Effects of gestational weight gain and body mass index on obstetric outcome in Sweden.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to estimate the effects of low and high gestational weight gain, in different maternal Body Mass Index (BMI) classes, on obstetric and neonatal outcomes. METHOD: A prospective population-based cohort study of 245,526 singleton term pregnancies. Women were grouped in five categories of BMI and in three gestational weight gain categories; < 8 kg (low weight gain), 8-16 kg and >16 kg (high weight gain). Obstetric and neonatal outcomes were evaluated after adjustments for maternal age, parity, smoking, year of birth. RESULT: Obese women with low gestational weight gain had a decreased risk for the following outcomes (adjusted odds ratio; 95% confidence interval): preeclampsia (0.52; 0.42-0.62), cesarean section (0.81; 0.73-0.90), instrumental delivery (0.75; 0.63-0.88), and LGA births (0.66; 0.59-0.75). There was a 2-fold increased risk for preeclampsia and LGA infants among average and overweight women with excessive weight gain. High gestational weight gain increased the risk for cesarean delivery in all maternal BMI classes. CONCLUSION: The effects of high or low gestational weight gain differ depending on maternal BMI and the outcome variable studied. Obese women may benefit from a low weight gain during pregnancy.     

Population-based trends and correlates of maternal overweight and obesity, Utah 1991-2001

OBJECTIVE: This study aims to identify recent population-based trends in maternal overweight and obesity and adverse outcomes. STUDY DESIGN: Statewide retrospective cohort study of birth certificate data for live singleton births to women in Utah between 1991 and 2001. RESULTS: Prepregnancy overweight and obesity increased from 25.1% in 1991 to 35.2% in 2001, a 40.2% increase (prevalence ratio [PR] 1.40 [1.37-1.43]), whereas maternal obesity at delivery rose 36.2% from 28.7% to 39.1% (PR 1.36 [1.33-1.39]). The attributable fraction of cesarean delivery in overweight and obese women was 0.388 (0.369-0.407). Statewide, among all women having a cesarean delivery in 2001, 1 in 7 is attributable to overweight and obesity. CONCLUSION: This is the first state-wide analysis of maternal obesity trends demonstrating a significant increase in maternal overweight and obesity. Overweight and obese women are at increased risk of cesarean delivery, preeclampsia, eclampsia, dystocia, and macrosomia, risks that increase as the body mass index rises.     

The influence of obesity and diabetes on the prevalence of macrosomia

OBJECTIVE: This study was undertaken to determine the relative contribution of abnormal pregravid maternal body habitus and diabetes on the prevalence of large-for-gestational-age infants. STUDY DESIGN: Maternal and neonatal records for singleton term (> or =37 weeks' estimated gestational age) deliveries January 1997 through June 2001 were reviewed. Subjects were characterized by pregravid body mass index (BMI), divided into underweight (BMI <19.8 kg/m2), normal (BMI 19.8-25 kg/m2), overweight (BMI 25.1-30 kg/m2), and obese (BMI >30 kg/m2) subgroups. Diabetes was classified as gestational, treated with diet alone (A1GDM), or with insulin (A2GDM), and pregestaional diabetes (PDM). Newborn weight greater than the 90th percentile for gestational age, based on published local birth weight data, defined large for gestational age (LGA). The risk of LGA delivery for underweight, overweight, and obese women were compared with that of women with normal pregravid BMI. Multiple regression models, including parity, newborn sex, BMI, race, and diabetes, were constructed to examine the relative effect of abnormal BMI and diabetes on the risk of the delivery of an LGA infant. RESULTS: Complete data for 12,950 deliveries were included (1,640 [13.0%] underweight, 2,991 [23.7%] overweight, and 2,928 [23.2%] obese). LGA delivery affected 11.8% of the study sample; 303 (2.3%) of subjects had A1GDM, whereas 94 (0.7%) had A2GDM, and 133 (1.6%) had PDM. Compared with normal BMI subjects, obese women were at elevated risk for LGA delivery (16.8% vs 10.5%; P < .0001) as were overweight women (12.3% vs 10.5%; P = .01). Diabetes was also a risk factor for LGA delivery (A1GDM: [29.4% vs 11.4%]; A2GDM: [29.8% vs 11.7%]; PDM: [38.3% vs 11.6%]; P < .0001 for each). Other risk factors for LGA delivery included parity (13.2% vs 9.5%; P < .0001), and male gender (14.3% vs 9.3%; P < .0001). Black race and low pregravid BMI were associated with a lower risk of LGA delivery (9.0% vs 13.7%; P < .0001) and (6.4% vs 10.5%; P = .006), respectively. Multiple regression revealed the independent influence of pregravid obesity and PDM, increasing the risk of LGA delivery (BMI >30kg/m 2 [Adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 1.6]), and PDM (AOR = 4.4). CONCLUSION: Obesity and pregestational diabetes are independently associated an increased risk of LGA delivery. The impact of abnormal body habitus on birth weight grows as BMI increases. Diabetes has the greatest affect on the normal and underweight population. With the increasing prevalence and relative frequency of overweight and obese women in pregnancy compared with diabetes (46.7% vs 4.1%), abnormal maternal body habitus exhibits the strongest influence on the prevalence of LGA delivery in our population.     

