Reconstruction of the middle cerebral artery after excision of a giant fusiform aneurysm

A patient with a giant fusiform aneurysm of the left inferior trunkus of the middle cerebral artery (MCA) is presented. The size of the aneurysm was 5 cm at its largest diameter. Retrograde flow was well developed. After the application of temporary clips the aneurysm was excised and microsurgical reconstructions were undertaken. Adequate flow in the reconstructed MCA trunkus was maintained. This rare case is discussed in the light of the literature.     

Challenging surgery of giant right coronary aneurysm associated with coronary sinus fistula

Coronary artery fistula is a rare congenital or acquired anomaly. It involves an abnormal connection between the coronary artery and the cardiac chambers or the large thoracic vessels. In some cases, the feeding coronary artery can become extremely dilated. The treatment includes a transcatheter or a surgical intervention depending on the complexity of the anomaly. We present the surgical treatment of the coronary artery to coronary sinus fistula, which includes the complete exclusion of the giant right coronary artery and followed by triple bypass surgery.     

多技术联合应用于颅内巨大动脉瘤的显微外科治疗

目的 探讨神经电生理监测、术中超声、术中荧光造影、神经内镜多技术联合应用于颅内巨大动脉瘤的显微外科手术治疗的临床效果。方法 回顾性分析显微手术治疗颅内巨大动脉瘤17例的临床资料。术前采用3D-CTA、MRI和DSA,充分评估动脉瘤的位置、大小和形状。术中应用神经电生理监测评价动脉瘤夹闭前、后的神经功能保留和损害程度;通过微血管多普勒超声的定性和定量分析联合术中荧光造影评定动脉瘤和周围邻近血管的血液流速及通畅度;神经内镜观察动脉瘤区的局部解剖,辨认重要的穿支血管、瘤颈结构和动脉瘤夹情况。手术在手术显微镜下操作,采用载瘤动脉控制性技术、瘤颈成形技术、动脉瘤内减压和切除技术、多瘤夹夹闭技术和血管痉挛保护技术等进行联合治疗。 结果 在多技术联合监测下,显微外科手术成功夹闭巨大动脉瘤17个,术后恢复良好15例,出现轻偏瘫1例,重度偏瘫l例,无死亡病例。DSA复查示瘤颈夹闭完全,载瘤动脉通畅。远期随访仍在进行中。 结论 多技术联合显微手术技术,能有效提高颅内巨大动脉瘤的手术疗效。     

Management of a giant intracranial aneurysm using surface-heparinized extracorporeal circulation and controlled deep hypothermic low flow perfusion. A case report

Extracorporeal circulation with controlled hypothermic low flow perfusion was introduced during the surgical treatment of a patient with a giant intracranial aneurysm of the anterior communicating artery. Heparin-coated equipment (Carmeda Bio-Active Surface; CBAS) was utilized, thus reducing the need for systemic heparinization. Direct cannulation of the right atrium and aorta was established through thoracotomy. Blood flow through the circuit was kept at 4.5 1/min during normothermia. Core cooling, in combination with external surface cooling, was performed for 30 min to a temperature of 18d?C (nasopharynx). During a period of 25 min, the time for surgical repair of the aneurysm, blood flow was minimized to 0.4 1 · min^-1, equilibrating central and peripheral blood pressures to approximately 5–10 mmHg (0.65–1.3 kPa). Reper-fusion was started immediately after the low flow period concomitantly with rewarming, aiming at a temperature of 36d?C following 150 min. The patient could be weaned off the extracorporeal circulation with minimal inotropic support. The postoperative course was uneventful apart from a left-sided hemiparesis, probably due to an infarction in the area of the right pericallosal artery (A2). The patient was weaned off the ventilator after 6 days. He recovered and the hemiparesis regressed slowly.     

