Birth outcome measures and maternal exposure to heavy metals (lead,cadmium and mercury) in Saudi Arabian population

This cross-sectional study was conducted to assess the association between exposure to heavy metals (lead, cadmium and mercury) during pregnancy and birth outcomes in 1578 women aged 16–50 years who delivered in Al-Kharj hospital, Saudi Arabia, in 2005 and 2006. The levels of lead, cadmium and mercury were measured in umbilical cord blood, maternal blood and the placenta. Outcome variables were anthropometric measures taken at birth, along with the risk of being small-for-gestational age (SGA). We selected the 10th percentile as the cutoff for dichotomizing measures of birth outcome. Cadmium, despite its partial passage through the placenta had the most prominent effect on several measures of birth outcome. After adjustment for potential confounders, logistic regression models revealed that crown-heel length (p = 0.034), the Apgar 5-minute score (p = 0.004), birth weight (p = 0.015) and SGA (p = 0.049) were influenced by cadmium in the umbilical cord blood. Significant decreases in crown-heel length (p = 0.007) and placental thickness (p = 0.022) were seen with higher levels of cadmium in maternal blood. As placental cadmium increased, cord length increased (p = 0.012) and placental thickness decreased (p = 0.032). Only lead levels in maternal blood influenced placental thickness (p = 0.011). Mercury in both umbilical cord and maternal blood was marginally associated with placental thickness and placental weight, respectively. Conversely, placental mercury levels significantly influenced head circumference (p = 0.017), the Apgar 5-minute score (p = 0.01) and cord length (p = 0.026). The predictions of these models were further assessed with the area under the curve (AUC) of the receiver operating curves (ROCs), which were modest (larger than 0.5 and smaller than 0.7). The independence of gestational age or preterm births on the observed effect of metals on some measures of birth outcome, suggested detrimental effects of exposure on fetal development. The magnitude of the estimated effects might not necessarily be of clinical significance for infants but may have a considerable public-health relevance given the high prevalence of exposure to heavy metals. Further research should be conducted to confirm these findings and to evaluate their long-term risks, if any.     

Maternal and umbilical cord blood levels of mercury, lead, cadmium, and essential trace elements in Arctic Canada

Maternal and umbilical cord blood levels of mercury (Hg), lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), and the trace elements copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), and selenium (Se) are reported for Inuit, Dene/Métis, Caucasian, and Other nonaboriginal participants from Arctic Canada. This is the first human tissue monitoring program covering the entire Northwest Territories and Nunavut for multiple contaminants and establishes a baseline upon which future comparisons can be made. Results for chlorinated organic pesticides and PCBs for these participants have been reported elsewhere. Between May 1994 and June 1999, 523 women volunteered to participate by giving their written informed consent, resulting in the collection of 386 maternal blood samples, 407 cord samples, and 351 cord:maternal paired samples. Geometric mean (GM) maternal total mercury (THg) concentrations ranged from 0.87 microg/L (SD = 1.95) in the Caucasian group of participants (n = 134) to 3.51 microg/L (SD = 8.30) in the Inuit group (n = 146). The GM of the Inuit group was 2.6-fold higher than that of the Dene/Métis group (1.35 microg/L, SD = 1.60, n = 92) and significantly higher than those of all other groups (P<0.0001). Of Inuit women participants, 3% (n = 4) were within Health Canada's level of concern range (20-99 microg/L) for methylmercury (MeHg) exposure. Of Inuit and Dene/Métis cord samples, 56% (n = 95) and 5% (n = 4), respectively, exceeded 5.8 microg/L MeHg, the revised US Environmental Protection Agency lower benchmark dose. GM maternal Pb was significantly higher in Dene/Métis (30.9 microg/L or 3.1 microg/dL; SD = 29.1 microg/L) and Inuit (31.6 microg/L, SD = 38.3) participants compared with the Caucasian group (20.6 microg/L, SD = 17.9) (P < 0.0001). Half of all participants were smokers. GM blood Cd in moderate smokers (1-8 cigarettes/day) and in heavy smokers (> 8 cigarettes/day) was 7.4-fold higher and 12.5-fold higher, respectively, than in nonsmokers. The high percentage of smokers among Inuit (77%) and Dene/Métis (48%) participants highlights the need for ongoing public health action directed at tobacco prevention, reduction, and cessation for women of reproductive age. Pb and THg were detected in more than 95% of all cord blood samples, with GMs of 21 microg/L and 2.7 microg/L, respectively, and Cd was detected in 26% of all cord samples, with a GM of 0.08 microg/L. Cord:maternal ratios from paired samples ranged from 0.44 to 4.5 for THg, from 0.5 to 10.3 for MeHg, and 0.1 to 9.0 for Pb. On average, levels of THg, MeHg, and Zn were significantly higher in cord blood than in maternal blood (P < 0.0001), whereas maternal Cd, Pb, Se, and Cu levels were significantly higher than those in cord blood (P < 0.0001). There was no significant relationship between methylmercury and selenium for the range of MeHg exposures in this study. Ongoing monitoring of populations at risk and traditional food species, as well as continued international efforts to reduce anthropogenic sources of mercury, are recommended.     