Large-for-gestational age is male-gender dependent in artificial frozen embryo transfers cycles: a cohort study of 1295 singleton live births

Research questionWhat is the effect of frozen embryo transfer (FET) on infant birth weight outcomes and which variables predic large-for-gestational age (LGA) infants.DesignIn a large cohort study, the birth weight of 1295 singleton live births from blastocyst freeze-all-IVF treatments carried out between February 2015 and February 2017 at a single IVF centre were analysed. All embryo transfers were vitrified–warmed blastocyst transfers in artificial FET cycles, with patients having one (n = 864) or two (n = 431) blastocysts transferred. All live births were from ultrasound confirmed single fetal heart pregnancies.ResultsThe mean gestational age at delivery was 38.2 (±1.7) weeks, with a 1.11 : 1 female to male ratio for infants delivered. The small and large-for-gestational age rates were 5.02 and 13.28%, with 81.7% of infants appropriate for gestational age. In a multiple logistic regression analysis, the independent variables selected in the model to predict having an LGA infant were maternal parity, infant gender and maternal body mass index (BMI). The risk for LGA at term was significantly higher for male infants when adjusting for maternal parity and BMI (2.8 OR 1.805 to 4.450; P < 0.001).ConclusionThe present study showed that fetal growth of artificial cycle FET pregnancies resulted in an 13.28% LGA infant rate that was mostly male gender dependent.     

Trends in fetal growth among singleton gestations in the United States and Canada, 1985 through 1998

We examined trends in fetal growth among singleton live births in the United States and Canada. The data files (n = 48,637,680; 16.6% blacks) for US births, and the Canadian Birth Database of Statistics Canada (n = 3,167,702) for Canadian births were used. Trends were assessed between 1985-86 and 1997-98 with reference to mean birthweight, birthweight-for-gestational-age z-score, and proportions delivered low birthweight (< 2,500 g), small for gestational age (SGA: birthweight < 10th centile for gestational age) and large for gestational age (LGA: birthweight > 90th centile). The term "mean birth weight" increased in the US and Canada between 1985 and 1998, as have the mean z-score. Rates of term SGA births declined among US (11% among whites and 12% among blacks) and Canadian births (27%). Preterm SGA births increased by 3% and 17%, respectively, among US whites and blacks, but declined by 11% among Canadian births. Further, term LGA births increased in the US (5% among whites and 9% among blacks) and Canada (24%). Preterm LGA births declined by 13%, 25%, and 14% among US whites and blacks, and Canadian births, respectively. These findings suggest that US and Canadian babies are getting bigger. The role of preterm obstetrical induction and preterm cesarean delivery are likely to have influenced these trends.     

