后路经侧块关节螺钉内固定技术治疗寰枢椎不稳

目的：评价Magerl法内固定治疗寰枢椎不稳或脱位的临床疗效。方法：寰枢椎不稳14例,男10例,女4例;年龄17～62岁,平均38.6岁。均实施后路复位,Magerl法经关节螺钉内固定和自体髂骨植骨。结果：14例患者共植入经关节螺钉28枚。所有患者获随访,时间9～35个月,平均16个月,术后JOA评分13.8～15.8分,平均（14.50±0.66）分。改善率平均（76.12±4.94）%。术后无椎动脉和脊髓损伤发生,植骨全部融合。结论：Magerl法固定是治疗寰枢椎不稳的良好方法之一,无须加用结构性植骨和辅助内固定,自体颗粒状松质骨植骨即可实现有效的骨性融合。     

Minimally invasive anterior transarticular screw fixation and microendoscopic bone graft for atlantoaxial instability

Purpose

Even though transarticular screw (TAS) fixation has been commonly used for posterior C1–C2 arthrodesis in both traumatic and non-traumatic lesions, anterior TAS fixation C1–2 is a less invasive technique as compared with posterior TAS which produces significant soft tissue injury, and there were few reports on percutaneous anterior TAS fixation and microendoscopic bone graft for atlantoaxial instability. The goals of our study were to describe and evaluate a new technique for anterior TAS fixation of the atlantoaxial joints for traumatic atlantoaxial instability by analyzing radiographic and clinical outcomes.

Methods

This was a retrospective study of seven consecutive patients with C1–C2 instability due to upper cervical injury treated by a minimally invasive procedure from May 2007 to August 2009. Bilateral anterior TAS were inserted by the percutaneous approach under Iso-C3D fluoroscopic control. The atlantoaxial joint space was prepared for morselized autogenous bone graft under microendoscopy. The data for analysis included time after the injuries, operating time, intraoperative blood loss, X-ray exposure time, clinical results, and complications. Radiographic evaluation included the assessment of atlantoaxial fusion rate and placement of TAS. Bone fusion of the atlantoaxial joints was assessed by flexion extension lateral radiographs and 1-mm thin-slice computed tomography images as radiographic results. Clinical assessment was done by analyzing the recovery state of clinical presentation from the preoperative period to the last follow-up and by evaluating complications.

Results

A total of 14 screws were placed correctly. The atlantoaxial solid fusion without screw failure was confirmed by CT scan in seven cases after a mean follow-up of 27.5 months (range 18–45 months). All patients with associated clinical presentation made a recovery without neurologic sequelae. Postoperative dysphagia occurred and disappeared in two cases within 5 days after surgery. There were no other complications during the follow-up period.

Conclusions

Percutaneous anterior TAS fixation and microendoscopic bone graft could be an option for achieving C1–C2 stabilization with several potential advantages such as less tissue trauma and better accuracy. Bilateral TAS fixation and morselized autograft affords effective fixation and solid fusion by a minimally invasive approach.     

下颈椎可屈性与寰枢关节Magerl固定术的可行性分析

目的:探讨下颈椎的屈曲程度与后路经寰枢关节螺钉固定术的可能性。方法:回顾已施行经寰枢关节螺钉固定术病例的术前颈椎过屈位X线像,测量C2～C7间的角度,复习手术经过,分析可完成螺钉固定的颈椎曲度及其它相关因素。结果:在已完成后路经寰枢关节螺钉固定术的75例患者中有58例屈颈侧位X线像显示下颈椎呈后凸状态,后凸角平均为17.25°;另17例屈颈侧位片见下颈椎呈前凸状态,但这些病例都是体形瘦长者。结论:后路经寰枢关节螺钉固定术仅适合于下颈椎可以很好屈曲及体形瘦长的病例。     