Correlation between maternal and cord blood lead levels

Whole blood lead levels were estimated by atomic absorption analysis in 226 blood samples from 113 mothers of 23 different nationalities. Samples were collected before delivery, and from cord blood from their respective neonates. The concentrations of blood lead were within the expected range of occupationally unexposed populations. Mean maternal blood lead levels were 0.72 0.10 mumol/l (14.9 2.14 mug/dl), range 0.32-1.34 mumol/l (6.6-27.8 mug/dl) and mean cord blood levels were 0.64 0.12 mumol/l (range 0.29-1.46 mumol/l). Sixteen percent of the mothers and nearly 10% cord blood samples were found to have blood lead level greater than 0.97 mumol/l (20 mug/dl). Very high levels, in excess of 1.21 mumol/l (25 mug/dl), were detected in 3.5% of mothers as compared to 2.6% of cord blood samples. Out of 113 infants, 65 (58%) were males with a mean cord blood lead level of 0.63 mumol/l and 48 (42%) were females with a mean level of 0.66 muol/l. The lowest maternal blood lead levels 0.68 mumol/l were observed in ages 20 to 25 years old, and lowest cord blood levels 0.58 mumol/l were seen in maternal age of less than 20 years old. On the other hand, the highest maternal and cord blood lead levels (0.82 and 0.75 mumol/l, respectively) were observed in maternal ages of greater than 35 years old. The results show a direct correlation of blood lead level between mothers and umbilical cord as seen in the linear regression distribution curve.     

2010年-2011年闽北地区农产品重金属铅镉汞污染状况分析

目的:了解闽北地区农产品中重金属铅、镉、汞的含量水平,分析污染原因,评价其食用安全性。方法:结合省下达的食品污染物监测任务,采集闽北地区十个县市大型超级市场和农贸市场所出售的农产品,共检测12个种类462份样品,测定重金属铅、镉、汞的含量。结果:2010年-2011年我区12种农产品中铅、镉、汞的总体合格率分别达到97.4%、95.6%和97.7%。肉类、无铅皮蛋、鱼类、奶制品和茶叶的总合格率均为100%;甲壳类产品的合格率最低为33.3%。结论:2010年-2011年我区农产品重金属污染状况总体不严重,但流通市场中的干食用菌、甲壳类产品重金属超标严重,应采取相应措施,改善近海水质污染,加强养殖业、种植业的监督管理,确保农产品的质量安全。     

Mercury (Hg) and oxidative stress status in healthy mothers and its effect on birth anthropometric measures

