectively. The median survival amounted to 2447 days. The mean (SD) prevalence of BOS at respectively 1, 2, 3 and 5 years post transplantation was 32% (5), 36% (5), 44% (5) en 54% (6). After a diagnosis of BOS stage I the median survival was 649 days. CONCLUSION: The survival of the lung transplant programme of the University Hospital Groningen is considered to compare favourably with other centres. The prevalence of BOS is considerable, and comparable with the prevalence of BOS reported by other programmes. BOS is associated with a decreased life expectancy.     

Nutrition in adults with cystic fibrosis

Improved survival has been associated with better nutritional status in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF). In this study we examined the relationship between nutritional state and other measures of clinical severity in adult patients with CF, attending a regional centre. Eighty-one patients (median age 21 years) were studied. Patients with CF were significantly under weight, compared to healthy individuals but were of similar height. Measurements of lung function, FEV1 and FVC were significantly related to body mass index. Lung function was poorer in patients with chronic pseudomonal infection but body weight and body mass index were not significantly different compared to those without such infection. In 53 patients who were alive 4 years later, FEV1 had declined by -10.5 (2.1)% (P < 0.001) but there was no significant change in body weight 1.5 (6.5) kgs. In 23 patients who died or had lung transplantation the change from 1994 to the date of death or transplantation the FEV1 was reduced by -7.9 (11.2)% (P = 0.004) and body weight -2.8 (4.4) kgs (P < 0.01). In 12 patients who had supplemental enteral feeding, the median increase in body weight was 7|kgs over a period of 12 months. This study confirms that young adult patients with CF are significantly under weight and declining health is associated with significant weight loss. In patients with severe malnutrition significant improvement can be achieved by enteral feeding.     

Patient's selection for lung transplantation, and management during the waiting time

Lung transplantation is now generally accepted as a useful modality of care for patients with severe life-threatening respiratory diseases that are refractory to conventional therapies. Lung transplantation is indicated for patients with end stage lung diseases, who demonstrate declining function despite maximal therapy. The author reports own experience of selection, timing referrals for lung transplantation, and the management of patients on the waiting list. Eleven patients were selected for lung transplantation. Eight of them suffered from end stage pulmonary fibrosis, two of them cystic fibrosis, and one patient had pulmonary hypertension. Seven patients underwent a successful lung transplantation and four patients died during the investigations, before the operation, due to respiratory failure, and pulmonary heart disease. It is generally recommended to consider transplantation when patients who suffer in the end stage pulmonary disease are symptomatic during daily activities too, due to pulmonary status and the expected survival is to be strongly limited, less than two years.     

Therapy of patients with end-stage pulmonary disease. Review of lung transplantation based on four cases of our own

The pathogenesis of infiltrative pulmonary diseases is largely unknown, and their final outcome is variable. These inflammatory processes may involve the alveoli and the pulmonary interstices, and they may lead to pulmonary fibrosis. The development of end-stage pulmonary disease is irreversible. Patients with respiratory failure have a poor prognosis. For young patients at the end-stage of their pulmonary disease, lung transplantation is a promising therapeutic modality. The therapeutic protocols for unilateral or bilateral lung transplantation and heart-lung transplantation were established only in the last 10 years. In Hungary there is no center yet performing lung transplantation. This therapy is available only for those who could be effectively rehabilitated with this method. Four patients 27-35 years of age suffering pulmonary fibrosis, despite their young age developed honey-comb lungs with therapy resistant respiratory failure. No other organic symptoms were detected by detailed examination, so their predicted survival was dependent on their pulmonary status alone. Cases of four young patients, who were effectively treated with lung transplantation, are discussed from pre-operative preparations to post-operative follow-up, with the review of the literature.     

