Moss Miami内固定及椎管减压治疗胸腰椎骨折的探讨

目的: 探讨MossMiami内固定及椎管减压治疗胸腰椎骨折的临床疗效。方法:对 18例胸腰椎骨折患者应用MossMiami内固定系统进行复位内固定。结果: 18例患者术中均获得良好复位, 平均随访 14个月 (9~20个月), 骨折全部愈合, 无断钉、断棒、内固定松动等情况。结论: MossMiami内固定操作简便,复位满意, 固定牢靠, 是治疗胸腰椎骨折有效治疗方法之一。     

Neurologic return versus cross-sectional canal area in incomplete thoracolumbar spinal cord injuries

Twenty-four patients with incomplete spinal cord injuries secondary to burst fractures of the thoracolumbar spine were reviewed an average of 26 months after their injury. No patient had had a specific attempt to decompress neural elements but the majority had posterior instrumentation and fusion for spine realignment and stabilization. The amount of neurologic recovery in each patient was compared to the final area of the spinal canal as determined by CT scan. It was concluded that there was no correlation between neurologic improvement and the amount of spinal canal encroachment. In addition, posterior instrumentation to realign the spine will usually restore canal patency to greater than 50% of normal.     

Posterior upper cervical fusion in rheumatoid arthritis.

The purpose of this study was to determine fusion rates in patients who underwent posterior cervical fusion for instability of the upper cervical spine secondary to rheumatoid arthritis. A retrospective review of clinical and radiographic data was conducted. Nineteen patients underwent posterior cervical fusions limited to the upper cervical spine. There were 11 C1-C2 fusions and 8 occiput-C2 fusions. Instability with pain or neurologic deficits were the main indications. A uniform technique was used in all cases. Preoperative reduction in halo vest or cast was followed by a Gallie type fusion using autogenous iliac bone graft and wire, and postoperative halo vest or cast immobilization for 3 months. A fusion rate of 94% was achieved. The average follow-up was 5 years. Complete or partial relief of pain was obtained in all patients; 30% of those with preoperative deficits improved after surgery. A high fusion rate may be achieved with C1-C2 and occiput-C2 fusions in rheumatoid arthritis, with relief of pain and prevention of neurologic deterioration.     

Circumferential fusion for the management of acute cervical spine trauma.

Combined, single-stage anterior and posterior approaches for acute surgical management of cervical spine injury allows for early restoration of anatomic alignment and decompression. Six patients underwent single-stage anterior decompression and posterior instrumentation and fusion at Vanderbilt University Medical Center between 1984-1989. There was no late deformity. Five patients had incomplete neurologic deficits, and each improved a minimum of one Frankel classification. One patient had complete neurologic deficit at the C5 level. The procedure is lengthy, with an average time under anesthesia of 7.7 hs. Since this procedure allows for immediate mobilization, it should be considered for the management of cervical spine fractures with both anterior and posterior column instability.     

Tracheostomy after anterior cervical spine fixation

BACKGROUND: Patients with cervical spine injury may require both anterior cervical spine fusion and tracheostomy, particularly in the setting of associated cervical spinal cord injury (SCI). Despite the close proximity of the two surgical incisions, we postulated that tracheostomy could be safely performed after anterior spine fixation. In addition, we postulated that the severity of motor deficits in patients with cervical spine injury would correlate with the need for tracheostomy. METHODS: A retrospective review was undertaken of all adult trauma patients diagnosed with cervical spine fractures or cervical SCI admitted between June 1996 and June 2001 at our university Level I trauma center. Demographic data, severity of neurologic injury based on the classification of the American Spinal Injury Association (ASIA), complications, and use and type of tracheostomy were collected. In the subgroup of patients with unstable cervical spine injury that underwent anterior stabilization and tracheostomy, data regarding timing and technique of these procedures and wound outcomes were also collected. Categorical data were analyzed using chi analysis using Yates correction when appropriate, with p <0.05 considered significant. RESULTS: During this time period, 275 adult survivors were diagnosed with cervical spinal cord or bony injury. Forty-five percent of patients with SCI (27 of 60) and 14% of patients without SCI (30 of 215) underwent tracheostomy (p <0.001). Moreover, on the basis of the ASIA classification system, 76% of ASIA A and B patients, 38% of ASIA C patients, 23% of ASIA D patients, and 14% of ASIA E patients were treated with tracheostomy (p <0.001). In the subgroup that underwent both anterior spine fixation and tracheostomy (n=17), the median time interval from spine fixation to airway placement was 7 days (interquartile range, 6-10 days), with 71% of these tracheostomies performed percutaneously. No patient developed a wound infection or nonunion as a consequence of tracheostomy placement, and there were no deaths because of complications of either procedure. CONCLUSION: These data support the safety of tracheostomy insertion 6 to 10 days after anterior cervical spine fixation, particularly in the presence of cervical SCI. The presence of severe motor neurologic deficits was strongly associated with the use of tracheostomy in patients with cervical spine injury. Percutaneous tracheostomy, which is our technique of choice, may be advantageous in this setting by virtue of creating only a small wound. The optimal timing and use of tracheostomy in patients with cervical spine injury requires further study.     

