新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病血浆肿瘤坏死因子-α与降钙素基因相关肽水平变化的研究

目的 探讨肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)和降钙素基因相关肽(CGRP)在新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病(HIE)中的变化及临床意义。方法 采用放射免疫分析法对38例HIE患儿和18例健康足月新生儿血浆TNF-α与CGRP水平进行了同期动态观察。结果 HIE患儿急性期TNF-α,CGRP水平分别为(1.12±0.42) ng/ml,(88.92±23.16) ng/ml;恢复期分别为(0.61±0.18) ng/ml,(68.39±19.32) ng/ml;对照组分别为(0.54±0.15) ng/ml,(66.2±14.54) ng/ml。急性期血浆TNF-α和CGRP水平较恢复期显著增高(P<0.01),并明显高于同期对照组水平(P<0.01),恢复期与正常对照组无显著差异,急性期不同程度HIE与对照组TNF-α,CGRP水平比较,重度HIE组TNF-α,CGRP分别为(1.28±0.41) ng/ml,(118.12±30.25) ng/ml;中度HIE组分别为(0.95±0.3) ng/ml,(86.49±24.36) ng/ml,轻度HIE组分别为(0.63±0.19) ng/ml,(68.31±18.38) ng/ml,重度组明显高于对照组、轻度组及中度组,中度组高于对照组和轻度组,轻度组与对照组无显著性差异。急性期患儿血浆TNF-α与CGRP呈直线正相关关系(r=0.513,P<0.05)。结论 TNF-α和CGRP参与了新生儿HIE的发病过程。急性期TNF-α的增高可能是促发HIE脑损伤的一个重要因素,而CGRP增高在HIE中对脑损伤可能具有一定的保护作用。     

新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病血NSE与ET变化及其与高压氧治疗相关性的研究

目的 探讨肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)和降钙素基因相关肽(CGRP)在新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病(HIE)中的变化及临床意义。方法 采用放射免疫分析法对38例HIE患儿和18例健康足月新生儿血浆TNF-α与CGRP水平进行了同期动态观察。结果 HIE患儿急性期TNF-α,CGRP水平分别为(1.12±0.42) ng/ml,(88.92±23.16) ng/ml;恢复期分别为(0.61±0.18) ng/ml,(68.39±19.32) ng/ml;对照组分别为(0.54±0.15) ng/ml,(66.2±14.54) ng/ml。急性期血浆TNF-α和CGRP水平较恢复期显著增高(P<0.01),并明显高于同期对照组水平(P<0.01),恢复期与正常对照组无显著差异,急性期不同程度HIE与对照组TNF-α,CGRP水平比较,重度HIE组TNF-α,CGRP分别为(1.28±0.41) ng/ml,(118.12±30.25) ng/ml;中度HIE组分别为(0.95±0.3) ng/ml,(86.49±24.36) ng/ml,轻度HIE组分别为(0.63±0.19) ng/ml,(68.31±18.38) ng/ml,重度组明显高于对照组、轻度组及中度组,中度组高于对照组和轻度组,轻度组与对照组无显著性差异。急性期患儿血浆TNF-α与CGRP呈直线正相关关系(r=0.513,P<0.05)。结论 TNF-α和CGRP参与了新生儿HIE的发病过程。急性期TNF-α的增高可能是促发HIE脑损伤的一个重要因素,而CGRP增高在HIE中对脑损伤可能具有一定的保护作用。     

