In Vitro Activities of a New Ketolide, ABT-773, against Multidrug-Resistant Gram-Positive Cocci

The in vitro activities of ABT-773 were evaluated against 324 strains of gram-positive bacteria, including multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus spp. and Enterococcus spp. ABT-773 had lower MIC ranges, MICs at which 50% of isolates are inhibited (MIC(50)s), and MIC(90)s than erythromycin or clindamycin for almost all isolates tested. The MICs of ABT-773 were also lower than those of quinupristin-dalfopristin (Q-D) for methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus, Rhodococcus spp., and Streptococcus spp., while the MICs of Q-D were lower than those of ABT-773 for methicillin-resistant S. aureus and Enterococcus faecium, including vancomycin-resistant isolates.     

Lack of correlation between phenotypic techniques and PCR-based genotypic methods for identification of Enterococcus spp

A total of 123 genetically-unrelated strains of Enterococcus spp. strains (51 Enterococcus faecalis, 57 Enterococcus faecium, 10 Enterococcus gallinarum, and 5 Enterococcus casseliflavus) were phenotypically identified by biochemical profiles and by using an automated method. The strains were also analyzed by a PCR assay to assess the accuracy of the phenotypically-based methods for identification of Enterococcus spp. With this aim, a PCR assay using different cell targets, which allows simultaneous detection of glycopeptide-resistant genotypes as well as identification to the species level by means of different gene targets, was used as the gold standard method. All 51 strains of E. faecalis were correctly identified, whereas 48 of 57 strains (84.2%) of E. faecium, were correctly identified. All of the strains of E. gallinarum and 3 out of 5 strains of E. casseliflavus were also correctly identified. The overall results showed that it is possible to identify Enterococcus spp. at the molecular level in less than 30 hours, compared with the 48-96 hours required for the phenotypically-based methods. The excellent accuracy of the PCR assay in identifying these species, particularly E. faecium, must also be emphasized. These findings may have implications for the routine clinical identification of enterococci species.     

2012年武汉同济医院细菌耐药性监测

目的分析武汉同济医院2012年临床分离菌对常用抗菌药物的耐药情况。方法采用纸片扩散法（K—B法）进行抗菌药物敏感性试验,E试验检测肺炎链球菌对青霉素和头孢曲松及葡萄球菌对万古霉素的最低抑菌浓度（MIC）,用WHONET5．6软件进行数据分析。结果2012年共获非重复临床分离菌8191株,其中革兰阳性菌2815株,占34．4％,革兰阴性菌5376株,占65．6％。门诊患者共分离294株细菌,前5位分离菌依次为大肠埃希菌、铜绿假单胞菌、凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌（CNS）、克雷伯菌属和金葡菌;住院非ICU患者共分离6943株细菌,前5位分离菌依次为大肠埃希菌、金葡菌、不动杆菌属、克雷伯菌属和铜绿假单胞菌;ICU患者共分离954株细菌,前5位分离菌依次为不动杆菌属、金葡菌、铜绿假单胞菌、肠球菌属和大肠埃希菌。甲氧西林耐药金葡菌（MRSA）和甲氧西林耐药CNS（MRCNS）的检出率分别为58．1％和64．3％。检出对万古霉素和替考拉宁耐药的肠球菌17株,分别为13株屎肠球菌（VanA型）和4株鹑鸡肠球菌（携带VanA和VanC基因）。屎肠球菌对抗菌药物的耐药率均明显高于粪肠球菌（P〈0．05）。检出碳青霉烯类不敏感肠杆菌科细菌94株。儿童组青霉素不敏感肺炎链球菌（PNSP）分离率（18．9％）明显高于成人组（5．0％）;对碳青霉烯类耐药的铜绿假单胞菌和不动杆菌属检出率分别为28．1％和56．3％;流感嗜血杆菌和卡他莫拉菌中B内酰胺酶阳性率分别为41．8％和98．6％。结论本年度分离的病原菌对多数抗菌药物耐药性呈上升趋势,多重耐药情况严重,耐万古霉素肠球菌及多重耐药革兰阴性杆菌,特别是耐碳青霉烯类肠杆菌科细菌亦呈现上升趋势,应引起临床和医院感染控制部门的重视。     

