血管内皮功能障碍与冠状动脉硬化的关系

目的评定血管内皮功能障碍与冠状动脉粥样硬化的关系。方法306例怀疑冠心病的患者冠状动脉造影后行超声扫描肱动脉血管内皮功能检测,其中男195例,女111例,平均年龄(57±12)岁。根据冠状动脉造影结果分成3组,A组172例,有明显的血管狭窄,即血管内径狭窄≥50%;B组81例,血管内径狭窄<50%;C组53例,无血管狭窄。所有患者均于冠状动脉造影后3d内行肱动脉内皮功能检测。结果3组间基础血管内径、血流速度差异无显著性意义(t=1.02;P>0.05)。反应性充血内径变化值A组与B组(t=4.78;P<0.05)、C组(t=16.92;P<0.001)以及B、C两组间(t=6.89;P<0.01)差异具有显著性意义;反应性充血血流速度变化值A组与B组(t=5.57;P<0.05)、C组(t=12.08;P<0.001),以及B、C两组间(t=8.56;P<0.01)差异均有显著性意义。结论肱动脉内皮功能不良可间接反应冠状动脉内皮依赖性舒张功能受损,与冠状动脉狭窄密切相关,是冠状动脉病变良好的预测指标。     

老年原发性高血压患者脉压与肱动脉血流依耐性舒张功能的关系

目的:探讨老年高血压患者脉压与肱动脉血流依耐性舒张功能(flow-mediateddilation,FMD)的相关性。方法:选择213例高血压患者,男121例,女92例。将所有病例按脉压值分成≤45,45～65,65～85,>85mmHg4组,应用B超对肱动脉进行扫查,在静息、反应性充血时和舌下含服硝酸甘油后对肱动脉内径进行检测。比较各脉压组肱动脉在不同状态下的管径变化情况。结果:随脉压增大,FMD逐渐减小,脉压与FMD呈负相关关系(r=-0.806,P<0.001),其相关性强于收缩压、舒张压、平均压。脉压≤45mmHg组的FMD为(12.36±2.64)%,而脉压>85mmHg组的FMD为(3.02±1.90)%,各脉压组FMD比较,差异有显著性意义(P<0.05)。结论:脉压增大与老年高血压患者肱动脉FMD能受损关系密切。     

原发性高血压患者颈动脉内膜-中层厚度与外周血管内皮功能的关系

目的:应用超声观察原发性高血压患者颈动脉内膜-中层厚度(intima-mediathickness,IMT)并探讨其血管内皮功能及两者的相关性为早期干预、防治心脑血管疾病提供有力证据。方法:高血压组:选择山东省泰山疗养院126例原发性高血压患者,平均年龄(64±8)岁。另选30例健康人为对照组。测定126例高血压患者颈动脉内膜-中层厚度及反应性充血时和舌下含服硝酸甘油后肱动脉内径的变化,并与对照组进行比较,分析各指标相关性。结果:高血压患者IMT犤(1.06±0.05)mm犦明显比正常对照组犤(0.73±0.02)mm犦增厚(t=57.29,P<0.001)。反应性充血时肱动脉内径的扩张程度明显低于对照组(t=25.8P<0.001)。颈动脉内膜厚度与反应性充血时和舌下含服硝酸甘油后肱动脉内径变化呈显著负相关(r=-0.538,-0.46,P<0.001)。结论:原发性高血压患者存在明显的血管内皮依赖性及非依赖性舒张功能的损伤;内皮功能紊乱引起血管重构、肥厚、斑块形成。原发性高血压的内皮功能损伤促进了动脉粥样硬化的发生并加速了动脉粥样硬化的进程。     

多普勒超声评价维生素C和维生素E对高血压血管内皮舒张功能的影响

目的应用超声技术观察维生素C,维生素E对高血压患者肱动脉内皮依赖性舒张功能的影响。方法研究对象包括20例高血压患者和20例正常人分别服用维生素C、维生素E12个月前后,应用高分辩力超声测定静息状态下,反应性充血后,舌下含服硝酸甘油后的肱动脉内径,并计算反应性充血和硝酸甘油诱发的内径百分变化率。结果反应性充血前后肱动脉内径百分变化率,高血压组明显低于正常组(P<0.001),硝酸甘油诱发的肱动脉内径百分变化率高血压组和正常组无显著差异。服用维生素C、维生素E12个月后,高血压患者反应性充血前后肱动脉内径百分变化率明显高于治疗前(P<0.001)。但硝酸甘油诱发的肱动脉内径百分变化率无明显变化。结论服用维生素C、维生素E可改善高血压患者受损的内皮依赖性血管舒张功能。     