A nocturnal nasogastric feeding programme in cystic fibrosis adults

Fourteen adult patients (mean age 22.5 years, range 18–35) with cystic fibrosis undertook nocturnal nasogastric feeding for a mean period of 14.7 (range 6–18) months consuming an average of 1042 ml of a high energy feed on five nights of each week. Following this protocol all patients gained weight (mean weight gain 5.4 kg, range 2–17). For the group as a whole, lung function remained stable during the period of feeding; however a significant correlation between improvement in lung function and weight gain was demonstrated. Hyperglycaemia during feeding in this adult population was common (9/14, 64%) but was easily controlled with insulin therapy.     

Successful renal transplantation following lung transplantation: a survey of the first Hungarian case

The authors review the case of their young patient, who underwent a lung transplantation in Vienna because of an end stage idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. During the prolonged postoperative phase renal failure full of complications developed, which necessitated haemodialysis. As the pulmonological rehabilitation was complete, but the regular dialyses considerably raised the risk of opportunistic infections, and also significantly reduced the quality of life of the patient, renal transplantation was performed in Debrecen four years after the lung transplantation. This is the first lung transplanted patient in Hungary who also underwent renal transplantation. Now, more than two years after the renal transplantation the patient lives a compensated, rehabilitated life, the respiratory function values have improved and the renal function values are also acceptable. The number of transplanted patients has significantly increased in recent years worldwide, and also in Hungary. However, due to immunosuppressive medications, calcineurin inhibitors mainly, numerous complications must be reckoned with. An outstanding one among them is the secondary renal failure which may occur both in acute and chronic form and may even necessitate renal transplantation. Renal transplantation is an excellent treatment option for end stage renal failure patients, who had received another organ transplant earlier. Kidney transplantation improves quality of life and increases expected survival, too.     

Arthroscopy in pediatric orthopedics

Based on his own material, author for the first time in the Hungarian literature discusses the special points of arthroscopy in childhood and adolescence. Within a period of 18 months, 64 knee arthroscopies were performed on patients with the mean age of 14.9 years. In 17 cases arthroscopy was followed by surgical exposure of the joint, while 14 of the cases remained only diagnostic interventions. Arthroscopic intraarticular surgery was performed in 33 knees. Based on the analysis of the latter two groups it is stated that arthroscopy has its value in the fields of pediatric orthopaedics.     

Analysis of lung cancer cases diagnosed in an internal medicine department: from January 2001 to September 2006

BACKGROUND. Lung cancer is one of the main health problems in the developed world. Our aims were to determine the symptomatic time prior to a specific diagnosis, the clinical and histological characteristics of the cases of lung cancer diagnosed in a department of internal medicine, and to analyze the survival factors. MATERIAL AND METHODS. We studied retrospectively all patients diagnosed with lung cancer in the internal medicine department in the period between January 2001 and September 2006 reviewing clinical records. We specifically recorded age, gender, smoking habit, time and type of symptomatic presentation, radiological manifestations, methods of histological diagnosis, tumour staging, and performance status measured by ECOG classification. We also evaluated the factors associated with the survival time. RESULTS. In this period 124 patients were diagnosed with lung cancer [mean age 68 +/-12 years, male 105 (85%), female 18 (15%), smokers 85%]. The mean symptomatic time before hospitalization was 74.5 +/-7 days. On hospitalization, respiratory symptoms were present in 40 (32%) patients. Tumour staging was carried out in 120 (97%) patients. In 96 (77%) patients non-small lung cancer was diagnosed, 62 (64%) in stage IV. In 28 (23%) patients small lung cancer was diagnosed, 22 (79%) in extended stage. Median time to diagnosis as an in-patient was 7 days. One hundred and thirteen (91%) patients died with a median survival time of 3 months. Factors associated with longer survival were the performance status and tumour stage. CONCLUSIONS. In this community, lung cancer is diagnosed late and in advanced stages, with a high mortality rate. A better performance status and lower tumour stages appear to be associated with longer survival.     