The in vitro activity of daptomycin against 514 Gram-positive aerobic clinical isolates

The in vitro activity of daptomycin was assessed in comparison with that of vancomycin and penicillin against a wide range of Gram-positive aerobic clinical isolates. MICs were determined by an agar dilution method on Mueller-Hinton agar (NCCLS/EUCAST) and on Isotonic agar adjusted to contain 50 mg/L free calcium (BSAC). Both media were enriched with 5% horse blood for fastidious organisms. Daptomycin MICs for all 172 staphylococci, including methicillin-susceptible and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus haemolyticus, were 0.03-0.5 mg/L. For 99 of the 100 enterococci (Enterococcus faecalis, n = 50; Enterococcus faecium, n = 50), including 37 vancomycin-resistant isolates, they were 0.25-2 mg/L. For all 108 beta-haemolytic streptococci, including Streptococcus pyogenes and Streptococcus agalactiae, daptomycin MICs were 0.016- 0.25 mg/L; for 101 alpha-haemolytic streptococci, including Streptococcus pneumoniae and 'viridans' streptococci, they were 0.016-2 mg/L. For miscellaneous vancomycin-resistant isolates including Lactobacillus spp., Lactococcus spp., Leuconostoc spp., Pediococcus spp. and isolates of Enterococcus casseliflavus and Enterococcus gallinarum, daptomycin MICs were 0.03-2 mg/L; MICs for the seven isolates of Listeria monocytogenes were 0.25-4 mg/L. There was little difference between the results on Mueller-Hinton agar and on supplemented Isotonic agar The discrepant results occasionally obtained tended to be one dilution higher on supplemented Isotonic agar. Daptomycin was active (MICs < or = 2 mg/L) against all the isolates tested with the exception of one isolate each of E. faecium and L. monocytogenes (MICs = 4 mg/L). Our results indicate that daptomycin MICs are independent of methicillin and vancomycin MICs.     

2016—2018年11所医院儿童血培养分离菌的耐药性分析

目的了解2016-2018年11所医院儿童血培养阳性细菌的分布及耐药情况。方法根据全国细菌耐药监测网技术要求,对血培养阳性分离菌进行鉴定和药敏试验,按照2018年美国临床和实验室标准化协会(CLSI)标准进行结果判读,用WHONET 5.6软件对数据进行统计分析。结果2016-2018年自血培养中共分离得病原菌14078株,其中革兰阳性菌9141株,占64.9%;革兰阴性菌4937株,占35.1%,前五位分离菌依次为凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌、大肠埃希菌、嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌、克雷伯菌属和肠球菌属细菌。金黄色葡萄球菌和凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌中甲氧西林耐药株(MRSA、MRCNS)的检出率分别为31.6%和81.4%。除四环素外,粪肠球菌对其他抗菌药物的耐药率均低于屎肠球菌,肺炎链球菌对青霉素G的耐药率仅为1.6%,未检出耐万古霉素和利奈唑胺的细菌。碳青霉烯类耐药大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌检出率分别为4.4%和21.5%。结论儿童血培养分离菌以革兰阳性菌为主,MRSA仍然是革兰阳性菌感染中的主要问题。碳青霉烯类耐药的肠杆菌科细菌逐年增加,应加强医院感染防控和抗菌药物临床应用管理,以遏制此类菌株的传播扩散。     