This study was conducted to: (a) investigate the antagonistic interaction between selenium (Se) and mercury (Hg) in mothers and their newborns, (b) delineate the role of oxidative mechanisms induced by Hg exposure and (c) examine the protective effect of Se on Hg-induced oxidative stress and birth outcomes. Levels of Hg and Se were measured in umbilical cord blood and the placentas of 250 healthy mothers who participated in a study between 2006 and 2006 assessing prenatal exposure various pollutants. Levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) in cord and maternal blood and of 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine in urine were measured for assessing oxidative stress. Tail moment (TM) in the comet assay, as a biomarker of DNA damage was measured in samples of cord and maternal blood. The mean Se levels in umbilical cord blood (67.618 ± 12.897 μg/l) were lower than those reported in many countries, but none of the newborns had Se levels <20 μg/l (the threshold limit of Keshan disease). More than 80% of the newborns, though, had Se levels below the 80 μg/l needed for maximum glutathione peroxidase activity. Even though 18.6% of the newborns had levels of Hg ≥5.8 μg/l (the reference dose of the Environmental Protection Agency), no relationship was observed with the biomarkers of oxidative stress. The mean placental Hg levels (0.056 ± 0.075 μg/g dry wt.) were higher than those reported for newborns with abnormal fetal development. Our study also documented significant placental transfer of Hg and Se to the fetus. The Hg/Se molar ratio in both cord blood and placental tissue was well below 1. The average amount of Se in both matrices was approximately 50-fold in molar excess over Hg. The molar excess of Se in the umbilical cord (0.843 μmol/l), however, was lower than in placental tissues (13.098 μmol/kg dry wt.). In further support of the relationships of Hg and Se on oxidative stress, we observed significantly lower levels of maternal MDA associated with Se levels in both cord blood and placental tissues and significantly higher TM levels associated with placental Hg in both newborns and their mothers. In contrast, Se/Hg molar ratios in placental tissues were positively associated with MDA and negatively with TM. The disproportion between Hg and Se might be influenced by the length of Hg exposure that in turn might affect Se bioavailability. Each birth anthropometric outcome was modeled as a function of Hg, Se and their interactions. After an adjustment for confounding variables, Hg in cord blood had a significantly positive rather than the expected negative association with crown-heel length. Placental Hg was associated with reduced birth height. Both associations were independent of prematurity. The status of Se in newborns was positively associated with crown-heel length and placental weight, with and without preterm births, and with birth weight, but only without preterm births. In contrast, a lower cephalization index was correlated with Se levels in cord blood, which may be an indicator of a detrimental effect on health. Our study, however, revealed associations between significantly lower levels of placental Se and several birth anthropometric measures (head circumference, birth weight and birth height) but the significance disappeared after excluding preterm births. Regression analyses generally indicated either significant or marginally significant Hg–Se antagonistic interactions that may have moderated the toxic effect of Hg on head circumference and birth weight. This finding may be due to chance or residual confounding and so may not be clinically relevant, but it may also suggest that Hg, Se and Hg–Se interactions are important factors for understanding Hg-induced adverse birth outcomes. Additional research will be necessary to evaluate the biological impact of combined metals in the assessment of fetal growth and development.     

广州地区500例母乳铅与母血、脐血铅含量的相关性分析

目的:了解广州地区产妇母乳铅含量与母血、脐血铅含量之间的相关性。方法:采用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪(ICP-MS)对广州地区500例产妇抽取母血、脐血、母乳中铅含量进行测定,并进行三者之间的相关性分析。结果:母血铅含量为0~67.590μg/L,均值为(22.005±12.861)μg/L,脐血铅含量为0~69.370μg/L,均值(26.760±9.223)μg/L,母乳铅含量为0~80.420μg/L,均值为(4.474±8.760)μg/L,母血铅与脐血铅含量呈显著正相关(r=0.341,P=0.001),母乳中铅含量与母血中铅含量的相关性没有统计学意义(r=0.064,P=0.367),母乳中铅含量与脐血中铅含量的相关性没有统计学意义(r=0.001,P=0.995)。结论:母血铅含量与脐血铅含量成正相关,血铅可通过胎盘转运给胎儿,母乳中铅含量较母血中铅含量低,母乳喂养是安全的。     