缺氧缺血性脑病新生儿血清细胞因子及T细胞亚群的变化

目的探讨缺氧缺血性脑病(HIE)新生儿血清白介素(IL)-1β、IL-10、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)水平及外周血T细胞亚群的变化。方法选择2006年5月至2009年10月本院新生儿病房收住院的30例HIE患儿为病例组,同期无窒息的足月新生儿30例为对照组,应用ELISA法检测两组新生儿血清IL-1β、IL-10、TNF-α水平,分离外周血单个核细胞,用免疫组化法检测CD3+、CD4+、CD8+、CD4+/CD8+细胞百分率。结果病例组血清IL-1β、IL-10、TNF-α水平(pg/ml)均高于对照组[(16.2±4.6)比(13.0±4.1),(21.6±5.1)比(16.4±4.2),(19.5±0.3)比(12.1±0.3),P均<0.05],CD3+、CD4+、CD8+细胞数量(%)低于对照组[(41.3±7.1)比(45.2±7.3),(36.1±6.6)比(40.0±5.8),(22.9±4.2)比(25.8±4.4),P均<0.05]。结论 HIE患儿存在一定程度的免疫功能紊乱,IL-1β、IL-10、TNF-α和T细胞亚群可能参与了HIE的发病过程。     

新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病血清生长激素动态变化及临床意义研究

目的：探讨新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病(HIE)对生长激素(GH)的影响。方法：采用放射免疫法,检测40例窒息后新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病(HIE)及36例正常新生儿在生后2～4,24,48,96 h及7 d血清生长激素浓度。结果：轻度、中度HIE足月儿生后2～4 h GH水平分别为(49.536±11.068) ng/ml,(61.805±8.433) ng/ml明显高于对照组(22.409±11.360) ng/ml (P<0.01),重度HIE后2～4 h GH水平为(17.186±11.675) ng/ml明显低于对照组(P<0.01)。早产儿HIE生后2～4,24 h GH水平分别为(58.733±15.372) ng/ml,(38.919±10.286) ng/ml明显高于对照组(37.998±19.901) ng/ml,(24.072±14.697) ng/ml (P<0.01)。结论：早期测定血清GH水平对判断HIE程度具有重要意义。     

新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病血浆褪黑素水平变化的临床研究

目的 研究新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病(HIE)血浆褪黑素(MT)水平的变化,探讨MT在HIE发生发展过程中的作用.方法 选择足月HIE患儿40例,其中轻度20例,中重度20例.轻度组于生后48 h内和第7天,中重度组于生后48 h内、第7天及(14±4)d采股静脉血标本,采用酶联免疫分析法检测血浆MT水平.正常对照组为正常足月新生儿20例.结果 与对照组[(8.003±1.840)ng/L]比较,轻度HIE组患儿生后48 h内MT水平[(13.311±4.025)ng/L]显著升高,差异有非常显著性(P＜0.01),第7天[(6.605±1.269)ng/L]差异无显著性(P＞0.05);中重度HIE组生后48 h内MT水平[(5.487±1.997)ng/L]显著下降(P＜0.01),第7天MT水平[(16.201±5.594)ng/L]显著升高(P＜0.01),(14±4)d[(6.799±1.765)ng/L]差异无显著性(P＞0.05).结论 MT可能对HIE有一定保护作用,在生后48 h内MT水平升高,预后较好,在生后48 h内降低,预后较差.     

血清炎症因子与新生儿窒息后脑损伤的关系

目的探讨窒息新生儿生后血清高迁移率族蛋白B1(HMGB1)、S100B蛋白(S100B)、白细胞介素-6(IL-6)、肿瘤坏死因子(TNF-α)水平变化与新生儿窒息后脑损伤的关系。方法采用酶联免疫吸附法检测25例窒息新生儿和16例健康新生儿生后3～7天血清HMGB1、S100B、IL-6、TNF-α水平,同时对窒息患儿生后第3～7天进行头颅CT检查,比较轻度窒息组、重度窒息组和对照组血清炎症因子水平,以及窒息组患儿头颅CT异常组和正常组血清炎症因子水平的差异。结果 (1)轻度、重度窒息组血清HMGB1、S100B水平(ng/L)均高于对照组[HMGB1:(15.15±0.13)、(15.30±0.07)比(11.99±0.05),P均<0.01,S100B:(141.65±17.82)、(148.93±26.08)比(126.74±12.97),P均<0.05],重度窒息组血清IL-6水平(ng/L)高于对照组[(0.94±0.22)比(0.72±0.12),P<0.01];轻度与重度窒息组间血清HMGB1、S100B、TNF-α、IL-6比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。(2)窒息新生儿头颅CT异常患儿出生后3～7天血清HMGB1、S100B、TNF-α、IL-6浓度(ng/L)均明显高于CT正常患儿[HMGB1:(17.14±0.14)比(13.24±0.04),S100B:(147.65±14.03)比(132.16±17.55),TNF-α:(38.46±0.14)比(30.60±0.06),IL-6:(0.89±0.16)比(0.73±0.18),P<0.05]。结论血清HMGB1、S100B、TNF-α、IL-6水平与新生儿窒息后脑损伤密切相关,有助于新生儿窒息后脑损伤的判断。     