Long-term follow-up of the surgical management of neuropathic arthropathy of the spine

Background ContextNo studies have discussed the long-term surgical management and outcomes of Charcot arthropathy of the spine. This case series presents nine patients treated over 30 years. The study hypothesis was that surgery would reduce instability, pain, recurrence, and the need for revision surgery in the long-term, given previous study findings of successful fusion of Charcot spine in the short-term.PurposeTo evaluate the long-term outcomes of surgery for Charcot spine.Study Design/SettingRetrospective case series. Cases took place at Stanford University Medical Center and Santa Clara Valley Medical Center.MethodsAll patients had either complete paraplegia or dense paraparesis with both major motor and sensory deficits. Seven patients developed Charcot spine after spinal instrumentation for trauma, one after scoliosis repair for meningomyelocele, and one after spinal instrumentation for neuromuscular scoliosis caused by birth injury resulting in C6–C7 quadraplegia. Average time between initial instrumentation and development of Charcot spine was 7.6 years. Two patients underwent posterior fusion alone, six had anterior-posterior fusion, and one was managed with thoracolumbar orthosis.ResultsAverage follow-up was 14.3 years. Revisions were necessary in 75% (6 of 8) of patients for complications including nonunion, new Charcot joints, recurrent hardware failure, and osteomyelitis. Achieving fusion often required multiple operations, and there were no deaths or neurologic complications.ConclusionsLong-term follow-up showed a high rate of revision surgery. Solid fusions often resulted in late breakdown or new junctional Charcot arthropathies. Patients initially fused to the lumbar spine instead of the sacrum or pelvis had a higher rate of developing another Charcot joint. Fusion was often difficult with persistent nonunions and functional deficits because of decreased mobility. We recommend that Charcot spine well tolerated without skin, seating problems, or dysreflexia should be cautiously observed with conservative management. For surgical care, we recommend three-column stabilization with either combined anterior-posterior or all posterior approaches with anterior support to obtain and secure greater long-term stability.     

Anterior stabilization, instrumentation, and decompression for post-traumatic kyphosis

Thirty-seven patients underwent surgery for late post-traumatic kyphosis in the lumbar, thoracolumbar, or thoracic spine. Indications for surgery included: increasing deformity, pain, and persistent neurologic deficit with paraparesis in eight, and development of late spinal stenosis in a further nine patients. All patients underwent anterior correction with Kostuik-Harrington instrumentation. Seventeen patients with neurologic deficit underwent decompression over appropriate levels as well. No posterior fusions or instrumentation were carried out. Stable arthrodesis with correction of the deformity occurred in 36 of 37 patients with only one nonunion. Pain was reduced significantly in 78% of patients. Late neurologic improvement of a significant functional degree occurred in three of eight paraparetics. All patients with spinal stenosis had relief of their symptoms and signs.     