Clinical epidemiology of primary lung cancer in Tunisia. 100 cases

BACKGROUND: Lung cancer is frequent and its incidence is increasing inTunisia and in all over the world. Few published Tunisian studies have described epidemiology of lung cancer. AIM: To report the clinical features and outcomes of lung cancer in Tunisia from a retrospective review of 100 consecutive patients seen in F.S.I. hospital in La Marsa. METHODS: a retrospective study was carried out 100 cases of bronchial carcinoma seen in pulmonology department between 2000 and 2004. We analysed diagnosis modalities, histological subtypes, staging of the disease, treatment strategies and survival. Survival rates were calculated using Kaplan-Meier method. RESULTS: mean age was 59.5 years,sex-ratio at 19.92% of patients were smokers; the average of tobacco consumption was 48.5 PY. The diagnosis was histologically proven in 90% of the cases. Specimen were obtained by bronchoscopy (53.4% of cases), fine-needle lung biopsy (30%), metastasis biopsy (7.7%), surgical biopsy (7.7%) and more rarely by thoracoscopy (1.2%). Histologically, 39% were squamous carcinomas, 30% adenocarcinomas and 8.7% small cell carcinomas. 51% of non small cell lung carcinomas were stage IV, 26% stage IIIB, 9% stage IIIA and 14% were stage I or II. 6 of 10 patients with small cell carcinomas were with disseminated disease. 18 of 21 patients with resectable tumors receive surgery. Patients with locally advanced tumors received combined chemotherapy and radiotherapy. 14 of 46 stage IV patients received palliative chemotherapy. Survival rate was 18% at 2 years.     

1999-2018年陕西省肿瘤医院恶性肿瘤住院病例回顾性研究

目的 分析陕西省肿瘤医院1999-2018年间恶性肿瘤住院患者的病种构成、年龄、性别变化情况,为恶性肿瘤的人群流行病学研究提供依据。方法 收集1999年1月1日至2018年12月31日期间在陕西省肿瘤医院住院治疗的恶性肿瘤患者病历资料,分析其病种构成、性别、年龄的变化趋势。结果 1999-2018年20年来,恶性肿瘤住院患者人数呈逐年上升趋势（〖XC小五号.EPS;P〗=148.075,P<0.05）,2018年恶性肿瘤患者定基比发展速度为13.119,定基比增长速度为12.119。男女恶性肿瘤的高发年龄段分别是60~64岁、55~59岁。男性住院患者构成比前5位的恶性肿瘤分别是肺癌（26.4%）、食管癌（16.0%）、胃癌（13.5%）、肝癌（8.5%）、结直肠癌（6.8%）;女性分别是子宫颈癌（26.1%）、乳腺癌（20.3%）、肺癌（8.4%）、卵巢癌（6.1%）、子宫体及子宫部位不明癌（5.4%）。肺癌、子宫颈癌的病例构成比呈上升趋势（〖XC小五号.EPS;P〗肺癌=100.812,P<0.05;〖XC小五号.EPS;P〗宫颈癌=87.328,P<0.05）,胃癌病例构成比呈现递减的趋势（〖XC小五号.EPS;P〗=123.342,P<0.05）。结论 恶性肿瘤住院患者人数呈逐年增长,不同性别间患病年龄和主要病种构成不同,肺癌占全部恶性肿瘤患者收治首位。     

Growing up with cystic fibrosis: achievement, life satisfaction, and mental health

Purpose

Significant improvements in survival of patients with cystic fibrosis lead clinicians and researchers to focus on how patients can be enabled to lead as normal a life as possible throughout their entire life span. The study aimed at analyzing the vocational and social achievement, life satisfaction, and psychological well-being of adolescents and adults with cystic fibrosis.

Methods

During a routine clinic visit, 670 German patients with cystic fibrosis (12?C64?years, M?=?23.1) completed questionnaires on their vocational and social achievement, life satisfaction, and symptoms of anxiety and depression. Cross-sectional analyses were applied across four age-groups (12?C20?years, 21?C30?years, 31?C40?years, and 41?years and older).

Results

Most patients with cystic fibrosis reached employment and independence from their parents during adulthood. Life satisfaction was negatively associated with age, with the largest difference between the second and third life decade. A strong negative association of anxious and depressive symptoms with life satisfaction was found. Lung function was significantly positively related to life satisfaction, even though this association was less pronounced.