高频超声评价系统性红斑狼疮患者肱动脉内皮功能

目的应用高频超声测量系统性红斑狼疮(SLE)患者反应性充血前后肱动脉内径的百分变化率评价肱动脉内皮功能。方法研究对象包括36例系统性红斑狼疮患者(依病程分为SLE1组、SLE2组)和18例健康对照者。应用高频超声测量静息状态下、反应性充血后、舌下含服硝酸甘油后的肱动脉内径,并计算反应性充血和硝酸甘油诱发的内径百分变化率及二者之比。结果SLE1组反应性充血诱发的肱动脉内径百分变化率显著低于对照组(P<0.05);SLE2组反应性充血诱发的肱动脉内径百分变化率显著低于对照组(P<0.001);SLE2组反应性充血诱发的肱动脉内径百分变化率显著低于SLE1组(P<0.05)。SLE2组含服硝酸甘油后的肱动脉内径百分变化率显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。SLE1组EDV/EIV显著低于对照组(P=0.001);SLE2组内皮依赖性舒张(EDV)与非内皮依赖性舒张(EIV)之比(EDV/EIV)显著低于对照组(P<0.001);SLE2组EDV/EIV显著低于SLE1组(P<0.05)。结论系统性红斑狼疮患者肱动脉内皮功能减低,EIV功能亦会发生改变。EDV与EIV之比(EDV/EIV)比单纯的用反应性充血诱发的肱动脉内径百分变化率更能反映其内皮功能状态。     

高血压患者左室重构和舒张功能变化与血管内皮功能关系的超声检测

目的 研究原发性高血压患者左室重构和左室舒张功能的变化,并探讨其与肱动脉内皮依赖性舒张功能之间的关系.方法 检测22例高血压病左室肥厚患者(LVH组),18例非左室肥厚患者(非LVH组)及20例正常对照者的心脏结构和功能,并观察肱动脉加压反应性充血后内径变化的百分率(FMD%).结果 高血压病LVH组与非LVH组肱动脉反应性充血后内径变化百分率(FMD%)、E/A均较正常对照组明显降低(P<0.05) ;左室质量指数(LVMI)高血压病LVH组较非LVH组及正常对照组明显增大(P<0.001) ;FMD%与LVMI明显相关(r=-0.721,P<0.01),并与E/A有相关性(r=0.392, P<0.05).结论 超声无创检测肱动脉内皮依赖性舒张功能为临床评估高血压病提供了一项重要信息.     

乙醛脱氢酶2基因多态性与血管内皮功能及动脉粥样硬化关系的研究

目的应用高分辨力超声技术对肱动脉舒张功能及血流动力学进行评价,并结合定量冠状动脉(冠脉)造影结果,探讨乙醛脱氢酶2(ALDH2)基因多态性与血管内皮功能及动脉粥样硬化之间关系。方法150例经冠脉造影证实的冠心病患者,根据基因测序结果分为A组(野生型)93例(62%)和B组(突变型)57例(38%),观察两组患者冠心病易患因素及冠状动脉病变程度,同时应用高分辨力超声技术评价肱动脉舒张功能及相应状态下血流最大剪切率。结果两组患者基本临床特征比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。B组患者多支病变率显著低于A组(57.9%对76.4%,P=0.017),Gensini评分亦低于A组(46.3±35.7对61.8±49.3,P=0.04)。高分辨力超声检查:肱动脉基础内径两组间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。内皮依赖性血管舒张功能检查:反应性充血后肱动脉内径变化两组间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);非内皮依赖性血管舒张功能检查:含化硝酸甘油后B组血管内径的增幅较A组显著减少(P<0.05),表明B组患者对硝酸酯类药物反应能力较低。脉冲多普勒检查血流动力学,基础状态及反应性充血后肱动脉最大剪切率A组显著低于B组(P<0.01),提示野生型患者易发生动脉粥样硬化。结论ALDH2基因多态性与血管内皮功能及动脉粥样硬化之间关系密切。ALDH2基因突变虽可导致非内皮依赖性血管舒张功能障碍,但内皮依赖性血管舒张功能不受影响。ALDH2基因突变可能具有抗动脉粥样硬化的作用。     