Halo重力牵引在伴神经损害的严重上胸段角状后凸畸形矫形术前的应用

目的:探讨严重上胸段角状后凸畸形伴神经损害患者术前Halo重力牵引+脊柱后路矫形内固定术的矫形效果。方法:回顾性分析2010年1月至2019年12月行术前Halo重力牵引+脊柱后路矫形内固定术治疗的严重上胸段角状后凸畸形伴神经损害患者16例,男11例,女5例;年龄（12.9±5.6）岁（范围6~27岁）。牵引后、手术后...     

Risk factors for residual neurologic deficits after surgical treatment for epidural abscess in the thoracic or lumbar spine

BACKGROUND CONTEXTSpinal epidural abscess (SEA) can cause neurologic deficits and needs urgent surgical intervention. Many clinical factors had been proposed to predict surgical outcomes in patients with SEA, but the predictive radiographic risk factors for residual neurologic deficits were not addressed sufficiently.PURPOSETo analyze the clinical and radiographic risk factors for residual neurologic deficit in patients with SEA after surgical intervention of the thoracic or lumbar spine.STUDY DESIGN/SETTINGA retrospective consecutive case series.PATIENT SAMPLEFrom January 2005 through December 2014, 53 patients with primary SEA, confirmed by culture or histopathology, in the thoracic or lumbar spine who underwent posterior-only approach surgery at our hospital.OUTCOME MEASURESNeurologic status was assessed using the Frankel grading system preoperatively, postoperatively, and at final follow-up.METHODSThe patients were allocated into two groups based on the presence of postoperative residual neurologic deficits. Patients’ demographic, clinical, and factors based on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were analyzed for their influence on residual neurologic deficits. Clinical factors included age, sex, diabetes, comorbidities, pathogens, affected spinal levels, the interval between onset of symptoms to surgery, preoperative neurologic status, presence of cauda equina syndrome, and surgical procedures. MRI factors included the distribution of abscesses within the spinal canal, presence of ring enhancement, presence of paravertebral abscess or psoas abscess, canal compromise anteroposterior (AP) ratio and cross-sectional area ratio, abscess length, and abscess thickness.RESULTSThirty-five of the 53 patients (66%) had preoperative neurologic deficits, and 21 of 53 patients (40%) had postoperative residual neurologic deficits. Patients’ neurologic status improved significantly after the surgery (p<.001). Risk factors including age, diabetes, cauda equina syndrome, presence of anterior with posterior (A+P) dural abscess, canal compromise AP ratio, cross-sectional area ratio, abscess length, and abscess thickness were significantly correlated with postoperative residual neurologic deficits. In multivariate logistic regression analysis, age ≥70 years, preoperative cauda equina syndrome, abscess length ≥5.5 cm and abscess thickness ≥0.8 cm were the four most significant factors related to residual neurologic deficits.CONCLUSIONSIn patients with SEA of the thoracic and lumbar spine, age ≥70 years, preoperative cauda equina syndrome, abscess length ≥5.5 cm and abscess thickness ≥0.8 cm were the most significant preoperative risk factors for residual neurologic deficits after surgery.     

Simultaneously anterior decompression and posterior instrumentation by extrapleural retroperitoneal approach in thoracolumbar lesions

Background:

Anterior decompression with posterior instrumentation when indicated in thoracolumbar spinal lesions if performed simultaneously in single-stage expedites rehabilitation and recovery. Transthoracic, transdiaphragmatic approach to access the thoracolumbar junction is associated with significant morbidity, as it violates thoracic cavity; requires cutting of diaphragm and a separate approach, for posterior instrumentation. We evaluated the clinical outcome morbidity and feasibility of extrapleural retroperitoneal approach to perform anterior decompression and posterior instrumentation simultaneously by single “T” incision outcome in thoracolumbar spinal trauma and tuberculosis.

Patients and Methods:

Forty-eight cases of tubercular spine (n = 25) and fracture of the spine (n = 23) were included in the study of which 29 were male and 19 female. The mean age of patients was 29.1 years. All patients underwent single-stage anterior decompression, fusion, and posterior instrumentation (except two old traumatic cases) via extrapleural retroperitoneal approach by single “T” incision. Tuberculosis cases were operated in lateral position as they were stabilized with Hartshill instrumentation. For traumatic spine initially posterior pedicle screw fixation was performed in prone position and then turned to right lateral position for anterior decompression by same incision and approach. They were evaluated for blood loss, duration of surgery, superficial and deep infection of incision site, flap necrosis, correction of the kyphotic deformity, and restoration of anterior and posterior vertebral body height.