Body burdens of mercury, lead, selenium and copper among Baltimore newborns

Umbilical cord blood or serum concentrations of mercury, lead, selenium and copper were measured with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry in a population of 300 infants born in Baltimore, Maryland. Geometric mean values were 1.37 μg/L (95% confidence interval: 1.27, 1.48) for mercury; 0.66 μg/dL (95% CI: 0.61, 0.71) for lead; and 38.62 μg/dL (95% CI: 36.73, 40.61) for copper. Mean selenium was 70.10 μg/L (95% CI: 68.69, 70.52). Mercury, selenium and copper levels were within exposure ranges reported among similar populations, whereas the distribution of lead levels was lower than prior reports; only one infant had a cord blood lead above 10 μg/dL. Levels of selenium were significantly correlated with concentrations of lead (Spearman's ρ=0.20) and copper (Spearman's ρ=0.51). Multivariable analyses identified a number of factors associated with one of more of these exposures. These included: increase in maternal age (increased lead); Asian mothers (increased mercury and lead, decreased selenium and copper); higher umbilical cord serum n−3 fatty acids (increased mercury, selenium and copper), mothers using Medicaid (increased lead); increasing gestational age (increased copper); increasing birthweight (increased selenium); older neighborhood housing stock (increased lead and selenium); and maternal smoking (increased lead). This work provides additional information about contemporary prenatal element exposures and can help identify groups at risk of atypical exposures.     

孕期被动吸烟对脐血铅、镉水平的影响

目的探讨孕期被动吸烟对脐血铅、镉的影响。方法采用无火焰原子吸收法测定68例无被动吸烟对照组、134例被动吸烟研究组(分为重型组、轻型组)的母血、脐血铅、镉水平,并测定2组孕妇的新生儿的体重、Apgar评分对数据进行分析比较。结果对照组,研究组(重型组、轻型组)的脐血铅水平分别为(21.88±1.48)μg/L,(33.88±1.55)μg[(38.02±1.58)μg/L,(30.20±1.45)μg/L],脐血膈水平为(0.26±0.26)μg/L,(0.49±0.39)μg/L[(0.50±0.47)μg/L,(0.48±0.38),μg/L]。研究组与对照组比较及重、轻型组分别与对照组比较,母血、脐血铅、镉水平的差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);脐血铅是母血铅的80%~90%;脐血镉明显低于母血镉(P<0.05)。研究组新生儿Apgar评分低于对照组(P<0.05),2组新生儿体重差异无统计学意义。结论孕期被动吸烟可以使脐血铅、镉水平明显升高。     

宁波市江北区市售蔬菜中铅、镉、汞检测结果分析

目的:了解宁波市江北区市售蔬菜中铅、镉、汞污染情况,为减少中毒和制定预防措施提供依据。方法:随机采集江北区3个农贸市场销售的蔬菜样本,共8个品种72份,用微波消解仪进行消化处理,按照GB/T5009进行分析;用圆白菜标准样品(GBW10014)进行质量控制。结果:72份蔬菜中铅、镉、汞检出率分别为100%、100%、16.7%。其中铅含量较高的为生菜和空心菜,镉含量较高的为食用菌和生菜,汞含量均较低。结论:宁波市江北区市售蔬菜存在铅、镉、汞的轻度污染。     

Smoking habits and levels of lead and cadmium in blood in urban women

Summary In 222 Dutch urban women lead (PbB)- and cadmium (CdB)-levels in blood were measured and related to smoking habits. PbB ranged from 40 ppb to 240 ppb and CdB rangedfrom 0.2 ppb to 4.4 ppb. Smokers had slightly higher PbB-levels and distinctly higher CdB-levels.     

