Effects of energy density and sweetness of gruels on Burkinabe infant energy intakes in free living conditions

In free living conditions, 24 breastfed infants, aged 6 to 10 months, were given successively five experimental gruels to study the effect of energy density (ED) and sweetness (sweet taste) on energy intakes (EI). Four gruels (G0, G1, G9 and G20) were prepared with experimental flours which were composed of the same local ingredients and which contained different levels of sucrose. The fifth gruel (GC) was prepared with an industrial flour. G0 had an average ED of 45 kcal/100 g (189 kJ/100 g) and the other gruels an average ED of 110 kcal/100 g (461 kJ/100 g). Although the sugar contents of the flours were 1% for G1, 9% for G0 and G9 and 20% for G20, because of flour composition and gruel dry matter content, the gruel G1 had the same sweetness as G0, G20 the same sweetness as GC and G9 a sweetness between that of G1 and G20. The results show that the amounts of G0 consumed were significantly higher than those of high ED gruels (7.84 for G0 vs 6.12, 5.63, 4.46, 4.72 g/kg body weight/meal, respectively for G20, G9, G1 and GC, P < 0.05). However, EI from high ED gruels were significantly (P < 0.001) higher than those from G0 (6.65, 6.10, 4.86, 4.83 kcal/kg/meal, respectively for G20, G9, G1 and GC vs 3.46 for G0). Energy intakes from G9 and G20 gruels were not significantly different but were significantly higher than those from GC and G1 (P < 0.001). So, consumption of sweet gruels with high ED and composed of local ingredients increased, at least by 76%, the EI from gruels in comparison with those from low ED gruels, but the amounts consumed by the infants remained too low to cover more than 15% of their daily total energy needs.     

Effects of in vitro digestion and storage on the phenolic content and antioxidant capacity of a red grape pomace

Red grape pomace (RGP) is a major winery by-product with interesting applications due to its high phenolic content and antioxidant capacity. Effects of in vitro gastrointestinal digestion and storage on the phenolic content and antioxidant capacity of RGP were studied. RGP polyphenols were stable under stomach-mimicking conditions and more sensitive to small intestine conditions, reducing anthocyanins and flavonols. After 3- and 6-month storage, at either 4 or 25?°C, there were no changes in the total phenolic and condensed tannin content, or antioxidant capacity (evaluated by ABTS, FRAP, ORAC assays); however, after 9 months these parameters decreased. Contrarily, chromatic b* values were higher, thus the samples had more intense red color, which may be related to the increased condensed tannin content. Storage time or temperature induced no changes in microbiological load. RGP preserves high antioxidant capacity after storage and in vitro digestion and thus presents potential as a functional ingredient or nutraceutical.     

Effect of the consumption of high energy dense and fortified gruels on energy and nutrient intakes of 6–10-month-old Vietnamese infants

The aim of this study was to test the ability of two new products, an instant infant flour and a food supplement containing amylases, to increase energy and micronutrient intakes of infants older than 6 months. Three groups of 48 infants were randomly constituted. Infants in groups 1 and 2 consumed at least twice a day gruel made either from the instant flour or from the food supplement. Infants from the control group received complementary foods prepared in the usual way. Each infant was surveyed during a whole day in order to measure feeding frequencies and characteristics as well as amounts of the different types of complementary foods consumed. Foods consumed by infants in the two experimental groups differed considerably in energy, micronutrient density and in consistency from the home-made complementary foods. Due to the incorporation of amylases, gruels made from the food supplement had a higher energy density, a more appropriate consistency and resulted in higher intakes per meal than gruels made from instant flour. In comparison with home-made complementary foods, both experimental products resulted in significantly higher energy and nutrient intakes. The two experimental products appeared to increase sufficiently both energy and nutrient intakes of infants to complement their breastmilk intake.     

Effects of varied energy density of complementary foods on breast-milk intakes and total energy consumption by healthy, breastfed Bangladeshi children