持续输注尼莫地平对颅内动脉瘤夹闭术中脑血管痉挛的影响

目的 了解颅内动脉瘤夹闭术中异氟醚麻醉复合输注尼莫地平对脑血管痉挛的影响。方法择期颅内动脉瘤夹闭术患者30例,随机表法分为两组:异氟醚组和尼莫地平组(各15例),异氟醚组术中吸入1个肺泡气最低有效浓度(MAC)异氟醚维持麻醉;尼莫地平组在诱导后输注尼莫地平20 μg·kg-1·h-1至手术结束后,同时吸入1 MAC异氟醚维持麻醉。术中于动脉瘤夹闭前、夹闭后即刻、2 h、4 h取脑脊液采用酶联免疫吸附试验法测定S100B含量;于动脉瘤夹闭前后测定载瘤动脉近心端及远心端血流速度。结果(1)尼莫地平组在动脉瘤夹闭前后脑脊液SIOOB含量无显著变化,而异氟醚组在动脉瘤夹闭后4 h S100B含量显著升高(F=4.11,P<0.05)。(2)尼莫地平组在动脉瘤夹闭前后载瘤动脉近心端血流速度[(15±9)与(19±8)cm／s]显著低于异氟醚组[(24±13)与(26±10)cm／s,t=2.08,P<0.05],而远心端血流速度无显著性差异。结论在颅内动脉瘤夹闭术中持续输注尼莫地平20μg·kg·-1·h-1对脑血管痉挛有一定预防作用。     

Use of elective temporary clips in preventing intraoperative cerebral aneurysm rupture

Objective: To review the result of microsurgical treatment for cerebral aneurysms at Princess Margaret Hospital, Hong Kong, SAR, with the focus on the use of elective temporary clipping (ETC) in reducing intraoperative aneurysm rupture (IOR). Methods: All clinical notes and operation records of patients who had undergone aneurysm‐clipping microsurgery from July 1996 to November 2002 were reviewed. Results: In the past 6 years, 148 patients with 150 aneurysms had undergone microsurgical clipping operations. The overall usage rate of ETC was only 25% (38 out of 150) in the present surgical series. Elective temporary clipping was most frequently applied (40%) in treating anterior communicating artery aneurysm. The overall IOR rate was 26% without ETC, versus 8% with ETC, with 18% absolute risk reduction (95% confident interval: 3.2%?28.2%) and 70% relative risk reduction, respectively. The numbers needed for treatment was 5.55. The benefit of ETC was most prominently observed in treating anterior communicating artery aneurysm in which the IOR rate was reduced from 42 to 12%, with 30% absolute risk reduction. Among cases of IOR that occurred without prior elective temporary clip application, the mortality rate was 20.7%. For IOR patients with prior elective temporary clip application, there was no mortality. Conclusion: The present study demonstrates that ETC had led to a significant overall reduction in IOR rate and ETC was associated with better clinical outcome. We encourage and recommend the use of ETC in preventing IOR during aneurysm microsurgery. A prospective study will be conducted on the same topic in our hospitals.      

Open surgery of giant paraclinoid aneurysms improved by intraoperative angiography and endovascular retrograde suction decompression

Summary In three consecutive cases of giant left sided paraclinoid aneurysms we employed an endovascular retrograde suction decompression technique in combination with intra-operative angiography. A double-lumen balloon catheter was placed in the left internal carotid artery by the transfemoral route. After balloon inflation and placement of a temporary clip distal to the aneurysm blood was aspirated and the aneurysm collapsed. Thus further dissection of the aneurysm could easily be achieved and clips could be placed. Afterwards real-time digital subtraction angiography was performed. Intra-operative angiography led to clip repositioning in all cases either due to a clip induced stenosis of the parent vessel, or because of incomplete aneurysm obliteration. Afterwards successful clipping could be confirmed in all cases. Outcome was excellent in one case, good in the other. The third case, extremely complicated by an accompanying craniopharyngioma, showed a satisfactory outcome, but presented new neurological deficits.     