南宁市市售蔬菜中铅、镉、砷和汞含量的调查分析

目的 了解南宁市市售蔬菜中铅、镉、砷、汞污染情况,及时发现食品安全隐患,为风险预警提供依据.方法 2011年从南宁市的6个城区随机采集农贸市场销售的蔬菜样本,共13个品种390份,按照GB/T 5009进行分析;采用加标回收试验进行质量控制.结果 390份蔬菜中铅、镉、砷、汞检出率分别为89.2％、91.3％、61.8％、7.4％,超标率均为零.结论 南宁市市售蔬菜中铅、镉、砷、汞含量均未超出限量标准,属轻度污染.     

Biomonitoring of mercury,cadmium, and lead exposure in Japanese children: a cross-sectional study

Objectives

To measure current Hg, Cd, and Pb exposure in Japanese children, and to estimate dietary intakes of foods responsible for high body burden.

Methods

Blood, hair, and urine samples were collected from 9 to 10-year-old 229 children in Asahikawa and measured for Hg, Cd, and Pb in these matrices. Diet history questionnaire was used to estimate intake of marine foods and other food items. Hg level was measured by cold vapor atomic absorption spectrometry. Cd and Pb levels were determined with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry.

Results

Geometric mean (GM) of blood Hg, Cd, and Pb was 4.55 μg/L, 0.34 μg/L, and 0.96 μg/dL, respectively. Urinary Cd level was 0.34 μg/g creatinine (GM) and hair Hg was 1.31 μg/g (GM). Approximately one-third (35 %) of blood samples had Hg level above the U.S. EPA reference dose (RfD; 5.8 μg/L). Hair Hg level exceeded U.S. EPA RfD (1.2 μg/g) in 59 % samples. Children in the upper quartile of blood Hg level had significantly higher intake of large predatory fish species compared to those in the lower quartile of blood Hg.

Conclusions

Those with high blood Hg level may be explained by more frequent intake of big predatory fish. Cd and Pb exposure is generally low among Japanese children. As no safety margin exists for Pb exposure and high exposure to MeHg is noted in Japanese population; periodic biomonitoring and potential health risk assessment should continue in high-risk populations, notably among children.     

微波消解同时测定农产品中铅、镉、汞

目的:建立一种适合同时测定农产品中铅,汞,镉的样品前处理方法。方法:采用微波消解方法处理样品,样品消化液经赶酸后定容,分别用来测定汞和铅、镉。结果:测定铅,镉,汞方法的线性范围分别为:0.0μg/L～20μg/L,0.0μg/L～2μg/L,0.0μg/L～5μg/L;相关系数分别为:0.9979,0.9978,0.9988;回收率分别为:95.8%～103%,95.1%～104%,98.4%～110.6%;方法的检测限分别为0.012μg/L,0.009μg/L,0.0027μg/L。结论:该方法精密度好,准确度高,快速简单,能够很好地满足农产品中铅,汞,镉含量的测定要求。     

分娩期GBS阳性产妇羊水、胎盘及脐带血与母婴感染的关联性分析

目的探讨妊娠期生殖道B族溶血性链球菌与围生期母婴感染的关联性。方法回顾性分析2017年1月-2018年6月在医院门诊常规孕检并自然分娩的妇女B族溶血性链球菌(GBS)检测及GBS感染情况。妊娠早期(8~12周)和37周取阴道下三分之一分泌物采用胶体金免疫层析法GBS鉴定卡进行GBS检测;临产后对GBS阳性孕妇预防性静滴抗生素1~2次,分娩时取羊水、胎儿脐带血及胎盘(母体面取拭子)做GBS检测,并纪录母亲产后发热、产褥感染、产后出血、新生儿带菌及新生儿感染发生率。结果共检测2 100例孕妇,早孕期GBS带菌率6. 13%;至妊娠37周时筛查1 848例(去除流产及早产病例252例),GBS阳性率6. 89%;分娩时127例GBS阳性孕妇羊水、胎盘及脐带血GBS阳性率分别为3. 94%、3. 94%及2. 36%,1721例GBS阴性孕妇的羊水、胎盘和脐带血GBS均为阴性。GBS阳性母亲产后发热、产褥感染及产后出血率与阴性者相比差异无统计学意义(P>0. 05),胎盘病理检查绒毛膜羊膜炎的发生率69. 29%明显高于阴性者的18. 94%。GBS阳性母亲的新生儿带菌率为3. 94%,感染率为2. 36%;GBS阴性母亲的新生儿GBS均阴性。结论妊娠期产道GBS阳性母亲,羊水、胎盘及脐带血的阳性率高于阴性者。羊水、胎盘及脐带血阳性者新生儿有一定的带菌率和感染率,应引起产科医师重视。     

