MRI诊断女子排球运动员髌腱腱病

目的 探讨女子排球运动员髌腱腱病(PT)的MRI表现。方法 回顾性分析34名中国国家女子排球队运动员60个膝关节的MRI资料。结果 60个膝关节中,41个(26例)有PT(PT组),患病率76.47%,其中信号增强2级以上占82.93%(34/41)。13名19个膝关节阴性为对照组。PT组髌腱近端、中点、下止点前后径分别为(9.21±2.31)mm、(5.39±1.01)mm、(6.53±1.32)mm,与对照组相比差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。PT组髌腱近端前后径与分级相关(r=0.334,P<0.01)。PT急性期髌腱近端增粗,T1WI低信号,T2WI中、高信号,FS-PDWI高信号;慢性期髌腱近端呈"V"形增粗增厚,T1WI低信号,T2WI中、低信号,FS-PDWI中等信号。髌腱近端后缘紊乱不清晰、髌腱中部和下止点信号增强以及髌骨下极增生等在两组间差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。所有患膝可见髌骨下极不规则片状、大小不一的信号增强。结论 女子排球运动员PT患病率较高。MRI有助于明确诊断、分期分级,鉴别髌骨下极损伤,监控康复效果以及评估运动能力。     

VISA-P score for patellar tendinopathy in males: Adaptation to Italian

Purpose. To translate and adapt the English VISA-P questionnaire to Italian and to perform reliability and validity evaluations of the Italian VISA-P version in patients with patellar tendinopathy.

Methods. The VISA-P English version was translated into Italian by a bilingual orthopaedic surgeon. The back translation of the Italian version into English was performed by another bilingual orthopaedic surgeon. The original version was compared with the back translation. The VISA-P-I questionnaire was then administered to 25 male athletes (average age 27.9, range 18–32 years) with a diagnosis of patellar tendinopathy. For test-retest evaluation, the 25 patients were asked to complete the questionnaire at first examination, and 30 minutes following the end of this examination.

Results. The kappa statistics for 25 patients was 0.78. There were no significant differences between the scores immediately after the consultation and 30 minutes later.

Conclusions. Italian and the English versions of the VISA-P questionnaire evaluate the same aspects of clinical severity in patients with patellar tendinopathy.     

Ultrasound-guided injection of platelet-rich plasma in chronic Achilles and patellar tendinopathy

PurposeThe efficacy of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) in the treatment and healing of chronic tendinopathy through stimulation of cell proliferation and total collagen production has been demonstrated by both in vitro and in vivo studies. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of ultrasound (US)-guided autologous PRP injections in patellar and Achilles tendinopathy.Materials and methodsAutologous PRP was injected under US-guidance into the Achilles and patellar tendons (30 Achilles tendons, 28 patellar tendons) in 48 prospectively selected patients (30 males, 18 females, mean age 38 ± 16 years, range 20–61 years). All patients were previously evaluated according to the Victoria Institute of Sport Assessment (VISA) scale, which assessed pain and activity level, and they all underwent US of the tendon before treatment and at follow-up after 20 days and 6 months. Statistical analysis was performed with Chi-square and Wilcoxon tests.Results20 days after PRP injection the patients presented a non-significant improvement of clinical symptoms. At the 6-month follow-up VISA score increased from a mean value of 57–75.5 (p < .01). US evaluation revealed a reduction of hypoechoic areas in 26 tendons (p < .01) associated with a widespread improvement of fibrillar echotexture of the tendon and reduced hypervascularity at power Doppler.ConclusionPRP injection in patellar and Achilles tendinopathy results in a significant and lasting improvement of clinical symptoms and leads to recovery of the tendon matrix potentially helping to prevent degenerative lesions. US-guidance allows PRP injection into the tendon with great accuracy.     

Knee dynamics during take-off and landing in spike jumps performed by volleyball players with patellar tendinopathy

[Purpose] Patellar tendinopathy is a common sports injury. The risk factors for this injury can be categorized as intrinsic, extrinsic, and dynamic. We examined the dynamic factors in this study. [Participants and Methods] The participants were volleyball players who were assigned to a patient group (n=6) if they had medial patellar tendinopathy in the left knee or to a control group (n=7) otherwise. The participants performed spike jumps, and their ground reaction force and three-dimensional kinematic data were recorded. Knee angle and moment data were extracted at the peak extension moment of take-off and landing. [Results] The two groups showed no differences in knee angles. A tendency for abduction/external rotation moments at take-off and landing on both sides was observed in the control group, while the patient group showed adduction and internal rotation moments at take-off and adduction moment at landing in the left (injured) knee. [Conclusion] The observed knee joint moments in the left (injured) knee of the patient group may have been involved in the pathophysiological mechanism underlying the development of patellar tendinopathy.     

Intertester reliability of sonography in patellar tendinopathy.