Treatment of a giant coronary artery aneurysm in an adult with a history of Kawasaki disease by resection and bypass grafting: Report of a case

We report herein the case of a 22-year-old man with a history of Kawasaki disease who developed a giant calcified aneurysm of the left main coronary artery. The aneurysm was successfully resected and coronary bypass surgery was performed using the bilateral internal thoracic arteries. The resected aneurysm, the maximal diameter of which was 27 mm, showed heavy calcification of the inner layer and extended into the adjacent coronary arteries, producing a significant narrowing of the lumen of both the left main trunk (50%) and the anterior descending branch (50%). Extensive intimal calcification presumably prevented normal luminal development and produced a significant narrowing as the patient grew into adulthood. A cause for stenotic lesions developing in the coronary artery adjacent to a coronary aneurysm in adults with a history of Kawasaki disease is suggested here by the resected aneurysm seen in this patient. Thus, adult patients with giant coronary artery aneurysms and significant stenotic lesions of the coronary artery associated with Kawasaki disease may require aneurysmectomy in addition to bypass surgery.     

Effect of acetazolamide on cerebral artery blood velocity and regional cerebral blood flow in normal subjects

Summary The effect of intravenous acetazolamide L g on cerebral artery blood velocity and regional blood flow (rCBF) was investigated in eight normal subjects. Blood velocity was measured with 2 MHz pulsed Doppler in the proximal segments of the middle, anterior and posterior cerebral artery (MCA, ACA, and PCA) and in the distal extracranial internal carotid artery (ICA). The rCBF in the regions of interest tentatively corresponding to the perfusion territories of these vessels was estimated using¹³³Xe inhalation and a rapidly rotating single photon emission computer tomograph.Both blood velocity and rCBF increased after acetazolamide. There was no significant difference between the percentage ICA blood velocity increase (22 ± 12%) and the percentage rCBF increase in the ICA region of interest (25 ± 9%). In the MCA, ACA, and PCA, however, blood velocity increased more (mean increase 36–42%) than the rCBF in the corresponding regions of interest (mean increase 24–26%). These differences were highly significant suggesting a direct and site specific effect of acetazolamide in narrowing the lumen of the proximal MCA, ACA, and PCA, but not of the extracranial ICA. We also propose that the effect of acetazolamide induces reciprocal changes in the extent of adjacent perfusion territories in individual brain hemispheres.Data compiled from all subjects investigated at two very different perfusion levels (before and after acetazolamide) revealed a significant positive correlation between blood velocity and rCBF.     

The effect of sevoflurane on cerebral blood flow velocity in children

BACKGROUND: Sevoflurane is a suitable agent for neuroanesthesia in adult patients. In children, cerebrovascular carbon dioxide reactivity is maintained during hypo- and normocapnia under sevoflurane anesthesia. To determine the effects of sevoflurane on middle cerebral artery blood flow velocity (Vmca) in neurologically normal children, Vmca was measured both at different MAC values and at one MAC over a specified time period, using transcranial Doppler sonography. METHODS: Twenty-six healthy children undergoing elective urological surgery were enrolled (16 patients in part I and 10 in part II). In part I of the study anesthesia comprised sevoflurane 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 MAC in 30% oxygen and a caudal epidural block. Once steady state had been reached at each sevoflurane MAC level, three measurements of Vmca, mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) were recorded. In part II of the study patients received sevoflurane 1.0 MAC over a 90-min period, with the same variables being recorded at 15-min intervals. RESULTS: Vmca did not vary significantly at 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 MAC sevoflurane. There was a significant decrease in MAP between 0.5 MAC and 1.0 MAC sevoflurane (P < 0.005) and also between 1.0 MAC and 1.5 MAC (P < 0.01). There was no significant change in Vmca over 90 min at 1.0 MAC sevoflurane. CONCLUSION: Sevoflurane does not significantly affect cerebral blood flow velocity in healthy children at working concentrations.     

Enhanced cisternal drainage and cerebral vasospasm in early aneurysm surgery

Summary Enhanced cisternal drainage was performed following early aneurysm surgery in patients with Hunt and Kosnik grades I–III, to effect continuous wash-out of subarachnoid blood clots and reduce symptomatic vasospasm. Following extensive evacuation of the cisternal blood clots, the Liliequist's membrane was opened extensively and a third ventriculostomy was effected by opening the lamina terminals. The drainage effect was considered as poor, moderate or fair, depending on the average amount of CSF drainage/day. SAH was graded into 0–III depending on the severity of cisternal haematoma in the pre-operative CT. No symptomatic vasospasm occurred in patients with SAH grade I. In SAH grade II +III patients symptomatic vasospasm occurred in 78,60 and 42% of patients with a poor, moderate and fair drainage effect, respectively. Nine patients who developed symptomatic vasospasm were treated by hypertensive/hypervolemic therapy (HHT). The HHT was effective in 7 patients with fair and moderate CSF drainage and ineffective in 2 patients with poor a drainage effect. It seems, that enhanced post-operative cisternal drainage can reduce the incidence of symptomatic vasospasm and be of benefit to the outcome of early aneurysm surgery.     

