胰岛素样生长因子—Ⅰ对糖尿病大鼠心脏功能的影响

目的 观察人重组胰岛素样生长因子－Ｉ（ｒｈＩＧＦ－Ｉ）对ＳＴＺ诱发的糖尿病大鼠心脏机械功能的作用。并和牛初乳短链胰岛素样生长因子－Ｉ（ＢＣ－ｔＩＧＦ－Ｉ）相比较。方法 ＳＴＺ５５ｍｇ／ｋｇ空腹腹腔注射（ＩＰ）制备糖尿病大鼠模型,随机分为四组：ＤＭ－Ｃ组,生理盐水０．１ｍｌ／ｄＩＰ：ＤＭ－Ｌｘｅｇ ,ＢＣ－ｔＩＧＦ－１２５０ｎｇ·ｋｇ＾－１·ｄ＾－１ＩＰ,ＤＭ－Ｈ组,ＢＣ－ｔＩＦ－Ｉ７５０ｎｇ·ｋｇ     

胰岛素抵抗、胰岛素分泌功能对Ⅱ型糖尿病发生的影响

目的探讨中国非糖尿病人群中胰岛素抵抗、胰岛素分泌功能对糖尿病发生的影响。方法以Ｈｏｍａ模型的胰岛素抵抗指数（ＩＲ）＝ＦＩＮＳ／２２５ｅ－ｌｎＦＰＧ（ＦＩＮＳ为空腹胰岛素，ＦＰＧ为空腹血糖）及β细胞功能指数（ＨＢＣＩ）＝ＦＩＮＳ×２０／（ＦＰＧ－３５），对４０９例非糖尿病者６年随访资料进行糖尿病发病危险因素的比例风险模型分析，再以胰岛素敏感性指数（ＩＡＩ）＝１／（ＦＰＧ×ＦＩＮＳ）、胰岛素分泌功能指数（ＩＳ）＝ＦＩＮＳ／ＦＰＧ这对更简单的指数进行同样分析，并与前者比较。结果以Ｈｏｍａ模型的ＩＲ、ＨＢＣＩ分析显示，排除口服葡萄糖耐量试验２小时血糖、体重指数因素影响后，ＩＲ与糖尿病正相关（Ｐ＜００５），ＨＢＣＩ与糖尿病负相关（Ｐ＜０．０１），生活方式干预有利于减少糖尿病发病危险。与以ＩＡＩ＝１／（ＦＩＮＳ×ＦＰＧ）、ＩＳ＝ＦＩＮＳ／ＦＰＧ分析结果相似。结论（１）胰岛素抵抗及胰岛素分泌功能差是Ⅱ型糖尿病发病危险因素；（２）仅涉及空腹血糖及空腹胰岛素的Ｈｏｍａ模型在流行病研究中可用于评价胰岛素抵抗及β细胞功能，ＩＡＩ＝１／（ＦＰＧ×ＦＩＮＳ）、ＩＳ＝ＦＩＮＳ／ＦＰＧ可在分析中代替Ｈｏｍａ模型     

黄芪对糖尿病大鼠的血清学指标的作用的实验研究

目的 探讨黄芪对糖尿病(DM)大鼠血清中甘油三酯(TG)、血糖、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)和胰岛素水平的作用,为黄芪治疗DM提供理论依据.方法 Wistar大鼠40只,随机分为正常组,DM模型组和黄芪组.给予Wistar大鼠腹腔注射链脲佐菌素50 mg/kg体重,每隔2 d测一次血糖,3次血糖测定值均高于16.7 mmol/L,被确定DM模型成功,黄芪组每日腹腔注射DM大鼠黄芪注射液1 ml(内含2 g药材提取物).DM组大鼠每日腹腔注射0.1 mmol/L柠檬酸钠1 ml.于治疗后的第7、14天分别取3组大鼠的血液,测定血糖、血清TG、HDL-C、LDL-C、胰岛素水平.结果 黄芪组治疗14 d后,血清中胰岛素水平明显高于DM组(P＜0.01);TG和血糖水平显著低于DM组(均P＜0.05).结论 黄芪注射液具有调节脂代谢,降低血糖的作用.     

吡格列酮下调糖尿病大鼠肾脏组织缺氧诱导因子1α及血管内皮生长因子的表达

观察吡格列酮对糖尿病大鼠肾小球缺氧诱导因子1α(HIF-1α)及血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)表达的影响.高糖高脂饲料喂养及腹腔注射链脲佐菌素建立糖尿病模型并予以吡格列酮治疗,经治疗的大鼠肾脏肥大指数、24 h尿微量白蛋白、尿素氮、肌酐、空腹血糖、空腹胰岛素、胰岛素抵抗指数、总胆固醇、甘油三酯、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇均明显降低,高密度脂蛋白胆固醇明显升高,肾小球HIF-1α和VEGF表达降低(均P＜0.01).提示吡格列酮具有改善糖尿病大鼠糖脂代谢和肾功能的作用,机制可能与调控HIF-1/VEGF缺氧反应通路相关.     