Reference values for lead,cadmium and mercury in the blood of adults from the metropolitan area of Sao Paulo,Brazil

Human biomonitoring is an important tool for the evaluation of environmental exposure to contaminants. The data that are obtained from these studies might be compared to appropriate reference values (RVs) in a specific population. The RVs were derived from the rounded values of the upper limit of the 95th confidence interval of the 95th percentile for lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd) and mercury (Hg) in blood from adults in the metropolitan area of Sao Paulo (MASP), Brazil to investigate the association between blood metals and sociodemographic and lifestyle factors. Blood samples from 653 nonsmoking blood donors without occupational exposure to the studied metals were collected in 2006. Our evaluations distinguished a younger group (18–39 years) and an older group (40–65 years). RVs in the younger group were 60 μg Pb/L and 4 μg Hg/L for men and 47 μg Pb/L and 4 μg Hg/L for women. RVs in the older group were 80 μg Pb/L and 5 μg Hg/L for men and 63 μg Pb/L and 6 μg Hg/L for women. The RV for Cd was 0.6 μg/L for adults aged 18–65 years. Pb and Cd levels demonstrated a significant association with sex and age. Male blood contained 50% more Pb, and the older group exhibited 23% more Pb. Fish consumption and amalgam fillings were primarily related to Hg levels. RVs for lead were similar to the Czech Republic and Germany but higher than the US population. The RV for Cd in Brazil was well below the RVs of these countries. The RVs for Hg in Brazil were similar to the US but higher than Germany and the Czech Republic.     

Search for anti-laminin antibodies in the serum of workers exposed to cadmium,mercury vapour or lead

Summary Anti-laminin antibodies were sought for in the serum of workers exposed to mercury vapour (Hg, n = 58), lead (Pb, n = 38) or cadmium (Cd, n = 47). Thirty-one workers removed from Cd exposure for an average of eight years were also examined. Compared with control workers matched for age and socio-economic status, the prevalence of circulating anti-laminin antibodies was not increased in workers exposed to Hg (mean duration of exposure: 7.9 years and mean urinary excretion of Hg: 72 g/g creatinine) nor in those exposed to Pb (mean duration of exposure: 10.6 years and mean Pb levels in blood: 535 g/l). In contrast, anti-laminin antibodies were significantly more prevalent in Cd-exposed workers whose urinary Cd exceeded 20 g/g creatinine. This observation was made in both currently exposed workers and in workers removed from Cd exposure (mean duration of exposure: 9.4 and 24.6 years and mean urinary Cd: 7.8 and 13.4 g/g creatinine respectively). These autoantibodies were found in Cd workers with normal renal function as well as in those with increased proteinuria.     

太原市粮食类食品铅镉汞含量与安全性评价

目的:了解太原市粮食类食品中重金属元素的含量水平,评价其质量安全。方法:在太原市的几个主要超市和粮油供应点总共采集7种米类和15种面类,总共66份样品,传统方法测定铅、镉、汞的含量,SPSS17.0建立数据库并进行分析。结果:2010年太原市粮食类食品中铅、镉、汞总体合格率分别达到90.91%、95.45%和100%。结论:2010年太原市粮食类食品重金属污染状况不严重,少部分米类和面类存在重金属超标情况,应采取相应措施,保证食品质量安全。     

Maternal exposure to arsenic, cadmium, lead, and mercury and neural tube defects in offspring