CTA+CDFI检查对脑动脉瘤诊断效能分析

目的 探究CT血管造影（CTA）+彩色多普勒血流显像（CDFI）检查对脑动脉瘤（CA）诊断效能。方法 选取2019年3月～2021年9月我院收治的221例疑似CA患者,均行CTA、CDFI检查,以三维数字减影血管造影（3D-DSA）检查为金标准,观察CTA、CDFI检查结果,分析两种检查方式单独及联合检查诊断效能,对比CTA、CDFI检查瘤体检出数量、具体瘤体部位符合率、瘤体最大直径、瘤颈径。结果 221例疑似CA患者中,3D-DSA检查显示阳性134例,CDFI检查显示阳性122例,CTA检查显示阳性124例,CTA+CDFI检查显示阳性140例。CTA+CDFI检查灵敏度（97.76%）、准确度（94.57%）、阴性预测值（96.30%）高于CDFI(85.07%、87.33%、79.80%)、CTA(85.82%、87.33%、80.41%)单独检查（P<0.05）;CTA+CDFI检查漏诊率（2.24%）低于CDFI(14.93%)、CTA(14.18%)单独检查（P<0.05）;CTA+CDFI检查与3D-DSA检查金标准CA瘤体最大直径、瘤颈径对比无显著差异（P...     

Effect of halothane on the cerebral circulation in young children: a hysteresis phenomenon

To determine the effect of halothane on the cerebral blood flow velocity (CBFV) with increasing then decreasing concentrations, 11 children scheduled for minor surgery were studied. Anaesthesia consisted of halothane, vecuronium, nitrous oxide in oxygen and a caudal block. End-tidal carbon dioxide, temperature, heart rate and systolic arterial pressure were maintained constant. CBFV increased significantly between 0.5 and 1.0 MAC (p <0.001), and 0.5 and 1.5 MAC of halothane (p <0.001), but was not different after increasing concentration from 1.0 to 1.5 MAC. During the decreasing phase, CBFV decreased significantly from 1.5 to 1.0 MAC of halothane (p <0.001), whereas there was no difference in CBFV when decreasing halothane MAC from 1.0 to 0.5 MAC. In children, the decrease in CBFV during decreasing halothane concentration is not superimposable to the increase in CBFV seen when increasing halothane concentration, suggesting the presence of cerebrovascular hysteresis to halothane.     

Comparison of computerized tomography angiography and digital subtraction angiography in ruptured cerebral aneurysm surgery

Objective: The aim of the present study was to review the efficacy of 16‐row multislice computerized tomography angiography (CTA) in ruptured cerebral aneurysm surgery by comparison with conventional digital subtraction angiography (DSA). Methods: A systemic review of patients suffering from ruptured cerebral aneurysm was performed. We report the results obtained during the 19‐month period from April 2003 to October 2004. In total, 32 patients had undergone aneurysm surgeries, in which 11 patients had both DSA and CTA performed. Results: Among the 11 patients with both DSA and CTA performed, two aneurysms were missed in DSA in two patients. The sensitivity and specificity of CTA were 100%. The correlation of CTA with DSA in operative findings was 100%. Our CTA could detect the aneurysm size down to 2 mm in diameter. Conclusion: The diagnostic accuracy of 16‐row multislice CTA is promising and it compares well with DSA for detection and evaluation of ruptured cerebral aneurysms. It is safe and effective to establish treatment decision on the basis of CTA alone in the majority of cases.     