寰枢椎后路经关节螺钉固定术

目的评价参照枢椎椎管内壁行寰枢椎后路经关节螺钉固定（Naged技术）的可行性。方法2002年1月～2005年1月，对31例寰枢椎不稳患者行后路经关节螺钉内固定术，男18例，女13例；平均年龄36．8岁。螺钉置入方法：紧贴枢椎椎管内壁确定距离中线的距离，以枢椎椎板下缘上2帅为进针高度，两线交叉点即为螺钉进针点。螺钉平行矢状面，指向寰枢关节面后缘高度，通过C型臂机侧位像确认螺钉向上倾斜角度。术后结合正、侧位x线片、螺旋CT三维重建及断层扫描图像，评价螺钉置入准确程度。根据螺钉与寰枢椎关节面的位置关系分为A、B、C三区，A区螺钉通过寰椎下关节面；B区螺钉在关节面的前方或后方（前方为B1，后方为B2）；C区为螺钉在关节面的内侧或外侧（内侧为C1，外侧为C2）。结果共置入60枚螺钉。术中无椎动脉、颈脊髓、颈神经根及颅神经损伤。所有患者获得6～18个月（平均9个月）的随访，植骨融合时间为3～12个月，平均5个月，颈脊髓及神经根症状改善明显者3例，部分改善者5例，无改善者1例，无神经症状加重患者。枕颈部疼痛完全缓解者8例，部分缓解者6例，无缓解者2例。60枚螺钉中，A区58枚（96．7％），B1区2枚（3．3％），无B2及C区螺钉。结论参照枢椎椎管壁行寰枢椎后路经关节螺钉固定是安全可靠的。     

Atlantoaxial transarticular screw fixation and posterior fusion using polyester cable: a 10-year experience

Purpose

To retrospective review the clinical outcomes of the modified operative technique using a polyester suture material (Ethibond* Excel) for atlantoaxial transarticular screw fixation and posterior fusion.

Methods

The retrospective reviews were conducted from 2002 to 2012. The patient’s medical record reviews included demographic data, cause of atlantoaxial instability, orthopedic and surgical history, clinical presentation, radiographic finding including plain radiography, complications, operative detail, and outcome of treatment. Fusion of C1–C2 was defined as either graft consolidation or absence of C1–C2 movement on lateral flexion–extension radiograph.

Results

Twenty-three patients demonstrated clinical and radiographic evidence of atlantoaxial instability (13 men and 10 women, with a mean age of 42 years). Majority of atlantoaxial instability was caused by trauma. Most common clinical symptom was neck pain with or without cervical myelopathy. Bilateral screws were placed in 18 of the 23 patients. Five patients underwent placement of unilateral screws. The 13 patients were inserted by screws with diameter 4.0 mm. The means screw length was 40.33 mm. The means of operative time and estimated blood loss were 3.6 h and 234 ml, respectively. The mean of follow-up duration was 18 months. All 41 screws were positioned satisfactorily in C1 lateral mass. All 23 patients achieved fusion (100 % fusion rate). After a period of follow-up, 9 of the 10 neurological deficit patients had completely recovered.

Conclusions

We concluded that the atlantoaxial transarticular screw fixation and posterior fusion using polyester cable can be used for C1–2 fusion with a high fusion rate and less complications in various cases.     

Computer-assisted Magerl's transarticular screw fixation for atlantoaxial subluxation

We report two patients with rheumatoid arthritis in whom posterior atlantoaxial fixation was carried out using transarticular screws with computer assistance. Two bilateral transarticular screws were inserted in one patient; however, in the other patient, only a unilateral screw was used, because computerized images showed that the vertebral artery at the other side was placed too medially to allow insertion of the screw. Neither of these patients had any neurovascular complications after surgery. Computer-assisted surgery is useful for avoiding neurovascular complications with transarticular screw fixation of C1-2. Received: January 26, 2001 / Accepted: August 13, 2001     