2010年中国CHINET血流感染的病原菌分布及耐药性

目的了解2010年CHINET血培养分离菌的菌种分布和耐药性。方法对CHINET细菌耐药监测网2010年1月至2010年12月所有血标本按常规方法进行细菌分离、培养、鉴定。按统一方案用K-B纸片扩散法进行抗菌药敏感试验。结果 2010年自血液标本中共获分离细菌5 646株,其中革兰阳性球菌占64.3%,革兰阴性杆菌占35.6%。最常见的分离菌分别为凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌(47.0%)、大肠埃希菌(1 5.0%)、肠球菌属细菌(7.4%)、克雷伯菌属细菌(6.0%)、金葡菌(5.6%)、不动杆菌属细菌(3.9%)、假单胞菌属细菌(2.9%)、草绿色链球菌(2.9%)、肠杆菌属细菌(1.9%)、沙门菌属细菌(1.2%)和嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌(1.1%),占分离菌株的94.8%。MRSA及MRCNS分别占金葡菌和凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌的51.1%和56.8%。粪肠球菌对高浓度庆大霉素和氨苄西林的耐药率分别为34.3%和14.7%,屎肠球菌对多数测试药物的耐药率显著高于粪肠球菌。草绿色链球菌对青霉素的耐药率为11.2%。葡萄球菌、肺炎链球菌和其他链球菌属细菌中均未发现万古霉素、替考拉宁和利奈唑胺耐药菌株,粪肠球菌和屎肠球菌对万古霉素的耐药率分别为2.1%和7.0%。大肠埃希菌、克雷伯菌属、肠杆菌属、沙雷菌属、变形菌属和枸橼酸菌属细菌等肠杆菌科细菌对亚胺培南、美罗培南的耐药率在0～10%,但克雷伯菌属、肠杆菌属、沙雷菌属和变形菌属细菌对厄他培南的耐药率达10%～20%。不发酵糖革兰阴性杆菌对碳青霉烯类抗生素耐药率较高,铜绿假单胞菌对碳青霉烯类抗生素的耐药率为18.3%～22%,但不动杆菌属细菌耐药率达57%。结论 2010年CHINET监测资料显示革兰阳性菌,尤其是CNS在血流感染中占重要地位,血培养分离株对常用抗菌药严重耐药,因此应合理应用抗菌药物,并加强医院感染控制措施以抑制耐药菌传播。     

23S rRNA基因在常见病原菌鉴定中的应用

目的建立基于23S rRNA基因的一种常见病原菌菌种鉴定的分子生物学方法。方法使用地高辛标记的通用引物扩增常见病原菌的23S rRNA基因，并在尼龙膜上固定根据扩增产物序列设计的菌种特异性探针，根据反向杂交结果判断病原菌种类。选取临床分离获得的菌株验证该方法的有效性。结果通用引物可特异性扩增细菌23S rRNA。应用该方法可鉴定金黄色葡萄球菌、凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌、粪肠球菌、屎肠球菌、肺炎链球菌、大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、奇异变形杆菌、阴沟肠杆菌、鲍曼不动杆菌、绿脓假单胞菌、嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌和洋葱伯克霍尔德菌。检测临床标本结果显示，与常规培养方法的符合率为99％。结论该方法可用于常见病原菌的鉴定。     

The in vitro activity of BMS-284756, a new des-fluorinated quinolone.

The in vitro activity of BMS-284756 (previously T-3811ME), a des-fluoro(6) quinolone, was investigated and compared with those of six other antimicrobial agents. Susceptibility tests were performed on 919 Gram-positive, Gram-negative (including nine quinolone-resistant Escherichia coli) and anaerobic bacteria, three Chlamydia isolates and four Mycobacteria spp. BMS-284756 was marginally less active against the Enterobacteriaceae, but was the most active quinolone against staphylococci, enterococci and peptostreptococci. Against Streptococcus pneumoniae, BMS-284756 and gemifloxacin were more active than other quinolones. The MIC(90) of BMS-284756 was > or = 2 mg/L for the following bacteria: E. coli (MIC(90) 16 mg/L), Acinetobacter spp. (8 mg/L), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (64 mg/L) and Enterococcus faecium (4 mg/L). The MIC of BMS-284756 for Mycobacterium spp. was within one dilution of the MIC of ciprofloxacin. BMS-284756 was markedly more active than ciprofloxacin against the Chlamydia isolates tested.     