控制性降压对颅内动脉瘤夹闭术中脑氧饱和度和术后神经认知功能的影响

目的研究近红外光谱监测下两种控制性降压方式对颅内动脉瘤夹闭术中脑氧饱和度(rSO_2)和术后神经认知功能的影响。方法选择行颅内动脉瘤夹闭术患者108例,男50例,女58例,年龄30～74岁,ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级,随机分为硝酸甘油降压组(N组)、七氟醚降压组(S组)和非降压组(C组),每组36例。N组和S组在开始剥离动脉瘤时开始控制性降压,于动脉瘤夹闭后停止降压。记录诱导前(T_0)、开始降压时(T_1)、降压后10 min(T_2)、30 min(T_3)、停止降压即刻(动脉瘤夹闭完成,T_4)、停止降压后10 min(T_5)、30 min(T_6)、手术结束时(T_7)和拔管时(T_8)的rSO_2。分别于术前和术后1、3、7 d采用简易精神状态量表(MMSE)和蒙特利尔认知功能评估量表(MoCA)评估患者认知功能。术后3个月随访并记录新发神经系统并发症及重要脏器并发症的情况。结果与T_0时比较,T_2—T_6时N组和S组rSO_2明显降低(P0.05)。T_2—T_6时N组和S组rSO_2明显低于C组(P0.05)。N组和S组不同时点rSO_2差异无统计学意义。三组不同时点MMSE评分及MoCA评分差异无统计学意义。三组术后并发症发生率差异无统计学意义。结论颅内动脉瘤夹闭术中应用七氟醚和硝酸甘油行控制性降压会降低脑氧饱和度,但不影响术后3个月内的神经认知功能。     

The effect of mannitol in prolongation of permissible occlusion time of cerebral artery — clinical data of aneurysm surgery

Summary The effect of mannitol for prolongation of the tolerance time for cerebral artery occlusion is discussed based on data in 384 patients with cerebral aneurysm. Intracranial direct surgery was performed by employing temporary occlusion of the afferent artery and preoperative administration of mannitol under normothermia and normotension. (1) In the patients who experienced sequelae or died, the causes of deterioration were studied. Most of them were due to vasospasm, surgical complication, or infection. In 4 patients, the cause of deterioration was obscure. The possibility that these patients were affected by temporary occlusion of cerebral arteries could not be ruled out. (2) The longest occlusion time in the patients without sequelae for each main artery was 80 minutes at the unilateral A₁ of the anterior cerebral artery, 65 minutes at the bilateral A₁, 57 minutes at the intracranial internal carotid artery and 65 minutes at the middle cerebral artery. (3) The surgical result of the 384 patients at discharge included 13 deaths, a mortality rate of 3%. Follow-up study of 371 surviving patients after at least 6 months from surgery revealed that 82% of all patients were living normal social lives.

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Zusammenfassung Aufgrund der Ergebnisse bei 384 Patienten mit Hirnaneurysmen wird die Wirkung von Mannitol für die Prolongation der Toleranzzeit des Verschlusses einer Hirnarterie diskutiert. Der chirurgische Eingriff an den Arterien wurde ausgeführt mit einem zeitweiligen Verschluß der afferenten Arterie und einer praeoperativen Gabe von Mannitol unter Normothermie und Normotension. 1. Bei den Patienten, bei denen es zu Symptomen kam oder die starben, wurden die Ursachen für die Verschlechterung untersucht. Meistens war es Vasospasmus, eine chirurgische Komplikation oder eine Infektion. Bei 4 Patienten allerdings konnte der Grund für die Verschlechterung nicht gefunden werden. Die Möglichkeit, daß diese Patienten einen Schaden durch den zeitweiligen Verschluß von Hirnarterien erlitten, konnte nicht ausgeschlossen werden. 2. Die längste Verschlußzeit bei Patienten ohne Folgen war für jede Hauptarterie 80 Minuten bei unilateralem Verschluß des A₁-Abschnittes der A.cerebri anterior und 65 Minuten bei einem bilateralen Verschluß des A₁-Abschnittes, 57 Minuten für den intrakranialen Verschluß der A.carotis interna, 65 Minuten bei der A.cerebri media. 3. Die chirurgischen Ergebnisse von 384 Patienten endeten mit 13 Todesfällen und einer Mortalitätsrate von 3%. Eine katamnestische Studie von 371 überlebenden Patienten nach mindestens 6 Monaten vom Tag des chirurgischen Eingriffes brachte das Ergebnis, daß 82% aller Patienten ein normales soziales Leben führen konnten.