OBJECTIVE: Intertester reliability is imperative during the sonographic assessment of patellar tendinopathy because hypoechoic areas can change over time, and repeated examination may involve multiple examiners. Given that, to our knowledge, it has not been reported in the literature, the objective of this study was to investigate the intertester reliability of sonography for the detection and measurement of hypoechoic areas associated with patellar tendinopathy. METHODS: The study cohort comprised 8 patients with clinically diagnosed patellar tendinopathy and 4 patients with bilateral asymptomatic patellar tendons. Two equally experienced musculoskeletal radiologists imaged both patellar tendons from each patient (n = 24). All 24 tendons were assessed on the same day with the use of identical sonography machines. RESULTS: The radiologists had 100% chance-corrected agreement for detecting 12 normal (hypoechoic free) and 12 abnormal (hypoechoic) tendons. All measurement data were normally distributed (P > .05), and a range of hypoechoic area sizes was evident. No statistically significant differences were found for the measurements of hypoechoic area, axial plane height and width, and sagittal plane height (P > .05). In addition, these measurements were equally highly correlated (Pearson r > 0.87; P < .01). CONDUSIONS: The results reported in this study suggest that the intertester reliability of sonography for the assessment of patellar tendinopathy is high. Although these results are encouraging, a small sample was analyzed, and this increases the probability of type II measurement error. Larger studies are therefore required to confirm these findings. High intertester reliability indicates that multiple experienced radiologists can reliably assess the same tendon and provides researchers with a necessary foundation for furthering research in tendon rehabilitation.     

High volume ultrasound guided injections at the interface between the patellar tendon and Hoffa's body are effective in chronic patellar tendinopathy: A pilot study

Purpose. To evaluate a novel conservative management modality for patellar tendinopathy.

Methods. We recruited nine patients with patellar tendinopathy who had failed conservative management and showed evidence of neovascularisation on power Doppler scanning. A high volume ultrasound guided injection at the interface between the patellar tendon and Hoffa's body. The injection contained 10 ml 0.5% Bupivacaine, 25 mg Hydrocortisone, and between 12 and 40 ml normosaline. 100 mm visual analogue scales (VAS) for pain and for function, and Victorian Institute of Sport Assessment – Patellar tendon (VISA-P) questionnaires at an average of 9 months from the injection.

Results. All but one patient (whose pain was unchanged) improved (p = 0.028). The mean improvement in function 2 weeks after injection was 58 mm on VAS (interquartile range 27 – 88, p = 0.018). The mean improvement in pain 2 weeks after injection was 56 mm on a VAS scale (interquartile range 32 – 80, p = 0.018). At a mean follow up of 9 months, an improvement of 22 points from a baseline score of 46 on the VISA-P questionnaire (100 being normal) was established.

Conclusion. High volume injections to mechanically disrupt the neovascularisation in patellar tendinopathy are helpful in the management of this condition. Controlled trials would be warranted to investigate in a more conclusive fashion this management modality.     

髌腱末端病运动员膝关节动作反应的变化特征

目的:通过对股四头肌收缩过程中的电机械应答现象分析,探讨髌腱末端病运动员膝关节动作反应特征。方法:选择单侧膝关节患有髌腱末端病(PT)的男性运动员11例,分别在屈膝30°、60°和90°条件下,进行膝关节最大伸膝力量(MVC)、动作反应时(TRT)和股四头肌sEMG的测试,比较PT侧和对侧膝关节的TRT和股四头肌的反应前时(PMT)、电机械延迟(EMD)以及sEMG积分值的变化。结果:屈膝30°、60°和90°时,PT侧膝关节TRT均较对侧延长(P<0.05),PT侧膝关节在屈膝30°时的股内侧肌PMT和屈膝90°时的股外侧肌PMT,与对侧比较均延长(P<0.05);PT侧膝关节股内侧肌、股外侧肌和股直肌的EMD与对侧比较均延长,且以股内侧肌EMD变化最为显著。结论:髌腱末端病股四头肌存在肌电激发和收缩时间延迟现象,股四头肌收缩非同步化增加是引起膝关节动作反应迟缓和力量下降的主要因素。     

Animal models of tendinopathy

Purpose. The term tendinopathy describes non-ruptured tendon injuries. While several important studies have evaluated the aetiology, pathogenesis, and treatment of this common condition, further study is needed. Several animal models, which allow for full tissue evaluation on different organizational levels and stages of disease, have been used to investigate tendinopathy.

Method. A literature review was conducted to identify and evaluate animal models that have been developed and used to study the aetiology and pathology of tendinopathy.