In vitro activity of RP59500, an injectable streptogramin antibiotic, against vancomycin-resistant gram-positive organisms.

The in vitro activity of RP59500, a streptogramin antibiotic, against 146 clinical isolates of vancomycin-resistant gram-positive bacteria was examined. Five strains of the species Enterococcus casseliflavus and Enterococcus gallinarum, for which the MIC of vancomycin was 8 micrograms/ml, were also studied. Twenty-eight vancomycin-susceptible strains of Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium were included for comparison. The drug was highly active against Leuconostoc spp., Lactobacillus spp., and Pediococcus spp. (MICs, < or = 2 micrograms/ml). RP59500 was more active against vancomycin-susceptible strains of E. faecium than E. faecalis (MICs for 90% of the strains [MIC90s], 1.0 versus 32 micrograms/ml). Vancomycin-resistant strains of E. faecalis were as resistant to RP59500 as vancomycin-susceptible strains (MIC90, 32 micrograms/ml), but some vancomycin-resistant E. faecium strains were relatively more resistant to the new agent (MIC90, 16; MIC range, 0.5 to 32 micrograms/ml) than were vancomycin-susceptible organisms of this species.     

274例小儿尿路感染病原菌及其耐药性分析

摘要目的:了解近年来小儿尿路感染病原菌分布及其耐药性。方法:对2()()1年1月～2003年12月274例清洁【}l段尿培养阳性(菌落计数>1{)万jml)患儿作细菌药物耐药性试验。结果:(1)病原菌分布情况如下:主要病原菌依次为大肠埃希菌11)5 株(38.2%),肠球菌49株(1 7.9%),克雷伯菌39株(14.2%),奇异变形杆菌23株(8.4%),表皮葡萄球菌18株(6.6%)·阴沟肠细菌12株(4.4%)。(2)产超广谱8内酰胺酶(。ESBI。)情况:肺炎克雷伯菌、阴沟肠细菌、大肠埃希菌产酶率分别为71.4%、41.7%、25.7%。(3)细菌耐药情况:ESBI。阳性菌与ESBI。阴性菌对阿米卡星、庆大霉素、环丙沙星、阿莫西林j免托维酸耐约率除大肠埃希菌埘阿米卡星、阴沟肠细菌对庆大霉素有显著差异(P<().05)外,其余均无显著差异。ESBI.阴性刚沟肠细菌埘头孢噻肟、头孢他啶、头孢呋辛的耐药率分别为75%、57.1%、71.4%,对阿莫西林j克拉维酸耐药率为71.4%,产ESBI。阴沟肠细菌对阿莫两林/克拉维酸耐药率为10()%。17.4%的坚忍肠球菌及12%的屎肠球菌对万古霉素耐药-但临『未治疗仍有效。结论:尿路感染的病原菌仍以大肠埃希菌为主,但肠球菌、克雷伯菌等其他细菌的比例在上升,产ESBI,菌株增加.仔在双多重耐药性,ESBl。阴性菌.尤其阴沟肠细菌及肠球菌存在严重的耐药情况。     

1233份尿样病原菌分布和耐药性分析

目的调查我院2013年送检的中段尿培养结果及药敏状况,以期对临床诊断和治疗用药提供参考。方法采用法国梅里埃公司VITEK 2Compact型全自动微生物鉴定仪进行细菌和真菌鉴定及药敏试验。结果 1 233份中段尿标本中,检出病原菌421株,阳性率为34.1%,以细菌为主占79.8%(336/421),真菌占20.2%(85/421)。大肠埃希菌为中段尿感染最常见菌占35.9%(151/421),革兰阴性菌对头孢类药物耐药性很高,而对亚胺培南和美罗培南的敏感性较好,革兰阳性菌中以肠球菌为主,主要为屎肠球菌和粪肠球菌,对万古霉素和替加环素敏感,屎肠球菌对青霉素、红霉素及喹诺酮类耐药率较高,而粪肠球菌对青霉素及四环素耐药率较高,真菌感染亦不容忽视。结论尿培养分离的病原菌种类较多,耐药率较高,应加强尿培养监测,依据药敏试验结果合理选用抗菌药,避免耐药菌株的产生。     

