致敏树突状细胞联合射频消融治疗对荷瘤大鼠免疫机能的影响

目的探讨经冻融肿瘤抗原致敏的树突状细胞（DCs）联合应用于射频消融术（RFA）后治疗大鼠实体瘤对大鼠抗肿瘤免疫的影响。方法30只荷Walker256实体瘤SD大鼠随机分成三组，每组10只：对照组1仅行RFA治疗；对照组2行RFA＋未致敏DC治疗；实验组行RFA＋冻融抗原致敏DC治疗。治疗前及治疗后第4天经流式细胞仪检测大鼠外周血中CD4^＋、CD8^＋及CD4^＋／CD8^＋比值；同时，超声评价治疗前后各组肿瘤体积变化，记录大鼠的荷瘤生存期，各组间比较。结果治疗后，实验组大鼠外周血CD4^＋T细胞及CD4^＋／CD8^＋比值的升高较两对照组比明显，与对照组2比差异显著（P〈0．05）；实验组外周血CD8^＋T细胞的降低显著大于两对照组（P〈0．05）。实验组大鼠肿瘤生长速度显著慢于对照组，其荷瘤生存期较对照组明显延长（P〈0．05）。结论肿瘤抗原致敏树突状细胞联合射频消融治疗可有效改善大鼠的抗肿瘤免疫机能，从而延缓肿瘤生长、延长荷瘤大鼠寿命。     

结肠癌患者外周血 CD4+ CD25+调节性 T细胞检测的临床意义

目的 探讨结肠癌患者外周血CD4^＋CD25^＋调节性T细胞检测的临床意义。方法采用流式细胞技术对51例结肠癌患者和30例健康体检者外周血淋巴细胞CD4及CD25进行了检测。结果（1）结肠癌组CD4^＋CD25^＋细胞明显高于正常对照组（P〈0．05），CD4^＋CD25^＋细胞则显著低于正常对照组（P〈0．05）；（2）结肠癌组手术后患者CD4^＋CD25^＋、CD4^-CD25^＋细胞与手术前相比显著下降（P〈0．05）；（3）结肠癌组淋巴结转移患者CD4^＋CD25^＋细胞明显高于未转移组（P〈0．001）。结论CD4^＋CD25^＋调节性T细胞数可以反映肿瘤患者免疫系统存在抑制状态，且可能与肿瘤的免疫耐受有关，并可反映肿瘤淋巴结转移状况。     

乌司他丁对肝癌患者高强度聚焦超声治疗后细胞免疫功能的影响

目的 探讨乌司他丁对肝癌患者高强度聚焦超声（HIFU）治疗后细胞免疫功能的影响。方法 择期行HIFU治疗的肝癌患者20例，ASAⅡ或Ⅲ级，随机分为2组（n=10）：对照组（C组）和乌司他丁组（U组）。U组于麻醉诱导后缓慢静脉注射乌司他丁20万U，C组输注等量生理盐水。于HIFU治疗前即刻（T1）、治疗结束即刻（T2）及治疗结束后24h（T3）采取肘静脉血样2ml，使用流式细胞仪检测CD3^＋、CD4^＋、CD8^＋T淋巴细胞和NK细胞百分率。结果 与T1比较，C组T2、T3时CD3^＋、CD4^＋、CD8^＋T淋巴细胞百分率差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05），T2时CD4^＋，CD8^＋比值增高，T2、T3时NK细胞百分率增高（P〈0．05），U组T2、T3时CD3^＋T淋巴细胞百分率差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05），T2时CD4^＋、CD8^＋T淋巴细胞百分率增高（P〈0．05），T2、T3时CD4^＋／CD8^＋比值、NK细胞百分率增高（P〈0．01）；与C组比较，T2、T3时U组NK细胞百分率增高（P〈0．05）。结论 乌司他丁可有效提高HIFU治疗肝癌患者的细胞免疫功能。     

联合应用胸腺肽α1治疗肾病综合征临床观察

目的：研究胸腺肽α1在预防肾病综合征并发感染及协助治疗的作用。方法：60例肾病综合征患者分为治疗组和对照组，治疗组予胸腺肽α1定期注射，两组治疗前后分别用流式细胞仪测定外周血T细胞亚群（CD3^＋，CD4^＋，CD8^＋，CD4^＋/CD8^＋）和NK细胞活性：同时观察两组病程和治疗效果。结果：治疗组患者的肾病综合征治疗有效率高于对照组（P〈0．05），尿蛋白转阴时间低于对照组（P〈0．05），治疗组感染率低于对照组，发生感染者抗菌素使用天数少于对照组（P〈0．05），组间感染类别差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05），治疗前两组CD3^＋，CD4^＋，CD8^＋，CD4^＋／CD8^＋和NK细胞活性差异无统计学意义，治疗后治疗组T细胞亚群活性和NK细胞活性明显高于治疗前（P〈0．05）。结论：胸腺肽α1改善肾病综合征患者免疫的失平衡，起到双向调节免疫的作用，减少治疗过程中并发症的发生，提高肾病综合征的治疗有效率。     