Virtual placement of posterior C1-C2 transarticular screw fixation

We wanted to evaluate how often safe and effective posterior C1-C2 transarticular screw placement is realizable when it is performed according to guidelines given in the literature. In 50 adult patients, computerized tomography scan data from C0 to C3 were transformed into a 3D spine model. Virtually, bilateral screws were placed from the medial third of the C2-C3 facet joint towards the rim of the C1 anterior arc parallel to midline. Three categories of virtual screw position were rated: optimal (virtual screw inside the C2 pars interarticularis, transversing the middle third of the atlantoaxial joint, and sparing the vertebral artery canal), suboptimal (virtual screw violating the C2 pars interarticularis, and/or transversing the lower or upper third of the C1-C2 joint, and sparing vertebral artery canal), and unacceptable (virtual screw breaching the vertebral artery canal). Optimal placement was seen in 74, suboptimal placement in 11, and unacceptable locations in 15 sites. We conclude that due to the variability of the anatomy of the upper cervical spine, optimal transarticular C1-C2 screw placement is not possible in up to 26%, and even hazardous in up to 15%. This paper was presented in part at the Jahrestagung der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Neurochirurgie, May 25–28, 2003, Saarbrücken, Germany     

Subaxial subluxation after atlantoaxial transarticular screw fixation in rheumatoid patients

The most common cervical abnormality associated with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is atlantoaxial subluxation, and atlantoaxial transarticular screw fixation has proved to be one of the most reliable, stable fixation techniques for treating atlantoaxial subluxation. Following C1–C2 fixation, however, subaxial subluxation reportedly can bring about neurological deterioration and require secondary operative interventions. Rheumatoid patients appear to have a higher risk, but there has been no systematic comparison between rheumatoid and non-rheumatoid patients. Contributing radiological factors to the subluxation have also not been evaluated. The objective of this study was to evaluate subaxial subluxation after atlantoaxial transarticular screw fixation in patients with and without RA and to find contributing factors. Forty-three patients who submitted to atlantoaxial transarticular screw fixation without any concomitant operation were followed up for more than 1 year. Subaxial subluxation and related radiological factors were evaluated by functional X-ray measurements. Statistical analyses showed that aggravations of subluxation of 2.5 mm or greater were more likely to occur in RA patients than in non-RA patients over an average of 4.2 years of follow-up, and postoperative subluxation occurred in the anterior direction in the upper cervical spine. X-ray evaluations revealed that such patients had a significantly smaller postoperative C2–C7 angle, and that the postoperative AA angle correlated negatively with this. Furthermore, anterior subluxation aggravation was significantly correlated with the perioperative atlantoaxial and C2–C7 angle changes, and these two changes were strongly correlated to each other. In conclusion, after atlantoaxial transarticular screw fixation, rheumatoid patients have a greater risk of developing subaxial subluxations. The increase of the atlantoaxial angel at the operation can lead to a decrease in the C2–C7 angle, followed by anterior subluxation of the upper cervical spine and possibly neurological deterioration.     

微创前路经寰枢椎关节突固定融合治疗寰枢椎不稳

目的探讨微创前路经寰枢椎关节突固定融合治疗寰枢椎不稳的临床效果和并发症。方法 2007年5月-2010年12月,对13例寰枢椎不稳患者行前路经皮关节突螺钉固定和内镜下植骨。其中男11例,女2例;年龄17～61岁,平均41.3岁。受伤至手术时间5～14 d,平均7.4 d。合并横韧带断裂Jefferson骨折6例,齿状突骨折5例,游离齿状突2例。术前Frankel分级为D级2例,E级11例。记录手术时间、术中出血量、放射线暴露时间和并发症,术后X线片观察寰枢椎稳定性,末次随访时评价神经功能恢复情况,并行薄层CT扫描三维重建评价融合情况。结果手术时间95～156 min,平均124 min;术中出血量30～105 mL,平均65 mL;放射线暴露时间30～64 s,平均41 s。13例均获随访,随访时间12～47个月,平均25.9个月。无血管、脊髓神经、气管、食道损伤及内植物失败等并发症。植骨融合时间6个月,动力位X线片未见不稳。末次随访时Frankel分级均为E级。寰枢椎融合率为84.6%(11/13);2例关节间隙未见连续性骨桥形成,但寰枢椎稳定。结论微创前路经寰枢椎关节突固定融合是治疗寰枢椎不稳的一种安全有效方法,具有微创技术优点。     