Conclusions

Most patients with cystic fibrosis achieve ordinary social and vocational development into adulthood. A favorable mental health status seems more important than pulmonary function to maintain a good satisfaction with life.     

Detection of delta F508 mutation in cystic fibrosis]

The common major mutation (delta F508) resulting in the removal of a phenylalanine residue of the cystic fibrosis gene product has been identified in patients with cystic fibrosis in several European countries. The frequency of this mutation was analyzed in 39 Hungarian patients with cystic fibrosis and in some of their relatives. In 43 out of the total 65 persons involved in the study (66.15%), and in 50% of cystic fibrosis chromosomes the delta F508 mutation could be detected. 56.4% of the patients were homozygous for the mutation. The frequency of the delta F508 mutation in these Hungarian patients resembles the values found in Middle Europe. Pulmonary and enteral symptoms were more severe in cystic fibrosis patients with delta F508 mutation. Although the number of patients is relatively low, missing or mild lung involvement characterized the cases with non-delta F508 mutation.     

病理确诊免疫健全者原发肺隐球菌病32例回顾性分析

目的了解原发肺隐球菌病的临床特点,为临床诊治提供参考依据。方法回顾性分析2008年1月-2014年6月某医院32例经病理确诊的原发肺隐球菌病患者的临床资料。结果32例均为社区获得性感染,其中男性26例 ,女性6例 ,年龄17～62岁,平均(35.53±11.29)岁。32例病例中有基础疾病者8例,产妇2例,木工4例,养鸽者5例,从事海鲜运输者3例,潮湿环境生活者10例。肺部影像学表现为单发或多发结节、团块状影21例,大叶性实变2例,双肺弥漫性斑片状影5例,空洞3例,弥漫性混合性病变1例。病理确诊：经皮肺穿刺活检确诊23例,外科胸腔镜手术确诊7例,开胸手术确诊2例。预后：治愈30例,显效2例。结论原发肺隐球菌病多见于中青年免疫健全者,病隐匿,临床表现和影像学特点缺乏特异性,易被误诊漏诊;诊断困难,临床上缺乏快速简便确诊方法,有创性检查病理活检可作为确诊依据;治疗方法存在争议,氟康唑不良反应小,疗效好。     

Continued Smoking in Lung Transplant Patients: A Cross Sectional Survey

Introduction

Smoking is associated with a higher incidence of post-lung transplantation complications and mortality. Prior to inclusion on the lung transplant waiting list in the Czech Republic, patients are supposed to be tobacco free for at least 6 months. Our aim was to determine the prevalence of smoking, validated by urinary cotinine, among patients post lung transplantation and prior to inclusion on the transplant waiting list.

Methods

Between 2009 and 2012, we conducted a cross-sectional survey of urinary cotinine to assess tobacco exposure in 203 patients in the Lung Transplant Program in the Czech Republic. We measured urinary cotinine in 163 patients prior to inclusion on the transplantation waiting list, and 53 patients post bilateral lung transplantation.

Results

15.1% (95% CI 0.078 to 0.269) of all lung transplant recipients had urinary cotinine levels corresponding to active smoking; and a further 3.8% (95% CI 0.007 to 0.116) had borderline results. Compared to patients with other diagnoses, patients with COPD were 35 times more likely to resume smoking post- transplantation (95% CI 1.92 to 637.37, p-value 0.016). All patients who tested positive for urinary cotinine levels were offered smoking cessation support. Only one Tx patient sought treatment for tobacco dependence, but was unsuccessful.

Conclusion

Smoking resumption may be an underrecognized risk for lung transplantation recipients, particularly among patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. More rigorous screening, as well as support and treatment to stop smoking among these patients are needed.     