转移因子对扁平疣患者免疫功能的影响及疗效分析

目的观察转移因子治疗扁平疣患者对其免疫功能的影响及临床疗效。方法60例扁平疣患者随机分为两组：加转移因子治疗组（治疗组）和常规方法治疗组（对照组）,每组各30例,观察临床疗效。在治疗前和治疗后应用流式细胞仪检测外周血T淋巴细胞亚群,酶联免疫吸附实验检测血清中白介素10（IL-10）和γ干扰素（INF-γ）的水平,并与20例健康正常人组比较。结果治疗组总有效率高达76．67％,对照组仅为43．33％（Χ^2=5．63,P〈0．05）。扁平疣患者与正常人组比较,CD3^＋、CD4^＋明显低而CD8^＋明显高,CD4^＋／CD8^＋则明显低（P〈0．01）;治疗组患者在治疗后CD3^＋、CD4^＋均明显升高（P〈0．05）而CD8^＋明显降低,CD4^＋／CD8^＋则明显升高（P〈0．01）;对照组在治疗前后无显著性差异。扁平疣患者与正常人组比较,扁平疣患者IL-10高而INF-γ低（P〈0．05）,治疗组患者在治疗后IL-10降低而INF-γ升高（P〈0．05）,对照组在治疗前后无显著性差异。结论扁平疣患者存在免疫功能异常;转移因子可以提高患者免疫功能,治疗扁平疣临床疗效较好。     

尿毒症患者和肾移植受者外周血调节性T细胞表达的意义

目的探讨尿毒症患者和肾移植受者外周血CD4^＋CD127^-调节性T细胞（CD4^＋CD127^- Treg）的表达水平及意义。方法采用流式细胞术测定13例尿毒症患者（尿毒症组）、13例肾移植受者（肾移植组）和20例健康志愿者（对照组）外周血CD4^＋CD127^- Treg和CD4^＋CD25^＋CD127^- Treg占CD4^＋T细胞的比例。结果尿毒症组和肾移植组CD4^＋细胞中CD4^＋CD127^- Treg的比例明显低于对照组（P〈0．05,P〈0．01）;肾移植组CD4^＋CD25^＋CD127^- Treg的比例明显低于对照组（P〈0．05）。结论尿毒症患者外周血CD4^＋CD127^- Treg数量降低,免疫功能紊乱。肾移植受者外周血CD4^＋CD127^- Treg和CD4^＋CD25^＋CD127^-Treg数量降低,免疫反应性增强。     

胸腺切除对重症肌无力病人外周血T细胞的远期影响及意义

目的 探讨胸腺切除对重症肌无力（MG）病人外周血T细胞的远期影响及意义。方法 应用流式细胞术检测25例胸腺切除（手术组）、21例胸腺未切除（非手术组）MG病人和25名健康人（对照组）的外周血T细胞亚群CD4^＋T、CD8^＋T、CD4^＋／CD8^＋、CD4^＋CD25^＋T细胞的变化，应用ELISA法检测外周血IFN-γ、IL-4水平。结果 MG病人胸腺切除后完全缓解9例（36％），部分缓解13例（52％）。手术组与对照组比较CD4^＋CD25^＋T％显著降低（t=2．917，P=0．005）。手术组与非手术组比较CD4^＋CD25^＋T％、CD8^＋T％显著增高（t=7．935，P=0．000；t=2．619，P=0．012），CD4^＋CD8^＋显著降低（t=3．060，P=0．004）。手术组外周血IFN-γ水平显著低于非手术组（t=5．060，P：0．000），但显著高于对照组（t=3．709，P=0．001）。胸腺切除后部分缓解者CD4^＋CD25^＋T％显著低于完全缓解者（t=2．292，P=0．033），但高于无效者（t=5．225，P=0．000）。结论 MG病人外周血T细胞紊乱在胸腺切除后远期有一定程度的改善，但未完全恢复正常。CD4^＋CD25^＋调节性T细胞可能与MG发生、发展及预后有关。     