BACKGROUND: Information is needed to design studies of the effects of complementary feeding regimens on children's intakes of complementary foods (CFs) and breast milk. OBJECTIVE: We evaluated the effects of varied energy density of CFs on the time until stabilization of dietary intakes and on total daily energy intakes (EIs) and breast-milk intakes. DESIGN: CFs with low [0.4 kcal/g (LD)] and high [1.5 kcal/g (HD)] energy density were fed 3 times/d to 10 children (aged 9-18 mo) during 2 randomly assigned sequences of three 8-d diet periods (HD-LD-HD or LD-HD-LD) along with ad libitum breastfeeding. CF and breast-milk intakes were measured. RESULTS: Intakes of the HD diet and breast milk did not vary by day of period, but intake of the LD diet increased progressively. During days 5-7 of the last 2 diet periods in each sequence, more of the LD than of the HD diet was consumed (752 +/- 252 and 439 +/- 111 g/d, respectively; P < 0.001), but EIs from CFs were greater with the HD diet. Breast-milk consumption was slightly less (192 +/- 115 and 234 +/- 121 g/d, respectively; P = 0.03) but total daily EI was greater (774 +/- 175 and 441 +/- 85 kcal/d, respectively; P < 0.001) during the HD than during the LD diet period. CONCLUSIONS: New information on the effects of newly introduced diets on daily intakes of these diets and of breast milk can be used to design future studies. Total daily EIs were greater with the HD diet despite its negative effects on breast-milk intakes.     

Effects of energy density and feeding frequency of complementary foods on total daily energy intakes and consumption of breast milk by healthy breastfed Bangladeshi children

BACKGROUND: Information is needed on the minimum energy density and feeding frequency of complementary foods that can provide adequate energy intakes (EIs) for healthy breastfed children. OBJECTIVES: The objectives of the study were to evaluate the effects of various energy densities and feeding frequencies of complementary foods on EI from these foods, breast milk consumption, and total EI from both sources. DESIGN: During 9 separate, randomly ordered dietary periods lasting 3-6 d each, we measured intakes of food and breast milk by 18 healthy breastfed children 8-11 mo of age who, 3, 4, or 5 times/d, were fed porridge with a coded energy density of 0.5, 1.0, or 1.5 kcal/g. Food intake was measured by weighing the feeding bowl before and after meals, and breast milk intake was measured by test weighing. RESULTS: The mean amounts of complementary foods consumed were inversely related to their energy density and positively related to the number of meals/d (P < 0.001 for both); EIs from foods were positively related to both factors. Breast milk intake decreased slightly but progressively, with greater energy density and feeding frequency of complementary foods; total EIs (kcal/d) increased in relation to both factors (P < 0.001 for both). CONCLUSIONS: The energy density and feeding frequency of complementary foods affect infants' total daily EI and breast milk consumption. Recommendations can be developed for the appropriate combinations of these dietary factors that are compatible with adequate EI, although longer-term effects of complementary feeding practices on breast milk intake and breastfeeding duration need further community-based studies.     

Daily energy expenditure,activity patterns,and energy costs of the various activities in French 12-16-y-old adolescents in free living conditions

BACKGROUND: Changes in lifestyle and increases in sedentary activities during recent decades have been shown to contribute to the prevalence of overweight in adolescents. OBJECTIVES: To determine the inter-individual variability and the day-to-day variations in daily energy expenditure (DEE) and activity pattern, and the energy costs and EE of the various activities of adolescents in free-living conditions. DESIGN: Sixty adolescents (four groups of 14-16 boys or girls aged 12-16 y) participated in this cross-sectional study during spring or autumn. Activity patterns and EE were determined during five consecutive days, using both a diary and the heart rate recording method validated by whole-body calorimetry and laboratory tests. RESULTS: Mean DEE increased significantly with age in boys, but not in girls. However, the physical activity level did not vary significantly with sex and age. Mean DEE was significantly higher in spring than in autumn in the 12.6-y-old subjects. It was also 21% higher during the free days than during the schooldays in the active subjects, but 7% lower in the sedentary subjects. The energy cost of 22 activities was determined. Time and energy devoted to moderate and sport activities exhibited great inter-individual variability. They were lower in girls than in boys and decreased with age. The increase in EE resulting from moderate and sport activities instead of sedentary activities ranged from 0.2 to 2.7 MJ/day over the week. CONCLUSION: The great variability in DEE of adolescents resulted mainly from differences in the nature, duration and intensity of physical activities during the free days.     