缺氧缺血性脑病新生儿血清及脑脊液神经元特异性烯醇化酶水平变化的意义

目的探讨血清和脑脊液(CSF)神经元特异性烯醇化酶(NSE)水平变化在缺氧缺血性脑病(HIE)新生儿中的意义。方法常规留取重度窒息足月新生儿生后12~24 h和HIE恢复期血清和CSF标本,同时留取正常足月新生儿血清标本作对照,采用免疫放射分析法(IRMA)对符合纳入标准的41例HIE和10例正常足月新生儿的标本进行NSE水平检测。患儿均按常规进行监护和治疗。结果1.急性期HIE各组及对照组患儿血清NSE水平[分别为(30.81±4.55)(、43.63±8.20)(、62.13±17.55)、(21.85±2.53)μg/L]间均有显著性差异(F=30.98 P<0.01),且HIE程度越重,NSE水平越高(P<0.01);2.对照组与轻、中、重度HIE恢复组患儿血清NSE水平差异无显著性[分别为(15.35±4.59)(、19.92±6.29)(、20.92±7.58)(、23.65±9.50)μg/L)](F=2.41 P>0.05),重度HIE未恢复组患儿血清NSE水平[(77.03±20.94)μg/L]仍明显高于其他组,差异有极显著意义(P<0.01);3.HIE组患儿血清与CSF中NSE水平呈明显正相关(r=0.81 P<0.01)。结论血清NSE水平的变化用于判断新生儿HIE的发生及程度有重要的参考意义。     

窒息新生儿血清促生长激素释放多肽与超敏C反应蛋白水平动态变化及临床意义

目的探讨窒息新生儿血清促生长激素释放多肽(Ghrelin)及超敏C反应蛋白(hs-CRP)水平的动态变化。方法选择我院产科2010年4月至2011年6月分娩的轻度、重度窒息新生儿各40例为观察组,检测脐血、急性期(1～3天)及恢复期(7～10天)血清Ghrelin和hs-CRP水平;选择同期住院无窒息史的健康新生儿40例为对照组,检测脐血Ghrelin和hs-CRP水平。结果窒息组Ghrelin水平随病程变化先降后升,急性期[(22.1±8.8)ng/ml]与恢复期[(33.2±12.2)ng/ml]均低于脐血[(38.0±13.2)ng/ml],恢复期高于急性期,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。对照组脐血Ghrelin水平[(72.3±15.6)mg/ml]明显高于窒息组,轻度窒息组脐血、急性期、恢复期Ghrelin水平高于重度窒息组。窒息组hs-CRP水平随病程变化先升后降,急性期[(0.48±0.22)mg/L]高于脐血[(0.14±0.11)mg/L],恢复期[(0.12±0.09)mg/L]低于急性期,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。对照组脐血hs-CRP水平[(0.02±0.00)mg/L]低于窒息组;轻度窒息组急性期低于重度窒息组,脐血和恢复期与重度窒息组比较差异无统计学意义。结论 Ghrelin、hs-CRP水平与窒息的发生、发展有关,窒息新生儿脐血、恢复期血清中Ghrelin变化比Hs-CRP更能反应窒息严重程度。     

肺出血新生儿血清中肿瘤坏死因子α水平变化及意义

目的 探讨新生儿肺出血时血清中肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)水平的变化.方法 对36例肺出血新生儿及40例正常对照新生儿进行血清TNF-α测定.结果 肺出血新生儿血清TNF-α浓度为(15.17±9.21)ng/L,较正常对照新生儿[(7.26±5.38)ng/L]明显升高,差异有显著性(t=4.5,P＜0.005).结论 新生儿肺出血时血清TNF-α水平升高,TNF-α可能参与了新生儿肺出血的某些发病过程.     