Results:

In traumatic spine group the mean duration of surgery was 269 minutes (range 215–315 minutes) including the change over time from prone to lateral position. The mean intraoperative blood loss was 918 ml (range 550–1100 ml). The preoperative mean ASIA motor, pin prick and light touch score improved from 63.3 to 74.4, 86 to 94.4 and 86 to 96 at 6 month of follow-up respectively. The mean preoperative loss of the anterior vertebral height improved from 44.7% to 18.4% immediate postoperatively and was 17.5% at final follow-up at 1 year. The means preoperative kyphus angle also improved from 23.3° to 9.3° immediately after surgery, which deteriorated to 11.5° at final follow-up. One patient developed deep wound infection at the operative site as well as flap necrosis, which needed debridement and removal of hardware. Five patients had bed sore in the sacral region, which healed uneventfully. In tubercular spine (n=25) group, mean operating time was approximately 45 minutes less than traumatic group. The mean intraoperative blood loss was 1100 ml (750–2200 ml). The mean preoperative kyphosis was corrected from 55° to 23°. Wound healing occurred uneventful in 23 cases and wound dehiscence occurred in only 2 cases. Nine out of 11 cases with paraplegia showed excellent neural recovery while 2 with panvertebral disease showed partial neural recovery. None of the patients in both groups required intensive unit care.

Conclusions:

Simultaneous exposure of both posterior and anterior column of the spine for posterior instrumentation and anterior decompression and fusion in single stage by extra pleural retroperitoneal approach by “T” incision in thoracolumbar spinal lesions is safe, an easy alternative with reduced morbidity as chest and abdominal cavities are not violated, ICU care is not required and diaphragm is not cut.     

Thoracolumbar Spine Trauma: II. Principles of Management

The care of patients with thoracolumbar spine trauma with or without neurologic deficits has evolved dramatically over the past 20 years with the emergence of tertiary-care spinal injury centers and the development of more effective spinal instrumentation and anesthesia techniques. Despite these advances, the majority of patients with thoracolumbar injuries are still treated nonoperatively with cast or brace immobilization and early ambulation. More aggressive treatment is guided by the use of classification systems that detail the mechanism of injury, the degree of compromise of spinal structures, and the potential for late mechanical instability or neural injury. The goal of treatment remains attainment of spinal stability with protection or improvement of the patient's neurologic status, allowing rapid and maximal functional recovery.     

Surgical stabilization of thoracic and lumbar spine fractures: a retrospective study in a military population

Twenty-two patients underwent surgical stabilization of thoracic and lumbar spine fractures. Twenty patients were operated on within 4 weeks of the injury and two patients more than 1 year following injury. Harrington rods were used in 21 and Dwyer instrumentation in one. The presenting neurological deficits were: four complete, five incomplete, and 13 intact. Clinical failure was noted in four patients, two of whom underwent posterior instrumentation more than 1 year following the initial injury. The most important contributing factor to failure was use of instrumentation in deviation from standard practice. The aim of operative treatment to maintain fracture reduction, decompress neural elements, promote fracture healing, and shorten hospitalization was achieved.     

成人无骨折脱位型颈髓损伤的手术策略分析

目的回顾性分析不同手术策略治疗成人无骨折脱位型颈髓损伤,即无放射学异常的颈髓损伤(cervical spinal cord injury without radiographic abnormality,CSCIWORA)的疗效。方法对郑州市骨科医院2013年4月至2018年4月收治的69例成年CSCIWORA病人进行回顾性分析,收集病人术前、术后6个月的美国脊柱损伤协会(American Spinal Injury Association,ASIA)脊髓损伤分级,比较采用前路手术、后路手术和联合入路手术病人的ASIA分级,以及伤后7 d内手术与7 d后手术病人的ASIA分级情况。结果69例病人中,24例行颈椎前路手术,32例行后路手术,13例行前后路联合手术;术中出现脑脊液漏2例,行腰大池引流后均无感染。伤后7 d内完成手术的有51例,超过7 d完成的有18例。颈椎前路手术、后路手术和前后路联合手术病人之间的手术前后ASIA分级比较,差异均无统计学意义(P均>0.05)。伤后7 d内手术与7 d后手术病人术后6个月的ASIA分级比较,差异有统计学意义(Z=-2.460,P=0.014)。结论结合影像资料,制定个体化手术入路,把握手术时机(7 d内)解除压迫、重建颈椎稳定性可使颈髓损伤修复获益更多。     