Trends in labour and birth interventions among low-risk women in New South Wales

OBJECTIVE: To examine recent trends in obstetric intervention rates among women at low-risk of poor pregnancy outcome. DESIGN: Cross-sectional analytic study SETTING AND POPULATION: A population of 336,189 women categorised as low-risk of a poor pregnancy outcome who gave birth to a live singleton in NSW from 1 January 1990 to 31 December 1997. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Obstetric intervention rates including oxytocin induction and augmentation of labour, epidural analgesia, instrumental births, caesarean section and episiotomy METHODS: Trends over time were assessed by fitting trend-lines to numbers of births or by trends in proportions. Unconditional logistic regression was used to assess the impact of epidural analgesia on instrumental birth over time. RESULTS: Rates of operative births did not rise despite increases in maternal age and use of epidural analgesia. Instrumental births declined over time from 26% to 22% among primiparas and 5% to 4% among multiparas. There was also a shift to vacuum extraction rather than forceps. Although instrumental birth was strongly associated with epidural analgesia, the strength of the association declined over the study period, for primiparas from an adjusted odds ratio of 7.2 to 5.2 and for multiparas from 13.2 to 10.3. CONCLUSIONS: Increased use of epidural analgesia for labour has been a feature of the management of birth at term during the 1990s. The decline in the strength of association between epidural analgesia and instrumental birth may reflect improved epidural techniques and management of epidural labour, and recognition of the adverse maternal outcomes associated with forceps and vacuum births.     

Preterm birth in Sweden 1973-2001: rate, subgroups, and effect of changing patterns in multiple births, maternal age, and smoking

BACKGROUND: The objectives of this report are to evaluate changes in the preterm birth rate in Sweden 1973-2001. Furthermore, describe the proportion of spontaneous and indicated preterm births and assess risk factors for the subgroups of preterm birth during the period from 1991 to 2001. METHODS: A population-based register study of all births occurring in Sweden from 1973 to 2001 registered in the Swedish Medical Birth Register was designed. The analysis of subgroups was restricted to the period 1991-2001. Gestational age was calculated using last menstrual period and best estimate. Odds ratio for preterm birth related to risk factors was calculated for the subgroups' spontaneous and indicated preterm birth. RESULTS: After an increase in the beginning of the 1980s, the preterm birth rate has decreased from 6.3% in 1984 to 5.6% in 2001 (P < 0.0001). The proportion of multiple births born preterm of the total birth rate increased from 0.34% in 1973 to 0.71% in 2001 (P < 0.0001). Spontaneous preterm births account for 55.2% and iatrogenic preterm births for 20.2% of all preterm births. The strongest association with maternal smoking in early pregnancy was found at gestational age <28 weeks and spontaneous preterm birth [odds ratio (OR) smoking versus no smoking: 1.55, 95% confidence intervals (CI): 1.42-1.69]. The strongest association for maternal age was found between gestational age <28 weeks and indicated preterm birth (OR 5-year increase: 1.34, 95% CI: 1.21-1.47). CONCLUSIONS: The preterm birth rate in Sweden has decreased since the mid 1980s. The composition of different subtypes of preterm birth in a Scandinavian low-risk population seems to be similar to populations with higher incidence of preterm birth and perinatal infections.     

Excessive gestational weight gain predicts large for gestational age neonates independent of maternal body mass index

Objective: To determine the effects of maternal pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI) and gestational weight gain (GWG) on large-for-gestational-age (LGA) birth weight (≥90th % ile). Methods: We examined 4321 mother-infant pairs from the Ottawa and Kingston (OaK) birth cohort. Multivariate logistic regression (controlling for gestational and maternal age, pre-pregnancy weight, parity, smoking) were performed and odds ratios (ORs) calculated. Results: Prior to pregnancy, a total of 23.7% of women were overweight and 16.2% obese. Only 29.3% of women met GWG targets recommended by the Institute of Medicine (IOM), whereas 57.7% exceeded the guidelines. Adjusting for smoking, parity, age, maternal height, and achieving the IOM’s recommended GWG, overweight (OR 1.99; 95%CI 1.17–3.37) or obese (OR 2.64; 95% CI 1.59–4.39) pre-pregnancy was associated with a higher rate of LGA compared to women with normal BMI. In the same model, exceeding GWG guidelines was associated with higher rates of LGA (OR 2.86; 95% CI 2.09–3.92), as was parity (OR 1.49; 95% CI 1.22–1.82). Smoking (OR 0.53; 95%CI 0.35–0.79) was associated with decreased rates of LGA. The adjusted association with LGA was also estimated for women who exceeded the GWG guidelines and were overweight (OR 3.59; 95% CI 2.60–4.95) or obese (OR 6.71; 95% CI 4.83–9.31). Conclusion: Pregravid overweight or obesity and gaining in excess of the IOM 2009 GWG guidelines strongly increase a woman’s chance of having a larger baby. Lifestyle interventions that aim to optimize GWG by incorporating healthy eating and exercise strategies during pregnancy should be investigated to determine their effects on LGA neonates and down-stream child obesity.     