In vitro activity of a new cephalosporin,RWJ-54428, against streptococci,enterococci and staphylococci,including glycopeptide-intermediate Staphylococcus aureus

The need for new antimicrobial agents with activity against Gram-positive organisms has become increasingly important because of emerging resistance. We compared the activity of a new b-lactam antimicrobial agent, RWJ-54428 (MC-02 479), with representatives of other classes of antimicrobial agents against 76 Staphylococcus aureus (including four glycopeptide- intermediate strains), 50 coagulase-negative staphylococci, 20 Enterococcus faecalis, 20 Enterococcus faecium, 10 Enterococcus gallinarum/Enterococcus casseliflavus, 54 Streptococcus pneumoniae and 22 viridans streptococcal isolates. The MIC(90) of RWJ-54,428 was < or = 2 mg/L for all groups of bacteria tested except E. faecium. The activity against four strains of glycopeptide-intermediate S. aureus was similar to that for other methicillin-resistant S. aureus isolates (range 0.5-2.0 mg/L).     

Antimicrobial susceptibility of the pathogens of bacteraemia in the UK and Ireland 2001-2002: the BSAC Bacteraemia Resistance Surveillance Programme

OBJECTIVES: To describe the current patterns of antimicrobial resistance in the major pathogens of bacteraemia in the UK and Ireland, to highlight any unexpected resistance patterns and to act as a reference baseline for future studies. METHODS: In 2001 and 2002, 5092 blood culture isolates were collected by 29 laboratories distributed across the UK and Ireland. A single central laboratory re-identified the isolates and measured MICs by the BSAC agar dilution method. RESULTS: Oxacillin resistance was found in 42% of Staphylococcus aureus and 76% of coagulase-negative staphylococci. Streptococci were generally susceptible to beta-lactams, but tetracycline resistance was common (except in Streptococcus pneumoniae) and particularly common among group B isolates (82% resistant). Nine percent of S. pneumoniae had reduced susceptibility to penicillin (MICs 0.12-1 mg/L), but none required >/=2 mg/L for inhibition. High-level gentamicin resistance was seen in 43% of Enterococcus faecalis, often in combination with raised ciprofloxacin MICs (>/=32 mg/L), but these isolates remained susceptible to ampicillin and imipenem. Only linezolid and tigecycline showed in vitro potency against a large proportion of Enterococcus faecium. Vancomycin resistance was restricted to enterococci (20% of E. faecium, 3% of E. faecalis) and a single isolate of coagulase-negative staphylococci (0.2%, MIC of 8 mg/L). Escherichia coli isolates were commonly resistant to amoxicillin (56%) and tetracycline (88%) but remained susceptible to ceftazidime, piperacillin/tazobactam and imipenem. Extended-spectrum beta-lactamases were detected in 2% of E. coli (none in 2001, 3.2% in 2002), 5% of Klebsiella spp. and 8% of Enterobacter spp. Resistance rates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to ciprofloxacin, ceftazidime, gentamicin, imipenem and piperacillin/tazobactam were between 4% and 7%. Among the newly licensed and developmental agents, there was no resistance to linezolid in Gram-positive organisms. Ertapenem had a wide spectrum, covering Enterobacteriaceae, streptococci and oxacillin-susceptible staphylococci. MICs of tigecycline were low for Gram-positive species and Enterobacteriaceae except Proteeae and Enterobacter spp. CONCLUSION: Antimicrobial resistance among major bloodstream pathogens to those antimicrobials often selected for empirical therapy was relatively uncommon in 2001-2002, usually <10%. An important exception was oxacillin resistance in S. aureus.     

In vitro antibacterial activity and beta-lactamase stability of SY5555, a new oral penem antibiotic.