后路器械内固定在上胸椎肿瘤手术中的应用

目的本文是一项病例回顾性研究,旨在了解后路器械内固定在上胸椎(T1~5)肿瘤手术治疗中的作用和意义,及其对上胸椎肿瘤手术策略的影响。方法对我科2002年2月~2005年12月间接受了后路器械内固定的7例上胸椎肿瘤患者进行随访,比较患者手术前后疼痛、神经功能分级和放射影像学结果。结果有2例患者实现了病椎的全椎大块切除(total en bloc spondylectomy,TES),2例患者通过瘤内切除技术(intralesional resection)达到病椎的完全切除(total vertebrectomy,TV),3例患者完成了病椎的部分切除(partial vertebrectomy,PV)。有3例患者接受后路颈胸椎联合固定,3例患者接受了椎体成形术。在末次随访时所有的患者均存活,至末次随访的最短随访时间为8个月,最长随访时间36个月(平均15.8个月)。所有患者术前均有中到重度的疼痛,术后疼痛完全缓解。采用改良A-SIA评分标准进行神经功能评分,术前有4例患者截瘫(1例为B级,3例为C级),术后全部恢复至E级。没有出现任何与内固定器械有关的神经和血管损伤。结论使用后路器械内固定可保证脊柱术后即时的稳定性,因此不仅能进行椎板切除,还能单纯经后路完成病椎的完全或部分切除,达到彻底的脊髓减压,有助于实施TES或实现TV。对多节段病变、颈胸结合部病变及病理性骨折导致的脊柱后凸畸形的手术治疗具有重要的意义。     

Surgical treatment of metastatic tumors of the spine

The goal of surgical treatment of metastatic spinal tumors is to maintain neurologic functioning without pain for the duration of the life expectancy. Of 28 patients in this series, 25 who had metastasis in the vertebral body underwent direct decompression by removal of the tumor, followed by vertebral reconstruction. A combined anterior or posterior instrumentation provided rigid spinal stability immediately after surgery. Three patients with involvement of the posterior part of the vertebra were treated by laminectomy for removal of the tumor, followed by posterior instrumentation. As a result, of nine patients who are alive with improved neurologic functions, seven have been ambulatory for an average duration of 13 months. Of 19 patients who have already died, recurrence of neurologic deficits was observed in five (26%), and 14 had no neurologic deterioration until they succumbed to the malignancy. Removal of the tumor and reconstructive surgery may be expected to produce satisfactory results.     

强直性脊柱炎脊柱骨折的治疗

目的 了解强且性脊柱炎(AS)脊柱骨折治疗的特点及注意事项。方法对19例AS脊柱骨折病例进行回顾性分析硬随访,19例中颈椎骨折11例,9例发生在C5-7间;胸腰椎骨折8例,7例为应力骨折,均发生存T10-L2间。二柱骨折16例。9例并发脊髓损伤,其中8例为颈椎骨折。所有19例患者均接受了手术治疗。颈椎骨折或脱位采用了4种手术方式,其中9例做了前路间盘切除或椎体次全切除、椎间值骨加钢板内固定术。胸腰椎骨折也做了4种术式,其中5例的术式为后路长节段固定加前、后联合融合,结果术岳18例患者获得了平均46．4个月的随访。并发脊髓损伤的9例患者,术后8例的神经功能有恢复。18例患者的骨折部位均已骨性愈合一术中并发脊髓损伤2例,因脑血管意外死亡1例,并发肺炎2例。结论 AS脊柱骨折好发于下颈椎及胸腰段,大多为三柱骨折,颈椎骨折并发脊髓损伤的发生率较高。胸腰椎多为应力骨折一手术治疗可使大多数患者的骨折愈合良好,神经功能有不同程度的恢复。对颈椎骨折患者,可采用前路椎体问植骨、钢板内固定的术式;而对于胸腰椎骨折,主张后路长节段固定,前、后联合植骨融合,术中及术后均可能出现并发症,应注意预防或避免。     