Persistent infiltrative pulmonary disease

Two patients, a woman aged 63 and a man aged 64 years, were admitted with pulmonary complaints and persistent infiltrative lung abnormalities as revealed in chest X-rays. Routine diagnostic analysis did not lead to a diagnosis. However, a pathological examination of biopsies acquired by means of video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS), revealed bronchiolitis obliterans organising pneumonia (BOOP). In the first patient the BOOP manifested itself as a rapidly progressive disease with fever, pulmonary complaints and X-ray abnormalities. There was no response to standard antibiotic treatment. The other patient had suffered from rheumatoid arthritis for a considerable time and gradually developed BOOP. Both patients recovered following adequate therapy with high doses of oral corticosteroids. BOOP is a pathological-anatomical entity. It is a nonspecific excessive repair response to a variety of stimuli, such as infection, drugs, collagen vascular diseases, inflammatory disorders, transplantation, intoxication and irradiation. BOOP can also occur idiopathically. A high-resolution CT-scan is useful in distinguishing BOOP from interstitial pulmonary fibrosis and other interstitial lung diseases. An open lung biopsy is necessary for the diagnosis BOOP and is best performed by means of VATS. The treatment of BOOP consists of administering high doses of corticosteroids (prednisone 1 mg/kg/day) and if treated adequately, the prognosis is fairly good. Due to the extensive variety in aetiology, the specific diagnostic procedures and the good response to necessary treatment, BOOP should be considered in the differential diagnosis of patients with persistent infiltrative lung disease.     

The impact of pan-resistant bacterial pathogens on survival after lung transplantation in cystic fibrosis: results from a single large referral centre

Reported actuarial one-year survival for patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) after lung transplant is 55-91%. Infection is the most common cause of early death. Colonization with Burkholderia cepacia complex is associated with reduced survival and international lung transplant referral guidelines support individual unit assessment policies for patients colonized with other pan-resistant bacteria. We examined local data on survival after transplant for CF to determine the impact of colonization with pan-resistant bacteria. A retrospective review of all CF patients from Royal Prince Alfred Hospital (RPAH), Sydney, who underwent lung transplantation at St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, 1989-2002, was performed. Sixty-five patients were listed for lung transplantation with 54 (male: female=29:25) receiving transplants. Of the 11 patients (17%) who died on the waiting list, six were colonized with pan-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Thirty of the 54 transplanted patients had at least one pan-resistant organism before transplant. In 28 this included P. aeruginosa. Overall one-year survival was 92% with a median survival of 67 months. Overall survival for the pan-resistant group (N = 30) was not significantly different to survival in those with sensitive organisms (N = 24) (Logrank chi square = 1.6, P = 0.2). Three patients colonized with B. cepacia complex pre-transplant survive at 11, 40 and 60 months post-transplant. Infection contributed to 11 of the 18 post-transplant deaths, with pre-transplant-acquired bacterial pathogens responsible in two cases. Patients continued to acquire multiresistant bacteria post-transplantation. Lung transplant survival at St Vincent's Hospital for CF adults from RPAH compares favourably with international benchmarks. Importantly, colonization with pan-resistant bacteria pre-transplant did not appear to adversely affect survival post-transplant.     

Clinical study of asbestos-related lung cancer

We analyzed the characteristics of 120 patients of primary lung cancer supposed to be induced by exposure to asbestos. Most of 120 patients were male and the age ranged from 47 to 87 years with a median of 70 years. No particular tendency was observed in the histological types of the lung cancer in 120 patients. Forty of the 120 patients were heavy smokers. When the occupational history was analyzed, most of the patients had been exposed to asbestos in former Japanese naval shipyard, commercial shipyards, construction industry and ironworks. The term of asbestos exposure was 2 to 60 years with a median 27 years. Lung cancers appeared after 15 to 69 years with a median 43 years from the initial exposure to asbestos. Lung cancer was accompanied by asbestosis in 35 patients and by pleural plaques in 77. Twenty-two patients had both asbestosis and pleural plaques. The number of asbestos bodies per 5 g wet lung tissue for 72 patients whose lung tissues obtained from autopsy or surgery was more than 150 bodies which meant the number of occupational asbestos exposure. As for the kinds of asbestos fibers of 32 patients, 14 patients exposed to crocidolite, 10 patients to amosite and 8 patients to chrysotile.