新生儿血清瘦素水平与生长发育关系研究

目的：探讨新生儿血清瘦素与生长发育的关系。方法：采用放射免疫法检测80例新生儿静脉血和脐血瘦素水平,其中66例足月儿分为大于胎龄儿(LGA)组18例,适于胎龄儿(AGA)组32例,小于胎龄儿(SGA)组16例。采用Rohrer’s指数=出生体重(g)×100/身长(cm)~3估测新生儿营养状态。结果：早产儿血清瘦素水平明显低于足月儿[(0.66±1.03)ng/ml vs(3.59±2.16)ng/ml],P<0.01;足月儿中AGA血清瘦素水平[(3.06±0.96)ng/ml]明显低于LGA[(4.03±2.22)ng/ml],而高于SGA[(1.13±1.98)ng/ml];足月新生儿血清瘦素水平与Rohrer’s指数、新生儿体重、胎龄呈显著正相关(r=0.61,0.68,0.62,P均<0.01)。结论：新生儿体内瘦素是反映新生儿的发育和营养状态的有用指标。[中国当代儿科杂志,2003,5(1):29-30]     

Allergic factors associated with the development of asthma and the influence of cetirizine in a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial: First results of ETA®

There is a common progression known as the allergic march from atopic dermatitis to allergic asthma. Cetirizine has several antiallergic properties that suggest a potential effect on the development of airway inflammation and asthma in infants with atopic dermatitis. Methods. Over a two year period, 817 infants aged one to two years who suffered from atopic dermatitis and with a history of atopic disease in a parent or sibling were included in the ETAC^® (Early Treatment of the Atopic Child) trial, a multi-country, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. The infants were treated for 18 months with either cetirizine (0.25mg/ kg b.i.d.) or placebo. The number of infants who developed asthma was compared between the two groups. Clinical and biological assessments including analysis of total and specific IgE antibodies were performed. Results. In the placebo group, the relative risk (RR) for developing asthma was elevated in patients with a raised level of total IgE (≥ 30 kU/I) or specific IgE (≥ 0.35 kUA/I) for grass pollen, house dust mite or cat dander (RR between 1.4 and 1.7). Compared to placebo, cetirizine significantly reduced the incidence of asthma for patients sensitised to grass pollen (RR = 0.5) or to house dust mite (RR = 0.6). However, in the population that included all infants with normal and elevated total or specific IgE (intention-to-treat - ITT), there was no difference between the numbers of infants developing asthma while receiving cetirizine or placebo. The adverse events profile was similar in the two treatment groups. Discussion. Raised total IgE level and raised specific IgE levels to grass pollen, house dust mite or cat dander were predictive of subsequent asthma. Cetirizine halved the number of patients developing asthma in the subgroups sensitised to grass pollen or house dust mite (i.e. 20% of the study population). In view of the proven safety of the drug, we propose this treatment as a primary pharmacological intervention strategy to prevent the development of asthma in specifically sensitised infants with atopic dermatitis.     

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孤独症谱系障碍(autistic-spectrum disorders,ASDs)近年来患病率逐年攀升至1%左右,其症状往往伴随终生,成为严重威胁儿童健康和发展的神经发育性疾患;注意缺陷多动障碍(attention deficit hyperactivity disorder,ADHD)是儿童期最常见的精神障碍,国内报道患病率为4.13%～5.83%,其症状可延续至青少年期,甚至到成年期[1]。这两类精神障碍在成年期的临床表现、共患病、治疗策略和预后与儿童期有哪些不同呢?本文通过回顾相     