内窥镜辅助下前路经寰枢关节螺钉固定植骨融合术治疗上颈椎不稳

目的:探讨内窥镜辅助下前路经寰枢关节螺钉固定植骨融合术治疗上颈椎不稳的临床可行性及其疗效。方法:2006年1月至2009年12月采用内窥镜辅助下前路经寰枢关节螺钉固定植骨融合术治疗上颈椎不稳患者13例,男8例,女5例;年龄17~65岁,平均46.8岁。JeffersonⅡ型骨折6例,JeffersonⅢ型骨折1例,寰枢椎脱位3例,陈旧性齿状突骨折3例。患者均有枕颈部不适和活动受限,术前VAS评分为3.2～4.1分,平均3.8分;2例伴有不同程度脊髓功能损害者,按Frankel分级C级1例,D级1例。随访患者临床症状改善和植骨融合情况。结果:均在内镜辅助下顺利完成手术,13例患者共置入26枚螺钉;手术时间60～130min,平均80min;术中出血110~290ml,平均190ml。术中无脊髓、椎动脉损伤等并发症。术后复查CT显示1枚螺钉位置欠佳,螺钉外斜角偏小且上斜角偏大,螺钉部分进入椎管,但未损伤脊髓,未做处理;25枚位置良好。寰枢关节基本复位,固定可靠。术后随访12~60个月,平均18个月,末次随访时VAS评分降至1.0～2.0分,平均1.3分,与术前比较有统计学差异(P<0.05)。2例伴颈髓损伤患者的症状均有改善,Frankel分级C级者恢复到D级,D级者恢复到E级。12例患者术后3个月开始出现植骨融合,末次随访时寰枢关节间隙植骨均达到融合;1例患者未见明显植骨融合,但寰枢关节稳定性良好,未出现断钉等并发症。结论:内窥镜辅助下前路经寰枢关节螺钉固定植骨融合术治疗上颈椎不稳是可行的,能取得较好的治疗效果,且在一定程度上克服了传统手术显露困难的缺点,从而减少手术并发症。     

后路经关节螺钉内固定治疗创伤性寰枢椎不稳定46例

目的：探讨后路经关节螺钉内固定治疗创伤性寰枢椎不稳定疗效。方法采用以枢椎下关节突下缘中点为进钉点的后路改良节螺钉内固定治疗寰枢椎不稳定46例。结果术后随访5～48个月,平均21个月。寰枢椎获解剖复位44例,未解剖复位2例,内固定位置均良好。寰枢椎于术后2～3个月均获得骨性融合,临床症状缓解,无并发症发生。结论后路改良经关节螺钉内固定术,操作简便,疗效可靠,可作为治疗寰枢椎不稳定的有效术式。     

Magerl术治疗未获完全复位的寰枢椎脱位

目的：探讨Magerl术治疗未获完全复位的寰枢椎脱位的可行性及手术技巧。方法：2003年12月至2005年3月．对12例术前无固定神经定位体征、术中未获完全复位的寰枢椎不稳患者行后路经寰枢椎侧块关节UCSS空心螺钉固定（Maged术）、植骨融合术，对寰椎后弓完整的8例患者同期行后路寰枢椎钛缆固定术（Gauie术式）。通过随访并摄寰枢椎张口位和颈椎侧位X线平片，评估螺钉位置和植骨融合情况。结果：所有患者均完成双侧经关节螺钉固定，症状明显改善，无神经症状加重表现，无神经血管损伤等并发症发生。随访4～18个月（平均8个月），术后寰枢关节仍存在前脱位或（和）侧方脱位，但螺钉均通过寰枢椎侧块关节，所有置入螺钉位置准确，无寰枕关节活动受限。术后3-6个月均获骨性融合。结论：不能完全复位的寰枢关节脱位并不是Magerl术的绝对禁忌证，只要术前作好寰枢椎影像学检查并认真评估其可行性．术中采用“个体化”进钉方案，保证关节螺钉通道周围有充足的骨质，Magerl术仍是安全、可靠的。     