Late-preterm birth: does the changing obstetric paradigm alter the epidemiology of respiratory complications?

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the effect of gestational age, delivery mode, and maternal-fetal risk factors on rates of respiratory problems among infants born 34 or more weeks of gestation over a 9-year period. METHODS: Retrospective analysis of prospectively collected maternal and neonatal data on all inborn births at 34 or more weeks of gestation at a single tertiary care center for the years 1990-1998. Specific diagnostic criteria were concurrently applied by a single investigator. RESULTS: Over the 9-year period, late-preterm births increased by 37%, whereas births at more than 40 weeks decreased by 39%, resulting in a decrease in median age at delivery from 40 weeks to 39 weeks (P<.001). Respiratory problems occurred in 705 term or late-preterm infants (4.9%), with clinically significant morbidity (respiratory distress syndrome, meconium aspiration syndrome, or pneumonia) least common at 39-40 weeks of gestation. Respiratory morbidity was greater among infants born by cesarean delivery or complicated vaginal delivery compared with uncomplicated cephalic vaginal delivery. The rate of respiratory morbidity did not change over time (1990-1992 1.3%, 1993-1995 1.5%, 1996-1998 1.4%, P=.746). The etiologic fraction for respiratory morbidity did not change over time for infants 34-36 weeks but decreased twofold for infants born after 40 weeks. CONCLUSION: Over the 9-year study period, reduced respiratory morbidity associated with decreased births after 40 weeks were offset by the adverse respiratory effect of increased cesarean delivery rates and increased late-preterm birth rates.     

New-onset hypertension in late pregnancy and fetal growth: different associations between singletons and twins.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the effects of new-onset hypertension (NOH) in late pregnancy on fetal growth in singletons and twins. METHODS: A retrospective cohort study was conducted to evaluate the effect of NOH on fetal growth in 17, 720, 900 singletons and 463, 104 twins born in the United States between 1995 and 2000. RESULTS: NOH was associated with lower mean birth weight in both preterm and term singletons. Increased risk of low birth weight and decreased risk of high birth weight was associated with NOH in preterm and term singletons. NOH was associated with increased risk for small-for-gestational-age (SGA) births and decreased risk for large-for-gestational-age (LGA) births in preterm singletons, whereas it was associated with increased risk of both SGA and LGA births in term singletons. NOH was associated with higher mean birth weight in early preterm twins, and lower mean birth weight in term twins. Decreased risk for low birth weight was found in the NOH group among early preterm twins, and increased risk for low birth weight in term twins. NOH was associated with increased risk of SGA births and decreased risk for large-for-gestational-age (LGA) births in early preterm twins, while increased risk of SGA births in term twins. CONCLUSION: NOH is associated with slower fetal growth in singletons delivered at different gestational ages, but the effect varies in twins depending on gestational age at delivery with faster growth in early preterm twins.     

The evolving national birth prevalence of Down syndrome in Taiwan. A study on the impact of second-trimester maternal serum screening

OBJECTIVES: The aim of the present study was to determine whether the liberal use of second-trimester maternal serum screening in Taiwan started in 1994 had a measurable impact on birth prevalence of infants with Down syndrome (DS) in the past decade. METHODS: We based our study on the databases of 'National Birth Defect Registration and Notification System', 'Amniocentesis in Pregnant Women', and 'Demographic Fact Book' in Taiwan. Collected data included total registered birth number, the registered number of stillbirths, the registered numbers of live births and of DS stillbirths affected with DS, amniocentesis rates each year in pregnant women aged 35 or more, and the age distribution of pregnant women in Taiwan. The live birth rate of and total birth rate of fetuses affected with DS, and the rates of live birth and stillbirth to total birth with DS, were analyzed year by year, in order to understand the change of birth rate of infants affected with DS between 1993 and 2001. Those with isolated cleft palate (ICP) were also analyzed as internal control variable. Confidence interval of live birth rate of infants with DS under Poisson distribution was calculated. Chi-square test for trend in binomial proportions was performed to see if there is an increasing (or decreasing) trend in the proportion of incidence of fetuses affected with DS. The difference was statistically significant if a p value was <0.05. RESULTS: A total of 1 331 616 deliveries were collected during the study period, including 840 cases of DS confirmed by karyotyping study. A marked decrease in the live birth rates of case with DS occurred in 1994-95, from 0.63 per 1000 births to 0.23 per 1000 births. There was a crossover from more live births with DS to more stillbirths with DS during 1994 to 1996 after the implementation of second-trimester maternal serum screening for DS in 1994. In 1993, 76.9% of births diagnosed with DS were born alive, compared to 32.5% in 2001 (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The policy of prenatal diagnosis program including amniocentesis for pregnant women aged 35 or more and the liberal application of maternal serum screening for DS in younger women was responsible for the marked decrease in the live births affected with DS in Taiwan from 1993 to 2001.     