     

Transcranial Doppler ultrasound in internal carotid artery and middle cerebral artery disease

Using noninvasive transcranial Doppler sonography, we studied cerebral collateral patterns in 30 patients with stenosis and/or occlusion of the extracranial internal carotid artery (ICA). All patients with unilateral ICA stenosis ⩽ 80% had normal transcranial Doppler findings. 80% of patients with unilateral and 50% of patients with bilateral ICA stenosis of more than 80% including those with occlusion showed a collateralization via the ipsilateral anterior and/or posterior cerebral artery. 20% of patients with unilateral and 50% of patients with bilateral ICA stenoses of more than 80% (including occlusion) had two or three collateral pathways, including the ophthalmic artery. Another ten patients with stenosis or spasm of the middle cerebral artery (MCA) showed increased flow velocities with turbulence in the narrow segment. In four patients with severe MCA disease with a systolic peak velocity of more than 200 cm/s, the Doppler waveform distal to the lesion was damped. Decreased regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) measured by^99mTc-HMPAO-SPECT was found in two patients with severe MCA stenosis. Another patient with moderate MCA stenosis with a systolic peak velocity of 140 cm/s showed a normal cerebral perfusion pattern.     

Cerebral blood flow and metabolism during adenosine–induced hypotension in patients undergoing cerebral aneurysm surgery

The effects of adenosine-induced hypotension on cerebral blood flow (CBF), cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen (CMRO2), and cerebral lactate production, together with systemic haemodynamics, were studied in 10 patients undergoing cerebral aneurysm surgery in neurolept anaesthesia with controlled hyperventilation. CBF changes were determined in six of the patients with a retrograde thermodilution technique in the jugular vein. Hypotension was induced with a continuous infusion of adenosine in the superior vena cava. The dose range was 0.06-0.35 mg/kg/min, and this caused a 42% reduction in mean arterial blood pressure (MABP) from 79 +/- 4 to 46 +/- 1 mmHg (10.5 +/- 0.5 to 6.1 +/- 0.1 kPa) through a profound reduction in systemic vascular resistance (SVR), which amounted to 61%. No significant change occurred in CBF. Whole body AV-difference of oxygen was decreased by 37%, and cerebral AV-difference by 28%, corresponding to reductions in whole body oxygen uptake and CMRO2 of 16 and 17%, respectively. Cerebral AV-difference of lactate did not change. In the posthypotensive period MABP was increased by 10%, together with a minor increase in CBF (15%). It is concluded, that adenosine-induced hypotension at MABP levels between 40-50 mmHg (5.3-6.7 kPa) does not affect cerebral oxygenation unfavourably, and may even offer a protective effect by reducing cerebral oxygen demand. The slight CBF increase in the posthypotensive period was probably secondary to an increase in MABP together with a blunted autoregulation, but in no case was this effect considered to be harmful for the patient.     

Indication for invasive diagnostic studies and surgical therapy in cerebral ischemia,based on results of non-invasive transcranial Doppler sonography

In order to better define patients who might benefit from cerebral revascularization surgery, transcranial Doppler sonography was used in more than 480 patients. Thus invasive diagnostic studies could be limited to probable surgical candidates. Transcranial Doppler sonography has proven to be reliable for the study of the degree of efficacy of intracranial collateral pathways in hemodynamic borderline situations. Over the last 4 years, the application of the algorythm presented in this paper resulted in a reduction of the number of candidates for surgical revascularization to 19.     

Giant fusiform aneurysm in middle cerebral artery branches: a report of two cases and a review of the literature

Summary Giant fusiform aneurysm (2.5 cm in length or more) is an unusual pathological entity typically described involving the main trunks of cerebral arteries and, rarely, cerebral artery branches. We are presenting two cases of middle cerebral artery branch giant fusiform aneurysm, one surgically and the other conservatively treated. We were unable to find in the literature reports of similar aneurysms at the same location. Clinical and pathological aspects, radiological findings, and treatment are discussed.