EXCITING NEW TREATMENT APPROACHES FOR PATHYPHYSIOLOGIC MECHANISMS OF SICKLE CELL DISEASE

During the past several decades, our understanding of the complex pathophysiology of vasoocclusion associated with sickle cell disease has improved greatly. Interaction of genes, hemoglobin molecules, red cell membrane and metabolic changes, cell-cell interactions and cell-plasma interactions, red cell adhesion to vascular endothelium, activation of coagulation, and vascular reactivity play a role in vaso occlusion. Penicillin prophylaxis of pneumococcal infections and appropriate use of blood transfusions and other supportive measures improved survival of sickle cell patients. Hydroxyurea made a major impact on sickle cell therapy when it was shown to decrease acute painful episodes, acute chest syndrome, and the need for blood transfusion in adults. Significant experience in the use of hydroxyurea has been accumulated in older children. The benefits and risks of hydroxyurea for younger children and long-term risks in all patients will be evaluated in future investigations. Other promising therapies include butyrate compounds, clotrimazole, magnesium supplementation, poloxamer 188, antiadhesion agents, anticoagulant approaches, and nitric oxide. Hemopoietic transplantation remains the only curative therapy. However, several transgenic mouse models are available for studies of gene therapy or other treatment approaches on biochemical, cellular, and pathologic effects of mutant genes.     

Infiltrations of Epstein-Barr virus-carrying cells in granular lymphocyte-proliferative disorders corresponding to chronic active Epstein-Barr virus infection

A 21-year-old man with granular lymphocyte-proliferative disorders (GLPD) associated with chronic active Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection is described. Chromosomal analyses revealed several clonal abnormalities and two of them were mainly repetitious. High copy numbers of monoclonal EBV genome were also detected in the proliferative large granular lymphocytes (LGLs), indicating the monoclonal expansion of EBV-infected LGLs. The patient had an indolent course for several years, and there was no evidence of infiltrations of his bone marrow until the end stage. At autopsy, microscopic studies revealed marked infiltrations of LGL in the liver and spleen, and the infiltrating cells were NK-cell immunophenotype. The infiltrated LGLs showed latency I.     

LUTEINIZING HORMONE RECEPTOR MUTATIONS IN DISORDERS OF SEXUAL DEVELOPMENT AND CANCER

Human male sexual development is regulated by chorionic gonadotropin (CG) and luteinizing hormone (LH). Aberrant sexual development caused by both activating and inactivating mutations of the human luteinizing hormone receptor (LHR) have been described. All known activating mutations of the LHR are missense mutations caused by single base substitution. The most common activating mutation is the replacement of Asp-578 by Gly due to the substitution of A by G at nucleotide position 1733. All activating mutations are present in exon 11 which encodes the transmembrane domain of the receptor. Constitutive activity of the LHR causes LH releasing hormone-independent precocious puberty in boys and the autosomal dominant disorder familial male-limited precocious puberty (FMPP). Both germline and somatic activating mutations of the LHR have been found in patients with testicular tumors. Activating mutations have no effect on females. The molecular genetics of the inactivating mutations of the LHR are more variable and include single base substitution, partial gene deletion, and insertion. These mutations are not localized and are present in both the extracellular and transmembrane domain of the receptor. Inactivation of the LHR gives rise to the autosomal recessive disorder Leydig cell hypoplasia (LCH) and male hypogonadism or male pseudohermaphroditism. Severity of the clinical phenotype in LCH patients correlates with the amount of residual activity of the mutated receptor. Females are less affected by inactivating mutation of the LHR. Symptoms caused by homozygous inactivating mutation of the LHR include polycystic ovaries and primary amenorrhea.     