寰椎椎弓根螺钉联合经寰枢关节螺钉内固定稳定性的生物力学研究

目的:评估寰椎椎弓根螺钉联合经寰枢关节螺钉固定技术的力学稳定性.方法:选取成人颈椎新鲜标本6具,解剖剔除肌肉制备上颈椎完整模型(完整组),用生物力学测试及计算机视觉分析软件测量在1.5Nm力矩下前屈后伸、左右侧弯和左右旋转时C 1-C2的活动度(ROM);破坏寰椎前弓和侧块制备不稳模型(失稳组),再次测量相同力矩下各运...     

后路寰枢椎椎弓根钉板固定融合治疗上颈椎不稳

目的 :探 讨寰 枢 椎椎 弓根 钉 板固 定融 合 治疗 上颈 椎 不稳 的可 行 性。 方法 :在 气管 插 管全 麻 下对 13 例 患者施 行了 寰 枢椎 椎弓 根 钉板 固定 术 ,并行 自 体髂 骨植 骨 。寰 椎椎 弓 根螺 钉的 进 钉点 位于 枢 椎侧 块中 线 上 ,距 寰椎后 弓上 缘 最少 3m m ,内斜 10° ,上斜 5°枢 椎椎 弓根 螺 钉的 进钉 点 位于 枢椎 侧 块内 上象 限 ,显 露枢 椎椎 弓 内缘 。直视 下进 钉 ,内斜 25°上斜 25° 螺 钉直 径 3.5m m ,寰 椎椎 弓 根螺 钉长 28￣32m m ,枢 椎椎 弓根 螺 钉长 24￣28m m 。 , 。结果 :全 组病 例未 发 生椎 动脉 、脊 髓 损伤 ,术 后临 床症 状 得到 不同 程 度的 改善 。随 访 3￣21 个月 ,平 均 6.7 个月 。 X线、CT 复查 示螺 钉 位置 良好 ,无 松动 、断 钉 ,植骨 3 个月 后均 达 到满 意融 合 。结 论 :寰 枢 椎 椎 弓根 钉 板 固 定治 疗上颈 椎不 稳 效果 良好 ,是 寰枢 椎 后路 固定 可 供选 择的 术 式之 一。     

前路经寰枢关节螺钉内固定行枕颈融合的解剖学研究

目的：寻求前路经寰枢关节螺钉内同定行枕颈融合可行性的解剖学依据。方法：对30例正常国人行枕寰枢区三维CT重建，测量与内同定有关的解剖径线长度及角度大小，观察舌下神经管与枕骨髁的相对位置关系：并以测得的数据为依据在8具人体干燥枕寰枢标本上行螺钉内固定，三维CT检查内固定位置。结果：枕骨髁关节面的宽度为11．23～17．08mm，后1／3宽度为3．74～5．69mm，寰椎上关节面的长度为11．65～20．71mm，枕骨髁高度为4130～10．62mm，舌下神经管的位置相对恒定，表明枕颈部解剖结构适于行前路枕颈融合术；内同定后三维CT检查未见毗邻组织损伤。结论：前路经寰枢关节螺钉内同定行枕颈融合在解剖上是可行的，舌下神经管与枕骨髁的位置关系相对恒定，但少部分舌下神经管位于枕骨髁的后外侧，会使进针变得危险。     

后路寰枢椎经关节螺钉内固定治疗陈旧性齿状突骨折

[目的]对后路寰枢椎经关节螺钉内固定治疗陈旧性齿状突骨折进行回顾总结。[方法]33例陈旧性齿状突骨折经Anderson-D＇Alonzo分类Ⅱ型31例，Ⅲ型2例，无Ⅰ型病例。所有患者行后路寰枢椎经关节螺钉内固定植骨融合术，其中9例同时行Gallie法内固定。[结果]术后进行颈椎正侧位片随访6～52个月（平均7．9个月），32例获牢固骨性愈合，融合率97％。[结论]后路寰枢椎经关节螺钉内固定是治疗陈旧性齿状突骨折简单有效的方法。     