Effects and Mechanisms of Rhus chinensis Mill. Fruits on Suppressing RANKL-Induced Osteoclastogenesis by Network Pharmacology and Validation in RAW264.7 Cells

Rhus chinensis Mill. fruits are a kind of widely distributed edible seasoning, which have been documented to possess a variety of biological activities. However, its inhibitory effect on osteoclast formation has not been determined. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the fruits on osteoclast differentiation of RAW264.7 cells, induced by receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL) and to illuminate the potential mechanisms using network pharmacology and western blots. Results showed that the extract containing two organic acids and twelve phenolic substances could effectively inhibit osteoclast differentiation in RANKL-induced RAW264.7 cells. Network pharmacology examination and western blot investigation showed that the concentrate essentially decreased the expression levels of osteoclast-specific proteins, chiefly through nuclear factor kappa-B, protein kinase B, and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathways, particularly protein kinase B α and mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 targets. Moreover, the extract likewise directly down regulated the expression of cellular oncogene Fos and nuclear factor of activated T-cells cytoplasmic 1 proteins. Citric acid, quercetin, myricetin-3-O-galactoside, and quercetin-3-O-rhamnoside were considered as the predominant bioactive ingredients. Results of this work may provide a scientific basis for the development and utilization of R. chinensis fruits as a natural edible material to prevent and/or alleviate osteoporosis-related diseases.     

甲基汞对大脑皮层神经细胞内游离钙的影响

目的　研究甲基汞对急性分离的大脑皮层神经细胞内游离Ca2 水平的影响。方法　采用钙离子指示剂Fura 2双波长荧光检测技术。结果　 (0 10～ 5 0 0 )× 10 -6mol/L甲基汞可使大脑皮层神经细胞内游离Ca2 水平显著升高 ,且有剂量 效应关系。甲基汞升高神经细胞内游离Ca2 的作用与胞外Ca2 大量内流和胞内储Ca2 释放有关 ,且以胞外Ca2 内流为主。胞外Ca2 内流与N 甲基 D 天冬氨酸受体门控Ca2 通道以及电压门控Ca2 通道有关 ,而与电压依赖性Na 通道无关。结论　甲基汞可使神经细胞内游离Ca2 浓度异常升高 ,且与Ca2 通道有密切关系。     

Effects of differing phenolic content in dietary olive oils on lipids and LDL oxidation

Summary.Background: Evidence from in vitro studies suggests that antioxidant olive oil phenolic compounds can prevent LDL oxidation. However, in vivo evidence in support of this hypothesis is sparse.Aim of the study: to establish the antioxidant effect of olive oils with differences in their phenolic compounds content in humansMethods: A controlled, double blind, cross-over, randomized, clinical trial using three similar olive oils with increasing phenolic concentration (from 0 to 150 mg/Kg) was conducted in 30 healthy volunteers. Olive oils were administered over three periods of 3 weeks preceded by two-week washout periods.Results: Urinary tyrosol and hydroxytyrosol increased (p < 0.020), in vivo plasma oxidized LDL decreased (p = 0.006), and ex vivo resistance of LDL to oxidation increased (p = 0.012) with the phenolic content of the olive oil administered. After virgin olive oil administration, an increase (p = 0.029) was observed in HDL cholesterol levels.Conclusions: Sustained consumption of virgin olive oil with the high phenolic content was more effective in protecting LDL from oxidation and in rising HDL cholesterol levels than that of other type of olive oils. Dose-dependent changes in oxidative stress markers, and phenolic compounds in urine, were observed with the phenolic content of the olive oil administered. Our results support the hypothesis that virgin olive oil consumption could provide benefits in the prevention of oxidative processes.* Participants of the SOLOS-Investigation are listed in the Appendix.     

Effects of food unit size and energy density on intake in humans

The effects of food unit size (FU) and energy density (ED) on food consumption were explored in 20 adults using a within subjects 2 x 2 design study. The four food treatment combinations were provided in the laboratory in random order on four non-consecutive days. The foods differed in FU (small food unit (SFU) or customary food unit (CFU)) and energy density, by manipulating fat content (low (LED) or high (HED)). Appetitive responses and total grams and kilocalories consumed were monitored. Hunger, fullness, desire to eat and prospective consumption ratings were not significantly different between treatments. Gram weight of food consumed was constant across all treatments. Energy intake of HED foods was greater than LED foods independent of food unit size for breakfast (F(1,17) = 11.77, p < 0.001), lunch (F(1,17) = 4.70, p < 0.05) and the 24 h period (F(1,17) = 8.99, p < 0.001) but only tended to be increased at dinner. In summary, appetitive sensations were not markedly altered by food unit size or energy density. The daily gram weight of food consumed and appetitive ratings were relatively consistent across treatments resulting in higher energy intake with HED foods.     