Arsenic, cadmium, lead, and mercury are neurotoxins, and some studies suggest that these elements might also be teratogens. Using a case-control study design, we investigated the relation between exposure to these heavy metals and neural tube defects (NTDs) in offspring of Mexican-American women living in 1 of the 14 Texas counties bordering Mexico. A total of 184 case-women with NTD-affected pregnancies and 225 control-women with normal live births were interviewed about their environmental and occupational exposures during the periconceptional period. Biologic samples for blood lead and urinary arsenic, cadmium, and mercury were also obtained for a subset of these women. Overall, the median levels of these biomarkers for heavy metal exposure did not differ significantly (P > 0.05) between case- and control-women. However, among women in the highest income group, case-women were nine times more likely (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.4-57) than control-women to have a urinary mercury 5.62 microg/L. Case-women were 4.2 times more likely (95% CI 1.1-16) to report burning treated wood during the periconceptional period than control-women. Elevated odds ratios (ORs) were observed for maternal and paternal occupational exposures to arsenic and mercury, but the 95% CIs were consistent with unity. The 95% CIs of the ORs were also consistent with unity for higher levels of arsenic, cadmium, lead, and mercury in drinking water and among women who lived within 2 miles at the time of conception to industrial facilities with reported emissions of any of these heavy metals. Our findings suggest that maternal exposures to arsenic, cadmium, or lead are probably not significant risk factors for NTDs in offspring. However, the elevated urinary mercury levels found in this population and exposures to the combustion of treated wood may warrant further investigation.     

产妇和新生儿体内重金属水平及其影响因素分析

目的了解某地区产妇及新生儿血砷、汞和铅的水平,分析其相关影响因素。方法在某地区随机抽取A、B两所医院,选择2012年4—5月间住院分娩的产妇共226名,采集产妇静脉血和新生儿脐带血,采用电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定全血中砷、汞和铅的浓度,并对产妇进行问卷调查。结果 226对产妇和新生儿血铅浓度范围分别为2.65~67.00μg/L和4.05~70.89μg/L,均低于100μg/L的限值;A医院产妇和新生儿血砷平均浓度分别为1.20μg/L和1.23μg/L,均高于B医院(0.62μg/L和0.71μg/L),差异具有统计学意义(P0.05),血汞和血铅浓度差异均无统计学意义(P0.05);新生儿脐带血中砷、汞和铅浓度与产妇静脉血中同种元素浓度呈显著正相关(P0.01),相关系数分别为0.925、0.832和0.765;多重线性回归分析结果显示,家庭年收入越高,产妇及其新生儿血砷浓度越高(P0.05);产妇文化程度则对血铅水平有显著影响,文化程度越高,产妇及其新生儿血铅浓度越低(P0.05)。结论该地区产妇和新生儿体内砷、汞、铅暴露水平较低,但胎盘对重金属缺乏有效屏障作用,仍应采取有效措施减少产妇和新生儿重金属暴露。     

恩施州9类食品中铅、镉和汞含量监测结果

目的对恩施州9类常见食品进行抽样与检测,掌握恩施州相关食品中铅、镉、汞含量的污染状况,为制定针对性的疾病预防监测措施提供理论支持。方法 2010—2011年在全州范围内以随机抽取的方式采集9大类食品共201个样品,采用原子吸收分光光度计、原子荧光光度计法测定食品中铅、镉、汞含量,并计算合格率。结果 9类食品中铅含量平均合格率为97.0%,镉含量平均合格率为95.0%,汞含量平均合格率为90.5%;食品中铅、镉、汞分别主要存在于动物内脏、鲜食用菌、蔬菜中。动物内脏中铅合格率为85.7%,鲜食用菌中镉合格率为85.7%,蔬菜中汞合格率为78.3%,其他食品中铅、镉、汞合格率都较高。结论恩施州常见食品总体污染水平较低,动物内脏、鲜食用菌、蔬菜分别有较高铅、镉、汞重金属污染,应采取针对性措施减少食品污染,以提高食品安全性。