重组丝氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂对链脲佐菌素诱导的2型糖尿病大鼠的影响

目的探讨重组丝氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂(Vaspin)对链脲佐菌素(STZ)诱导的2型糖尿病大鼠的影响。方法通过体外表达获得重组Vaspin蛋白。采用高脂饲料加小剂量注射STZ诱导2型糖尿病SD大鼠模型,对照组大鼠给予普通饲料喂养。将造模成功的大鼠随机分成两组,实验组腹腔注射100μl 0.5 mg/ml重组Vaspin蛋白,模型组以生理盐水代替,每天给药1次,连续给药2 w后,进行口服吐葡萄糖耐量(OGTT)试验;分离血清,测定总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)、空腹血糖(FBG)、空腹胰岛素(FINS)以及肿瘤坏死因子(TNF)-α,瘦素(Lep)的水平。结果 OGTT结果显示经过重组Vaspin蛋白腹腔注射治疗后的糖尿病大鼠血糖变化曲线接近于正常,且2 h后下降至对照组大鼠水平。经过Vaspin蛋白治疗2 w后,实验组大鼠的TC、TG、LDL和FBG、FINS、胰岛素抵抗(IR)均显著降低,脂肪因子Lep和TNF-α下降至正常水平。结论该研究获得的重组Vaspin具有活性,可以降低糖尿病大鼠的血糖,改善糖尿病大鼠的糖脂代谢和IR水平。     

外源性牛初乳短链IGF-1治疗改善糖尿病大鼠GH/IGF-1轴的紊乱

目的　观察外源性牛初乳短链胰岛素样生长因子 - 1(BC- t IGF- 1)对糖尿病生长激素 GH/ IGF- 1轴的影响。方法　链脲佐菌素 (STZ) 5 5 mg/ kg空腹腹腔注射 (IP)制备糖尿病大鼠模型 ,随机分为糖尿病对照组 (DM- C,生理盐水0 .1ml/ d IP)和糖尿病治疗组 (DM- BC,BC- t IGF- 12 5 0 ng/ kg· d- 1 IP)。并设正常对照组 (NC) ,每组 n=5。治疗前测定尾尖血血糖 (BG0 ) ,治疗 6周后测定尾尖血血糖 (BG)、血清果糖胺 (FMN)、甘油三酯 (TG)、胆固醇 (CHO)、GH、IGF- 1和肝脏 IGF- 1含量。结果　与 NC相比 ,DM- C血清 FMN、TG明显升高同时血清 GH升高而血清和肝脏 IGF- 1降低 ;与DM- C相比 ,DM- BC血清 FMN、TG明显降低同时血清 GH降低而肝脏 IGF- 1显著升高。结论　外源性 BC- t IGF- 1治疗改善糖尿病大鼠代谢同时改善了糖尿病时的 GH/ IGF- 1轴的紊乱     

新诊断的NIDDM和IGT患者的早期肾功能改变

本文研究了６３例新诊断的非胰岛素依赖型糖尿病（ＮＩＤＤＭ）患者和１６例糖耐量减低（ＩＧＴ）患者的早期肾功能改变，显示ＮＩＤＤＭ患者早期存在肾小球滤过率（ＧＦＲ）升高，肾脏体积增大和尿白蛋白排泄率（ＵＡＥ）轻度增高；１６例ＩＧＴ患者的ＧＦＲ也高于正常对照组。３４例ＮＩＤＤＭ患者经饮食控制和／或口服降糖药治疗４个月后进行了复查，结果显示：１２例代谢改善者的ＧＦＲ、肾脏体积和ＵＡＥ有不同程度的恢复；２２例代谢无改善者的ＧＦＲ有所升高，肾脏体积和ＵＡＥ则无明显变化。     

人胰岛素基因转染鼠成纤维细胞致糖尿病大鼠血糖下降效 …

研究人胰岛素基因表达质粒转染鼠成纤维细胞后对糖尿病大鼠血糖的影响。方法重组的人胰岛素基因表达质粒通过脂质体法转染鼠成纤维细胞，经Ｇ４１８选择性筛猩 株较高的胰岛素表达水平的细胞株，大量扩增，直接注射至糖尿病大鼠腹腔内，并与转染载体的对照Ｌｔｋ细胞比较。     

褪黑素对糖尿病大鼠急性创伤时糖、脂代谢的作用研究

目的:观察急性创伤应激状态下糖尿病大鼠糖、脂代谢水平的变化,并探讨褪黑素对其的影响。方法:设正常对照组、糖尿病对照组、糖尿病 溶媒组、糖尿病 褪黑素1组、糖尿病 褪黑素2组,观察糖尿病大鼠经17d褪黑素处理后在创伤应激时血糖、血清甘油三酯、胆固醇水平的变化。结果:创伤应激后糖尿病大鼠血糖明显升高,血清甘油三酯、胆固醇水平无明显改变。每日腹腔注射0.1mg/kg或0.2mg/kg的褪黑素对创伤应激前、后糖尿病大鼠血糖、血清甘油三酯、胆固醇水平无显著影响(P>0.05)。结论:急性创伤应激可使糖尿病大鼠血糖升高(P<0.05),而对血清甘油三酯、胆固醇水平无明显影响(P>0.05);褪黑素对糖尿病大鼠创伤应激前、后血糖、血清甘油三酯、胆固醇水平无显著影响(P>0.05)。     

胰岛素样生长因子—1与糖尿病

由于胰岛素样生长因子－１（ＩＧＦ－１）具有促进生长发育、促进物质代谢及降低血糖等作用，与糖尿病关系极为密切，近年来极受重视。在国外，ＩＧＦ－１的结构、生理 及与糖尿病的关系等方面的研究已达相当。ＩＧＦ－１制剂在临床上已试用于治疗糖尿病、胰岛素抵抗综合征、侏儒症及神经系统疾病等多种顽症、取得了良好的效果。本文将近年来国外有关研究成果作一综述。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.