健骨二仙提取物对大鼠体外培养成骨细胞作用的研究

目的探讨健骨二仙提取物对大鼠体外培养成骨细胞的作用效果及对成骨细胞增殖的作用机理。方法采用新生大鼠颅骨进行成骨细胞分离,并在含10%的胎牛血清DMEM中进行体外培养,分别加入高、低剂量的健骨二仙提取物并与高、低剂量Premarin组、阴性组、Tamoxifen对照组、Tamoxifen阻断对照组进行对照,用MTT法进行成骨细胞增殖和活性检测。结果在培养24h后,健骨二仙提取物对培养成骨细胞增殖有明显的促进作用,培养到48h促进作用更为明显,表现出一定的时间相关性,且其作用不能被Tamoxifen阻断或完全阻断。结论健骨二仙提取物可促进成骨细胞增殖,且其对骨代谢的影响不通过或者主要不是通过雌激素样作用生效。     

输卵管积水处理方式对体外受精-胚胎移植的影响

目的:探讨腹腔镜下输卵管积水不同处理方式对体外受精-胚胎移植(IVF-ET)结局的影响。方法:对129例因输卵管因素(63例输卵管积水)行IVF-ET患者的结局进行回顾性分析。根据IVF-ET术前对输卵管积水不同处理方式将患者分为4组:积水未处理(A组)19例(19周期);腹腔镜下输卵管积水切除(B组)16例(16周期);腹腔镜下输卵管积水近端结扎远端造口(C组)28例(30周期);同期输卵管梗阻或通而不畅而无积水(D组,对照)66例(69周期)。结果:各组的促性腺激素用量、促排天数、获卵数、受精率、卵裂率、优质胚胎形成率间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);胚胎种植率和临床妊娠率A组最低,A组7.5%(3/40),15.8%(3/19);B组31.3%(10/32),43.8%(7/16);C组33.3%(21/63),53.3%(16/30)和D组26.9%(39/145),42.0%(29/69)比较有统计学意义(P<0.05);流产率A组最高,A组66.7%(2/3),B组14.3%(1/7),C组12.5%(2/16)和D组6.9%(2/29)比较有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:输卵管积水降低胚胎种植率和临床妊娠率,增加流产率,在IVF-ET治疗前处理输卵管积水有助于提高胚胎种植率,改善妊娠结局。采用腹腔镜下输卵管切除术与输卵管近端结扎远端造口术对IVF-ET结局并无显著性差异。     

Effects of olestra, a noncaloric fat substitute, on daily energy and fat intakes in lean men.

Nutrient and energy intakes, hunger, and fullness were examined after the replacement of 36, 20, or 0 g fat in breakfast with olestra, a noncaloric fat substitute. Twenty-four lean, nondieting men (aged 21-30 y) participated in a placebo-controlled, three-condition crossover design. Self-selected, ad libitum intakes at lunch and dinner were monitored in the laboratory. Evening snacks and breakfast the next day were assessed through food diaries. Visual-analog-scale ratings including hunger and fullness were collected throughout the test days. Single-meal olestra substitution produced a significant dose-related reduction in the amount and percentage of energy from fat consumed daily with a reciprocal increase in carbohydrate intake. Daily energy intakes were not significantly different nor did ratings of hunger and fullness vary systematically between conditions. Consumption of olestra can reduce fat intake and increase carbohydrate intake without affecting total daily energy intake or usual patterns of hunger and fullness.     

Impact of Seasonal Consumption of Local Tomatoes on the Metabolism and Absorption of (Poly)Phenols in Fischer Rats

Consuming (poly)phenol-rich fruits and vegetables, including tomato, is associated with health benefits. The health effects of tomato (poly)phenolic compounds have been attributed to their metabolites rather than parent compounds and their bioavailability can be modulated by several factors. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of seasonal consumption of local tomatoes on their (poly)phenol bioavailability. For this, (poly)phenol absorption and metabolism were evaluated by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry and linear ion trap mass spectrometric (uHPLC-MSⁿ) after chronic tomato consumption in Fischer rats exposed to three photoperiods mimicking the seasonal daylight schedule. Tomatoes from two locations in Spain (LT, local tomatoes and NLT, non-local tomatoes) were used in this in vivo feeding study. The bioavailability of tomato (poly)phenols depended on the photoperiod to which the rats were exposed, the metabolite concentrations significantly varying between seasons. In-season tomato consumption allowed obtaining the highest concentration of total circulating metabolites. In addition, the origin of the tomato administered generated marked differences in the metabolic profiles, with higher serum concentrations reached upon NLT ingestion. We concluded that in-season tomato consumption led to an increase in (poly)phenol circulation, whereas LT consumption showed lower circulating metabolites than NLT ones. Thus, the origin of the tomato and the seasonal daylight schedule affect the bioavailability of tomato (poly)phenols, which could also affect their bioactivity.     