The antibacterial activity of SY5555, a new oral penem antibiotic, was compared with those of cefaclor, cefixime, and cefteram. SY5555 was more active than the comparison agents against methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Enterococcus faecalis, Citrobacter freundii, Enterobacter cloacae, Morganella morganii, Acinetobacter calcoaceticus, Clostridium spp., and Bacteroides fragilis. Against Providencia spp., Proteus spp., and Haemophilus influenzae, SY5555 was less active than cefixime or cefteram. SY5555 was inactive against methicillin-resistant S. aureus. Enterococcus faecium, Serratia marcescens, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Xanthomonas maltophilia, as were the comparison agents. The bactericidal activities of SY5555, cefixime, and cefteram were at or slightly greater than the MICs for clinical isolates of Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae. SY5555 was not hydrolyzed by various types of beta-lactamases. However, SY5555 and the comparison agents were hydrolyzed by X. maltophilia (L-1) and P. aeruginosa/pMS354 beta-lactamases, two Bush group 3 beta-lactamases, SY5555 showed a high affinity, as did cefixime and cefteram, for cephalosporinases from C. freundii GN7391 and E. cloacae GN7471 strains. These results suggest that SY5555 may be more specific than existing beta-lactam antibiotics.     

Multicentre evaluation of the in vitro activity of linezolid in the Western Pacific

Multiresistance to antimicrobial agents is common in staphylococci and pneumococci isolates in the Western Pacific region. The activity of linezolid, a new oxazolidinone, was evaluated against a spectrum of Gram-positive species collected in the region. Eighteen laboratories from six countries in the Western Pacific examined the linezolid susceptibility of 2143 clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus, coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) and Enterococcus spp. using broth microdilution or disc diffusion methodology. For Streptococcus pneumoniae (n = 351) and other streptococci (n = 83), Etest (AB Biodisk, Solna, Sweden) strips were used. Results were compared with other common and important antimicrobials. Linezolid-resistant strains were not detected among streptococci or staphylococci, including a significant proportion of S. aureus strains that were multiresistant. Almost all enterococci, including 14 vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium, were linezolid susceptible. A small proportion of enterococci (0.8%) were intermediate to linezolid, and one strain of Enterococcus faecalis had a zone diameter of 20 mm (resistant). The linezolid MIC ranges (MIC(90)) of those strains tested by broth microdilution or Etest were: 1-4 mg/L (2 mg/L) for S. aureus, 0.5-4 mg/L (2 mg/L) for CoNS, 0.5-4 mg/L (2 mg/L) for Enterococcus spp., 0.12-2 mg/L (1 mg/L) for S. pneumoniae and 0.25-2 mg/L (1 mg/L) for Streptococcus spp. There was no difference in linezolid susceptibility between countries or between multiresistant and susceptible strains of each species monitored.     

北京协和医院2008年至2010年血培养菌群分布

  目的  了解北京协和医院2008年1月至2010年12月阳性血培养标本的菌群分布。  方法  采用BacT/Alert 3D 480和BD Bactec 9120型全自动血培养仪进行血液培养, 通过Vitek 2 compact、Pheonix 100全自动微生物鉴定仪、API系列试剂盒、Chromagar显色培养基等方法鉴定菌种。  结果  北京协和医院2008、2009、2010年阳性血培养的菌株数分别为928株、942株、913株, 其中分离率最高的细菌是凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌(27.0%、27.7%、26.0%)、其次是大肠埃希菌(13.3%、14.4%、17.1%)、金黄色葡萄球菌(6.8%、6.3%、5.0%)、肺炎克雷伯菌(4.8%、4.1%、6.1%)、鲍曼不动杆菌(4.7%、5.8%、5.6%)、铜绿假单胞菌(3.0%、4.0%、3.4%)、屎肠球菌(5.0%、4.8%、3.0%)、粪肠球菌(2.5%、3.4%、3.0%)。3年间血培养中最常见的真菌为白念珠菌(1.0%、1.6%、2.1%)和近平滑念珠菌(1.1%、0.7%、1.3%)。  结论  应重视血培养中苛养菌、少见细菌及真菌的分离鉴定。     

2018—2020年四川遂宁市中心医院细菌耐药性监测

目的 了解四川遂宁市中心医院2018—2020年临床分离菌的分布和耐药情况,为临床合理使用抗菌药物提供依据.方法 按照《全国临床检验操作规程》第4版进行细菌分离鉴定,药敏试验采用VITEK 2-Compact或纸片扩散法.折点判读参照CLSI 2020年版,使用WHONET 5.6软件进行结果分析.结果 2018—20...     