寰枢椎后路经关节改良螺钉内固定治疗寰枢椎不稳定

目的探讨寰枢椎不稳定患者行寰枢椎后路经关节改良螺钉内固定手术方法与疗效。方法对16例寰枢椎不稳定患者,采用枢椎下关节突下缘中点为进钉点的经关节螺钉内固定及自体颗粒样松质骨植骨治疗。结果随访5～48个月,16例患者寰枢椎稳定性均获得恢复与骨融合,无并发症。结论寰枢椎后方经关节螺钉内固定,可提供牢固的固定,恢复寰枢椎稳定,并发症发生率低。     

寰枢椎后方经关节螺钉内固定治疗寰枢椎不稳定

目的 探讨寰枢椎不稳定病人行寰枢椎后方经关节螺钉内固定融合手术方法与疗效。方法 5例寰枢椎不稳定病人采用后方经关节螺钉内固定及自体颗粒松质骨植骨治疗。结果 随访5—24个月，5例病人寰枢椎稳定性均获得恢复与骨融合。结论 寰枢椎后方经关节螺钉内固定，可提供牢固的固定，恢复寰枢椎稳定。     

寰枕关节后路经关节螺钉固定的解剖学研究

目的 :对 枕寰 枢 复合 体进 行 解剖 学研 究 ,为临 床 上枕 寰枢 后 路经 关节 螺 钉固 定提 供 解剖 学 依据 。 方 法 :对 100 例 中 国成 年人 枕 骨髁 和寰 椎 干燥 标本 进 行解 剖学 测 量;对 12 例 新鲜 尸体 枕 颈部 标本 进 行枕 寰 枢 后 部结构解 剖学 观 察。结 果:枕骨 髁与 寰 椎侧 块上 关 节面 咬合 成 寰枕 关节 ,枕 髁关 节 面呈 内倾 。其 中枕 髁关 节 面舌 下神经管 间距 为 9.66±1.13m m ,枕 髁 关节 面的 前 后 径 和横 径 、寰椎 侧 块 上 关节 面 前 后 径、侧 块上 关 节 面 横径 、侧 块与后弓 移行 处 侧块 厚度 均 在 5m m 以 上。新 鲜尸 体标 本 观察 发现 ,椎 动脉 第 三段 恒定 行 走于 椎动 脉 沟。第 颈 神经 1背侧 支和 第 2 颈 神经 背 侧支 与寰 椎 侧块 下关 节 突后 方几 乎 无交 叉,并有 一定 的 活动 度。 结 论:寰枕 关 节 的解 剖学形 态与 其 生物 力学 性 质密 切相 符 ;寰枕 关 节后 路经 关 节螺 钉内 固 定在 解剖 学 上是 可行 的 。     

Posterior stabilization of C2 metastases by combination of atlantoaxial screw fixation and hook plate

Summary A new technique for the stabilization of metastatic cervical instability of the axis and/or neighboring vertebrae at lower levels is described. By a combination of the transarticular screw fixation C1/2 (Magerl) with the hook plate technique (Magerl) (or facultatively with a 1/3 tubular or 3.5 mm dynamic compression plate) from a posterior approach, the risks and stresses on the patient of a transoral or a combined extended technique are avoided, creating a proven biomechanically stable situation. The new technique is particularly helpful in those patients with a rapid progression of their malignant disease in whom local tumor growth is not expected to compress the spinal cord, and palliative stabilization of the unstable upper cervical spine can avoid neurological deficits or alleviate pain syndromes at a minimized morbidity due to surgery. The new technique has been successfully applied in a limited clinical series of four patients with metastasis of the cervical spine, resulting in substantial improvement of the general condition and cervical pain syndrome and stability of the assemblage during the observation period (4–9 months).