氟铝联合对体外人胚大脑神经细胞毒作用的研究

为探讨氟铝联合对大脑神经细胞的毒作用及其机制,采用无血清体外细胞培养方法,观察氟铝对人胚大脑神经细胞生长发育及功能的影响,同时进行光镜和电镜形态学。在本研究剂量范围,加入不同剂量的氟并未对铝的损伤作用产生明显的影响,说明本研究剂量的铝氟不存在拮抗或协同作用。     

Carotenoids retention and in vitro iron bioavailability of traditional cowpea leaf dishes of rural Tanzania

Food preparation methods play a role in micronutrient retention and ultimately intake. Analyses for carotenoids retention and in vitro iron bioavailability of five cowpea leaf dishes prepared according to the traditional methods of rural Tanzania were carried out. All the five dishes are commonly eaten as relishes for staple meals of maize or rice. Laboratory analyses were carried out at the Nutrition Laboratory of the World Vegetable Centre in Taiwan. Carotenoids were analysed by high-performance liquid chromatography while iron bioavailability was analysed by an in vitro method. Results showed that traditional cowpea leaf dish consisting of sunflower oil, onion, tomatoes and coconut milk cooked for 30 min had the highest retention of β-carotene (40.83 ± 7.00%) and lutein (34.60 ± 3.30%) compared to other traditional recipes (p < 0.05). The highest iron bioavailability (10.04 ± 0.49%) was observed in the traditional recipe which involved boiling fresh cowpea leaves for 15 min. Although recipe variation can affect carotenoids retention and iron bioavailability, simple practices such as reduced cooking time and avoiding direct sun drying also need to be promoted.     

Effects of red wine on the electrical activity and functional coupling between prefrontal-parietal cortices in young men

The effects of low-dose red wine on cortical electroencephalogram (EEG) and the functional coupling between the frontal and parietal cortices during the first minutes after ingestion were studied. In a first experiment, 38 male volunteers participated in a wine/water challenge protocol in which each subject served as his own control. Wine-induced EEG changes appeared immediately after ingestion and continued for 40 min. These changes were characterized by an increase in the absolute power (AP) and relative power (RP) of fast frequencies (alpha1, alpha2, beta1 and beta2), a decrease of low frequencies (delta and theta) and a specific decrease in the degree of coupling between cortices at 20 min after wine ingestion. To determine if EEG changes were produced by the alcohol in the red wine, in a second experiment, 24 male volunteers participated in an independent wine/placebo group protocol. At 20 min post-ingestion, the red wine group showed higher power in the alpha band, lower RP of low frequencies and decreased correlation, as compared to the placebo group. These findings show that low-dose red wine produces a rapid cortical activation and decreased synchronization between the prefrontal and parietal areas, which could be associated with aroused states or altered cognitive processes, as has been described in other studies.     

钾离子外流在小鼠精子获能中作用

目的观察钾离子外流在小鼠精子体外获能的作用及机制。方法以金霉素（chlortetracycline，CTC）荧光染色后涂片观察小鼠精子体外获能率，进一步应用膜片钳技术在小鼠生精细胞膜上记录延迟整流钾离子电流（IDRK）。结果终浓度为50nmol／L的钾离子通道载体缬氨霉素处理小鼠精子，其B型精子发生率（％）与对照组相比显著增加（n=10，P〈0．05）；50nmol／L缬氨霉素显著增大小鼠粗线期精母细胞延迟整流钾离子电流，上调其Ⅰ-Ⅴ曲线。结论缬氨霉素通过激活延迟整流钾通道，增加胞内钾离子的外流，促发小鼠精子体外获能。关键词：精子细胞：体外获能：延迟整流钾通道：缬氧雹素     

杀微生物避孕凝胶剂的抗生育和抗菌作用研究

目的:观察杀微生物避孕凝胶剂的体外杀精、家兔抗生育和抗菌作用。方法:杀精试验采用改良的Sander-Crammer方法;家兔抗生育试验将家兔随机分为高、中、低3个剂量组,分别阴道给予凝胶剂48mg/kg,24mg/kg和12mg/kg,给药后10min与雄兔进行交配,21d后解剖并计算避孕率;抗菌实验用体外试管法观察凝胶剂的抗金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠埃希菌和白色念珠菌的作用。结果:在20s内最低体外杀精浓度为0.5mg/ml;3个剂量组家兔避孕率分别为100%、80%和20%;对金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠埃希菌和白色念珠菌的最低杀菌浓度分别为0.05625%、0.225%和0.45%。结论:研制的凝胶剂有明显的抗生育作用和抗上述3种致病菌作用。