Resurgence of measles in Singapore: profile of hospital cases

OBJECTIVE: To ascertain the profile of cases of measles seen at a general hospital during a recent outbreak that occurred despite a measles vaccination program. METHODOLOGY: A retrospective study from January 1991 to March 1998. All patients with measles (ICD code 055. 9) seen at the emergency unit or as inpatients were included. RESULTS: There were 87 cases identified. The diagnosis was clinical in all and proven serologically in 71%. Eighty-five per cent of the cases occurred between January 1997 and March 1998. There was a bi-modal age distribution with peaks in the very young (相似文献   

Personality profiles and heart rate variability (vagal tone) in children with recurrent abdominal pain

The aim of the study was to explore psychological factors and autonomic activity in children with recurrent abdominal pain and to compare them with those in a control group of healthy children. The Personality Inventory for Children was used for assessment of developmental, emotional and psychosocial factors in 25 children with recurrent abdominal pain (age, 7-15 y). Parasympathetic and sympathetic functions in these children and in 23 healthy control subjects (age, 7-13 y) were also investigated, non-invasively using a computerized polygraph. Vagal tone (parasympathetic function) was indexed by calculation of respiratory sinus arrhythmia in beats/min. Skin conductance (sympathetic function) was recorded by the constant current method. On the Personality Inventory for Children, 16 patients had high scores on somatic concern. Several patients had scores in the clinical range for depression, withdrawal and anxiety, but the mean scores for these personality profile scales were well within the normal range of healthy children. Interestingly, there was a spike on the L (Lie)-scale for most of the patients and 15 patients had scores above or close to the clinical cut-off value. As compared with the scores in healthy children, vagal tone and sympathetic tone were normal. Conclusion: Many children with recurrent abdominal pain have scores in the clinical range for depression, withdrawal, anxiety and L-scale indicating coping problems, denial and a trend towards somatic concern that may contribute to the evolution of abdominal pain. Autonomic nerve activity was not disturbed in these children.     

Overcoming surfactant inhibition with polymers

Inhibition of the function of pulmonary surfactant in the alveolar space is an important element of the pathophysiology of many lung diseases, including meconium aspiration syndrome, pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome. The known mechanisms by which surfactant dysfunction occurs are (a) competitive inhibition of phospholipid entry into the surface monolayer (e.g. by plasma proteins), and (b) infiltration and destabilization of the surface film by extraneous lipids (e.g. meconium-derived free fatty acids). Recent data suggest that addition of non-ionic polymers such as dextran and polyethylene glycol to surfactant mixtures may significantly improve resistance to inhibition. Polymers have been found to neutralize the effects of several different inhibitors, and can produce near-complete restoration of surfactant function. The anti-inhibitory properties of polymers, and their possible role as an adjunct to surfactant therapy, deserve further exploration.     

How well are we doing? – Metabolic control in patients with diabetes

OBJECTIVE: To compare the present level of metabolic control in children and adolescents with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) attending Brisbane paediatric diabetes clinics with published overseas data. METHODOLOGY: Blood HbA1c concentrations, population characteristics, current treatment practices and short-term complications were recorded in all patients, aged 19 years and under, attending the diabetes clinics of the two Brisbane Children's Hospitals or the private practice of one of the authors (MJT) in the first quarter of 1998. RESULTS: Two hundred and sixty-eight patients were assessed (M/F 142/126). Ages ranged from 1 to 19 years (mean 11. 2 years); duration of IDDM was 0-16 years (mean 4.4 years); and 141 (53%) were pubertal. Of those aged less than 13 years, only 4% had more than two injections daily. Insulin doses (U/kg/day) rose with increasing age. Larger doses were required in regimens involving more than two injections per day than those involving one to two injections per day. Ketoacidosis or severe hypoglycaemia in the last 3 months were reported in eight (2.7%) and 17 (6.3%) of patients, respectively. Mean HbA1c (+/- SD) was 8.6 +/- 1.4% (range 5.2-14.0%), with 33% of children having a HbA1c concentration < 8%. HbA1c concentrations were significantly related (P < 0.05) to insulin dose and to duration of diabetes, but not to severe hypoglycaemia, ketoacidosis, age, frequency of injections, or number of clinic visits per year. Mean HbA1c concentration was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in those children in puberty (8.7 +/- 1.5%) than in those not in puberty (8.5 +/- 1.2%). CONCLUSION: Only 33% of patients had a HbA1C concentration less than 8% and 6.3% had a severe hypoglycaemic episode in the 3 months. These results are similar to published overseas data.