Risk factors for small-for-gestational-age birth in a preterm population.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to discovery any distinct risk factors for small-for-gestational-age birth among premature infants. STUDY DESIGN: Demographic and obstetric risk factors were compared for 136 small-for-gestational-age prematures and 636 appropriate-for-gestational-age premature infants. RESULTS: Three significant risk factors for growth retardation among premature infants were found: black maternal race (odds ratio 2.2; 95% confidence interval (1.4 to 3.5); maternal toxemia (odds ratio 3.2; 95% confidence interval 1.7 to 6.1); and either low maternal weight gain (odds ratio 4.0; 95% confidence interval 1.8 to 8.8) or missing information on maternal weight gain, which could be a marker for late or no prenatal care (odds ratio 4.9; 95% confidence interval 1.9 to 12.6). Maternal smoking rates were similar in the small- and appropriate-for-gestational-age groups (42% and 43%, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Toxemia, weight gain, and race are likely risk factors for small-for-gestational-age birth in both preterm and term populations; within the already high-risk domain of prematurity, maternal smoking did not appear to confer added risk for small-for-gestational-age birth.     

Birth outcomes of Asian-Indian-Americans.

OBJECTIVE: This study examines the maternal characteristics and birth outcomes of infants of U.S. resident Asian-Indian-American (AIA) mothers and compares those to infants of U.S. resident Whites and African-American (AA) mothers. METHODS: Single live births to U.S. resident mothers with race/ethnicity coded on birth certificate as AIA, non-Hispanic White, or non-Hispanic AA were drawn from NCHS 1995 to 2000 U.S. Linked Live Birth/Infant Death files. RESULTS: Compared to AAs or Whites, AIAs have the lowest percentage of births to teen or unmarried mothers and mothers with high parity for age or with low educational attainment. After taking these factors into account, AIA had the highest risk of LBW, small-for-gestational age and term SGA births but a risk of infant death only slightly higher than Whites and far less than AAs. CONCLUSIONS: The birth outcomes of AIAs do not follow the paradigm that more impoverished minority populations should have greater proportions of low birth weight and preterm births and accordingly greater infant mortality rates.     

The relationship of abruptio placentae with maternal smoking and small for gestational age infants

A population-based case-control study was conducted to examine the relationship between maternal smoking and the occurrence of abruptio placentae and to assess the joint relationship of smoking and small for gestational age (SGA) status with abruption. Cases (N = 1089) reported on Washington state birth certificates from 1984-1986 were compared with randomly selected births (N = 2323) from the same period. The occurrence of placental abruption was associated with both smoking (relative risk = 1.6; 95% confidence interval 1.3-1.8) and SGA status (relative risk = 2.6; 95% confidence interval 2.0-3.3). The association with SGA status was identical for smokers and non-smokers. Thus, the increase of SGA infants in women whose pregnancies are complicated by abruption is not explained by maternal smoking, and in some cases may result from placental dysfunction induced by the process of placental separation.     

Maternal infection and risk of cerebral palsy in term and preterm infants.

OBJECTIVE: We tested the hypothesis that term and preterm infants exposed to maternal infection at the time of delivery are at increased risk of developing cerebral palsy (CP). STUDY DESIGN: A population-based case-control study was conducted using Washington State birth certificate data linked to hospital discharge data. Cases (688) were children 相似文献   

Small fetal size: a risk factor for breech birth at term.