血培养常见病原菌分布和耐药性分析

目的 了解血培养常见病原菌的分布和耐药情况.方法 在5054份血培养标本中收集非重复分离株674株,其中革兰阳性菌63.2%,革兰阴性菌34.9%,真菌1.9%.以CLSI推荐的纸片扩散法测定其抗菌药物敏感性,用WHONET 5.4软件分析结果.结果 5054例血培养中,分离非重复株674,阳性率为13.3%.主要病原菌有凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌、大肠埃希菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、肠球菌、链球菌、肺炎克雷伯菌等.其中耐甲氧西林凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌（MRCNS）占凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌的83%,耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌（MRSA）占金黄色葡萄球菌的61.2%,未发现耐万古霉素的葡萄球菌,大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌产超广谱β-内酰胺酶（ESBLs）的菌株分别为63.8%和35.5%,分离出13株真菌.高耐氨基甙类肠球菌（HLGR）检出率为58.1%,分离到耐万古霉素的肠球菌.结论 血培养中病原菌复杂多样,耐药率高,及时监测血培养中病原菌的耐药性对于指导临床合理用药、防止滥用抗生素、减少耐药菌株的产生是很有必要的.     

Use of primers based on the heat shock protein genes hsp70, hsp40, and hsp10, for the detection of bovine mastitis pathogens Streptococcus agalactiae, Streptococcus uberis and Streptococcus bovis

Streptococcus agalactiae, Streptococcus uberis, and Streptococcus bovis are three of the major pathogens which cause mastitis in dairy herds. Since conventional methods for the detection of these mastitis pathogens are laborious and time-consuming, rapid methods are needed. With an attempt to know if heat shock protein (HSP) genes other than HSP60 gene, could be used for PCR primer designing, in this study, we tried to design PCR primers based on the heat shock protein genes hsp70, hsp40, and hsp10 for the specific detection of S. agalactiae, S. uberis, and S. bovis, respectively. Using these primers, all the randomly selected target strains could be specifically detected. Bacterial species other than the target organisms, including strains of other Streptococcus spp., and strains of non-Streptococcus spp., would not generate any false positive results. As these PCR primers were used for direct detection of mastitis pathogens, the detection limit was N (N=1-9) x 10(3)CFU/ml of cell dilutions. If a 10h pre-enrichment step was performed, the detection limit was N x 10(0)CFU/ml. Thus, these primers could be used for the specific and sensitive detection of bovine mastitis bacteria.     

In vitro and in vivo antibacterial activities of SM-216601, a new broad-spectrum parenteral carbapenem

SM-216601 is a novel parenteral 1beta-methylcarbapenem. In agar dilution susceptibility testing, the MIC of SM-216601 for 90% of the methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains tested (MIC(90)) was 2 microg/ml, which was comparable to those of vancomycin and linezolid. SM-216601 was also very potent against Enterococcus faecium, including vancomycin-resistant strains (MIC(90) = 8 microg/ml). SM-216601 exhibited potent activity against penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae, ampicillin-resistant Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Proteus mirabilis, with MIC(90)s of less than 0.5 microg/ml, and intermediate activity against Citrobacter freundii, Enterobacter cloacae, Serratia marcescens, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The therapeutic efficacy of SM-216601 against experimentally induced infections in mice caused by S. aureus, E. faecium, E. coli, and P. aeruginosa reflected its in vitro activity and plasma level. Thus, SM-216601 is a promising candidate for nosocomial bacterial infections caused by a wide range of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, including multiresistant pathogens.