Thoracic spinal injuries: operative treatments and neurologic outcomes

Between January 1983 and December 1997, 29 patients with either a fracture (11 patients) or a fracture-dislocation (18 patients) of the thoracic spine were treated operatively. All patients underwent posterior decompression and stabilization within a mean time of 4 days after injury (range, 0-45 days). Patients with complete paraplegia had no postoperative improvement in neurologic status, whereas all patients with incomplete spinal cord lesions improved in neurologic status after surgery. There was no significant association between time from injury to operation and final neurologic outcome. For thoracic fractures, the procedure of surgical decompression and stabilization is safe, and neurologic recovery may be anticipated in patients with incomplete spinal cord lesions.     

Traumatic noncontiguous double fracture-dislocation of the lumbosacral spine.

BACKGROUND CONTEXT: To our knowledge, the presence of noncontiguous fracture-dislocation of the lumbosacral spine occurring at two levels has not been reported. The etiology, evaluation, and treatment of the unusual injury is presented. PURPOSE: To notify spinal traumatologists about the possibility of this unusual injury. STUDY DESIGN: A case report of an unusual noncontiguous double fracture-dislocation of the lumbosacral spine. METHODS: A 26-year-old man was involved in a motor vehicle accident where his car fell over a bridge and plummeted approximately 300 feet before hitting the ground. The patient was transported to a major medical center where he was found to be conscious, and amazingly, his only major injury was fracture-dislocations of L2-L3 and L5-S1. His preoperative neurologic status showed a partial paraparesis to all motor groups of the lower extremities bilaterally. RESULTS: The patient underwent a posterior reduction, instrumentation, and fusion from L1 to S1 with autogenous bone graft and segmental pedicle screw instrumentation. One week postoperatively, he underwent an anterior spinal fusion of L5/S1. Postoperatively, his neurologic status improved allowing him to be ambulatory, with a normal lumbosacral alignment being well-maintained. CONCLUSIONS: Noncontiguous double fracture-dislocation of the lumbosacral spine is an unusual injury, which results from a very high-energy trauma. Prompt recognition of the injuries, reduction of the fracture-dislocations, and posterior stabilization is recommended for neural decompression, spinal alignment, and long-term stabilization.     

Anterior spine stabilization and decompression for thoracolumbar injuries

In a series of patients with thoracolumbar spine injuries, anterior spinal canal decompression resulted in better neurologic recovery than did previously reported posterior instrumentation or nonoperative treatment. The technique allows stabilization over a much shorter segment of the spine than posterior instrumentation and therefore is indicated for fractures at L2 and below and in all patients with burst fractures and neurologic compromise.     

Surgical treatment of post-traumatic kyphosis: a report of 16 cases

Thoracic and lumbar spine fractures may lead to symptomatic progressive kyphosis for which surgery remains a controversial treatment. Sixteen patients with kyphosis were treated surgically at the Sacré-Coeur Hospital in Montreal between 1979 and 1985. The mean follow-up was 38 months. Initially, treatment of the fractures varied. On average the post-traumatic kyphosis was surgically corrected 34 months later. The corrective procedure consisted of staged anterior and posterior fusion with instrumentation (six patients), posterior fusion with instrumentation (five), staged anterior fusion, posterior osteotomy and fusion with instrumentation (four), posterior osteotomy and fusion with Harrington instrumentation (one). Anterior decompression was also performed in 5 of the 10 patients who had anterior fusion. There was no major perioperative complication. Pain was relieved in 13 patients and 9 of 11 had substantial neurologic improvement. Two patients had nonunion of posterior grafts, but these united after revision. The mean loss of correction in the early postoperative period was 3.5 degrees. The authors conclude that surgical treatment of post-traumatic symptomatic progressive kyphosis is effective and safe.