成份输血对食管癌、直肠癌病人术后T淋巴细胞亚群及自然杀伤细胞的影响

目的 探讨成份输血对食管癌、直肠癌病人术后T淋巴细胞亚群及自然杀伤细胞的影响。方法 24例食管癌和24例直肠癌病人,分别随机分为四组,输盐水组（Ⅰ组）,输压积红细胞组（Ⅱ组）,输全血组（Ⅲ组）,输血浆组（Ⅳ组）,每组12例,分别于术前、术后第1、5、10、15天测定外周血T淋巴细胞亚群（CD3^ 、CD4^ 、CD8^ ）／（CD3^＋CD8^ ）比例及自然杀伤细胞（CD16 56^ ）的变化。结果 与术前相比,术后1天四组病人CD3^ 、CD4^ 、CD8^ ）／（CD3^＋CD8^ ）、CD16 56^ 显著降低（P＜0．05或0．01）;术后第5天输全血组和输血浆组CD3^ 、CD4^ 、CD8^ 、CD^ 16＋56显著降低（P＜0．05）,输盐水组及输压积红细胞组各项指标均无显著变化（P＞0．05）;术后第10天输全血组和输血浆组,CD^ 16 56仍较低（P＜0．05）。组间比较：术后第1天输全血组和输血浆组CD^ 16＋56显著低于输盐水组（P＜0．05）;术后第5天输血浆组CD4^ 显著低于输压积红细胞组（P＜0．05）。结论 食管癌和直肠癌病人术后可出现一个可逆性细胞免疫功能抑制过程,输全血和血浆可加重免疫抑制,而输压积红细胞以机体的免疫抑制较轻。     

慢性特发性荨麻疹患者外周血T及Th淋巴细胞亚群的表达

目的：探讨慢性特发性荨麻疹患者外周血T及辅助性T淋巴细胞（Th）亚群的表达及其在慢性特发性荨麻疹发病机制中的作用。方法：采用流式细胞术检测经四色荧光抗体染色的慢性特发性荨麻疹患者及正常对照外周血CD3^＋、CD4^＋、CD8^＋T淋巴细胞数及CD4^＋／IFN-γ’（Th1）、CD4^＋／IL-4^＋（Th2）细胞含量。结果：慢性特发性荨麻疹组外周血CD3^＋T淋巴细胞数无明显变化、CD4^＋T淋巴细胞数、CD8^＋T淋巴细胞数均降低;CD4^＋／CD8^＋比值增高,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。慢性特发性荨麻疹患者外周血Th1细胞含量、Th1／Th2比值均明显低于正常对照组（P〈0．01,P〈0．05）,Th2细胞含量高于正常对照组（P〈0．01）。结论：慢性特发性荨麻疹患者外周血存在着T及Th淋巴细胞亚群分化失衡,这可能为慢性特发性荨麻疹发病的机制之一。     

Fas/FasL在强直性脊柱炎患者外周血T细胞亚群上的表达

目的检测强直性脊柱炎（As）患者外周血T细胞亚群上的Fas／FasL的表达水平，探讨Fas／FasL诱导的细胞凋亡在As免疫学发病机制中的作用。方法以临床确诊的60例As患者作为研究对象，同时选择30例正常对照，运用流式细胞仪（FCM）检测其外周血CD3^＋CD4^＋、CD3^＋CD8^＋T细胞亚群上的Fas／FasL表达水平。结果早、晚期AS患者外周血CD3^＋CD4^＋T细胞上的FasL的表达率分别为（0．59％、0．93％），CD3^＋CD8^＋T细胞上的FasL的表达率分别为（2．93％、4．32％），与健康对照组（0．48％、1．14％）比较，其表达率差异具有统计学意义（P〈0．05）；与健康对照组外周血CD3^＋CD4’、CD3^＋CD8’T细胞上的Fas表达率（58．25％、59．91％）比较，早期AS患者外周血CD3^＋CD4^＋T细胞上的Fas的表达率（64．75％）明显升高（P〈0．05），而CD3^＋CD8^＋T细胞上的Fas的表达率（48．64％）明显降低（P〈0．05），Fas在晚期AS患者外周血CD3^＋CD4^＋、CD3^＋CD8^＋T细胞上的表达率（57．63％、56．32％）无明显变化。结论Fas、FasL在外周血T细胞亚群上的表达水平与AS的病情发展阶段相关；Fas、FasL的异常表达所导致T细胞凋亡功能紊乱可能是AS发病的重要机制之一。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.