OBJECTIVE: To examine fetal size as a risk factor for breech birth at term. METHODS: Singleton breech or cephalic births of gestational age > or = 37 weeks in New South Wales (NSW), Australia from 1990 to 1996 were analyzed. Birthweight percentile was used as a measure of fetal size at the time of birth. Factors associated with breech birth at term were analyzed using logistic regression. RESULTS: There were 18914 singleton breech and 540164 cephalic births in the study period. The important independent predictors of breech birth at term were advancing maternal age, primiparity, female sex and small size for gestational age. Infants < 10th percentile had an adjusted odds ratio of 1.33 (95% CI 1.28-1.38) for breech birth at term compared with 25th-75th percentile infants. CONCLUSIONS: Breech birth at term was associated with smaller fetal size for gestational age. This was shown directly through an association with birthweight-for-gestational-age percentiles and indirectly through association with female sex, primiparous birth and congenital anomalies.     

Can a customized standard for large for gestational age identify women at risk of operative delivery and shoulder dystocia?

Abstract Objective: To determine whether a customized standard for large for gestational age (LGA) identifies undiagnosed women at risk of operative delivery and shoulder dystocia. Methods: We previously generated customized standards from our institution. We compared the baseline maternal characteristics and neonatal outcomes between LGA and non-LGA births, which were classified by both population-based and customized standards. The risk of operative delivery (vacuum delivery or emergent cesarean section) and shoulder dystocia was compared by logistic regression analysis in LGA pregnancies that were identified by a population-based birth weight standard and a customized standard after adjusting for maternal age, parity, body mass index, and neonatal gender. Results: Multivariable analysis revealed that the pregnancies identified as LGA by a customized standard were associated with an increased risk of emergent cesarean section [odds ratio (OR), 4.09; 95% confidence interval (CI), 3.00-5.74] and shoulder dystocia (OR, 10.56; 95% CI, 5.52-20.19). However, there was no association between an increased risk of vacuum delivery (OR, 1.45; 95% CI, 0.92-2.30) and pregnancies identified as non-LGA, using both standards. In addition, customized LGA infants were at increased risk of admission to neonatal intensive care unit (OR 1.63; 95% CI, 1.09-2.43). Conclusion: A customized standard of LGA is useful in identifying previously unrecognized women at risk of emergent cesarean section and shoulder dystocia.     

Secular trends in cesarean delivery rates among macrosomic deliveries in the United States, 1989 to 2002.

OBJECTIVES: We describe national trends in cesarean delivery rates among macrosomic infants during 1989 to 2000 and evaluate the maternal characteristics and risk factors for macrosomic infants delivered by cesarean section as compared to macrosomic infants delivered vaginally. STUDY DESIGN: We analyzed US 1989 to 2000 Natality files, selecting term (37 to 44 week) single live births to U.S. resident mothers. We compare macrosomic infants (4000 to 4499, 4500 to 4999 and 5000+ g infants) to a normosomic (3000 to 3999 g) control group. RESULTS: The proportion of cesarean deliveries among 5000+ g infants increased significantly over the time period. The adjusted odds ratio of cesarean delivery increased for all macrosomic categories over the 12-year period, as compared to normal birth weight infants. CONCLUSIONS: Rates of cesarean delivery among macrosomic infants continue to increase despite a lack of evidence of the benefits of cesarean delivery within this population. Further exploration of the rationale for this trend is warranted and should include the development of an optimal delivery strategy for such patients.     

Maternal obesity is a major risk factor for large-for-gestational-infants in pregnancies complicated by gestational diabetes

Objectives  Our aim was to evaluate the relative contribution of maternal weight, GDM severity and glycemic control in women with gestational diabetes (GDM) on the prevalence of LGA infants. Methods  A total of 233 women with GDM were classified according to the fasting and/or postprandial glucose levels as in “good” or “poor” glycemic control. Severity of GDM was categorized using fasting plasma glucose on the 3-h 100 g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). Results  The incidence of LGA infants was significantly higher in obese women than in those with lower BMI. There was no significant correlation between GDM severity or level of glycemic control and birth weight or proportion of LGA infants. On multivariate regression analyses, only maternal weight at delivery and fasting glucose level on OGTT were found to be independently and significantly associated with the birth weight, and only maternal weight at delivery was a significant and independent predictor of LGA infants. Conclusions  Both the GDM severity and maternal weight are independent predictors of infants’ birth weights. Maternal weight at delivery is a major risk factor for LGA infants. The study was presented at the SMFM 27th annual meeting on February, 2007.