血管内皮功能障碍与冠状动脉硬化的关系

目的评定血管内皮功能障碍与冠状动脉粥样硬化的关系。方法306例怀疑冠心病的患者冠状动脉造影后行超声扫描肱动脉血管内皮功能检测，其中男195例，女111例，平均年龄(57&;#177;12)岁。根据冠状动脉造影结果分成3组，A组172例，有明显的血管狭窄，即血管内径狭窄≥50％；B组8l例，血管内径狭窄&;lt;50％；C组53例，无血管狭窄。所有患者均于冠状动脉造影后3d内行肱动脉内皮功能检测。结果3组间基础血管内径、血流速度差异无显著性意义(t=1．02；P&;gt;0．05)。反应性充血内径变化值A组与B组(t=4．78；P&;lt;0．05)、C组(t=16．92；P&;lt;0．001)以及B、C两组间(t=6．89；P&;lt;0．01)差异具有显著性意义；反应性充血血流速度变化值A组与B组(t=5．57：P&;lt;0．05)、C组(t=12.08;P&;lt;0．001)，以及B、C两组间(t=8．56；P&;lt;0．01)差异均有显著性意义。结论 肱动脉内皮功能不良可间接反应冠状动脉内皮依赖性舒张功能受损，与冠状动脉狭窄密切相关，是冠状动脉病变良好的预测指标。     

代谢综合征患者血管内皮舒张功能的超声检测

目的探讨高分辨力超声在代谢综合征患者血管内皮功能评价中的价值。方法选择42例代谢综合征患者(MS)及正常对照组20例。MS患者根据有无颈动脉斑块分为两组,Ⅰ组(无斑块)23例,Ⅱ组(有斑块)19例。应用Celermajer的方法,通过超声检测肱动脉反应性充血及舌下含服0.5mg硝酸甘油后肱动脉内径变化来评价血管内皮功能。同时记录颈动脉内中膜(IMT)厚度,观察有无斑块形成。结果MS组与对照组之间反应性充血后血管内径变化率均有显著性差异(P<0.01)。MS斑块组与对照组之间含服硝酸甘油后血管内径变化率有显著性差异(P<0.01)。MS斑块组与对照组之间颈动脉内中膜厚度差异有显著性(P<0.01),而MS无斑块组与对照组之间差异无显著性(P>0.05)。单元线性回归分析显示反应性充血后血管内径变化率与患者的年龄、收缩压、舒张压、甘油三脂、血糖、体质指数均呈负相关。结论代谢综合征患者存在血管内皮依赖性舒张功能损伤,颈动脉斑块组非血管内皮舒张功能亦有损害。     

高分辨超声技术评价冠心病患者血管内皮功能的临床研究

目的探讨冠心病患者血管内皮依赖性及非内皮依赖性舒张功能的变化。方法对30名冠心病患者和20名正常人采用高分辨超声技术测量反应性充血和含服硝酸甘油后肱动脉的内径变化,评价血流介导的肱动脉舒张功能和硝酸甘油介导的肱动脉舒张功能。结果冠心病患者组的血流介导的肱动脉舒张反应比(3.68±1.91%)和硝酸甘油介导的肱动脉舒张反应比(16.33±3.33%)与对照组比较(分别为6.37±3.59%和23.31±6.63%)显著低于对照组(P<0.01)。另外,线性回归分析结果显示:冠心病患者组的血流介导的肱动脉舒张功能与低密度脂蛋白、肱动脉基础直径呈负相关(r=-0.377,P<0.05;r=-0.422,P<0.05),硝酸甘油介导的肱动脉舒张反应与肱动脉基础直径呈负相关(r=-0.386,P<0.05)。结论冠心病患者血管内皮依赖性及非内皮依赖性舒张功能均受损,肱动脉超声法检测血管舒张功能可用于对冠心病患者内皮功能的评价。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.