Results. Animal models of tendinopathy fit into two general categories based on the mode of injury application: (i) models that induce tendinopathy through a change in the mechanical environment, and (ii) models that induce tendinopathy through a chemical agent. The cost, difficulty, invasiveness, reproducibility and time required to induce injury in these models varies. Mechanically-induced models are beneficial since they induce injury through repetitive mechanical loading, similar to how tendinopathy is believed to develop in the human condition. Chemically-induced models are beneficial by allowing for the study of the interplay among inflammatory cells, mechanical loading and tissue healing.

Conclusion. Further work is needed to fully characterize and understand tendinopathy. Appropriate animal models provide a greater understanding of human tendinopathy, leading to better prevention and treatment.     

髌骨骨折的再手术

目的:分析髌骨骨折术后再手术的原因,并探讨其治疗方法。方法:对14例再手术的髌骨骨折患者的资料 进行回顾分析,并进行再次手术治疗,均采用"8"字改良张力带环扎钢丝固定。结果:随访3~12个月,按陆氏评定标准评 定,优7例,良4例,可3例。结论:治疗髌骨骨折必须根据骨折类型选择合适的固定方法,依照固定的稳定性指导病人做 适度的功能锻炼,防止骨折的再移位。"8"字改良张力带加环扎钢丝固定是髌骨骨折再手术的首选固定方法。     

Study of patellar kinematics after reconstruction of the medial patellofemoral ligament

Background

Medial patellofemoral ligament reconstruction is currently the technique of choice for the treatment of patellar instability. But what should be the most appropriate graft tension for optimal restoration of patellofemoral kinematics?

Methods

Six freshly frozen cadaveric knees were studied, the three bone segments were respectively equipped with opto-reflective markers. The acquisitions were made using the Motion Analysis System®. Six successive acquisitions were performed for each knee under different levels of graft tension.

Findings

With an intact medial patellofemoral ligament, the medial patellar tilt increased up to a mean value of 2.02° (SD 3.1), the medial patellar translation gradually increased up to a mean value of 3.3 mm (SD 2.25) with a slight lateral rotation over the first 30° of knee flexion with a maximum mean value of 1.22° (SD 0.8) at 20° of knee flexion.Reconstruction of the medial patellofemoral ligament was performed using different levels of tension applied to the graft. Only 10 N of graft tension could restore normal patellar tilt, lateral shift and rotation, with results approximating those measured on healthy knee.

Interpretation

This study confirms the role of the medial patellofemoral ligament in providing adequate patellar stability during the first 30° of knee flexion. According to our findings, a 10 N tension applied to the graft appears sufficient to ensure proper control of patellar tracking whereas 20, 30 and 40 N of tension are excessive tension values inducing a major overcorrection in all studied parameters.     

骨形态发生蛋白2诱导慢性腱病大鼠肌腱干细胞体外成骨、成软骨分化

背景：目前临床对于慢性腱病缺乏有效的治疗手段,原因在于其发病机制至今尚未阐明。 目的：研究体外骨形态发生蛋白2对胶原酶诱导的大鼠慢性腱病模型髌腱来源肌腱干细胞的成骨、成软骨分化的作用。 方法：从大鼠慢性腱病模型的髌腱中分离培养出原代肌腱干细胞,传代培养至第3代细胞,行成骨、成脂、成软骨诱导分化鉴定其干细胞的特性。将肌腱干细胞（P3）单层培养至细胞融合,用重组人骨形态发生蛋白2干预。7 d后分别行茜素红染色,并行茜素红染色定量分析。将肌腱干细胞体外三维微球培养后分为2组,诱导组用重组人骨形态发生蛋白2干预,对照组不进行干预。21 d后三维微球行苏木精-伊红染色,阿利辛蓝染色以及Sox9和Ⅱ型胶原免疫组织化学染色。 结果与结论：慢性腱病大鼠来源原代肌腱干细胞体外培养呈克隆样集落生长,传代后细胞主要表现为多突的纺锤形和星形的扁平细胞,具有成纤维细胞样的特征。肌腱干细胞（P3）成脂诱导10 d,油红O染色阳性;成骨诱导7 d,茜素红染色阳性;成软骨诱导14 d,苏木精-伊红染色阳性可见软骨样细胞,Ⅱ型胶原免疫组化染色阳性。单层培养的肌腱干细胞用重组人骨形态发生蛋白2诱导7 d茜素红染色阳性,对照组为阴性,茜素红染色定量检测显示差异有显著性意义。重组人骨形态发生蛋白2诱导肌腱干细胞21 d,苏木精-伊红染色可见软骨样细胞形成、阿利辛蓝染色可见细胞内糖胺多糖沉积、Sox9和Ⅱ型胶原免疫组织化学染色均呈阳性。可见体外重组人骨形态发生蛋白2可以诱导慢性腱病来源的肌腱干细胞成骨、成软骨分化。这为进一步研究慢性腱病的发病机制提供了细胞生物学依据。     

Changes in water content in response to an acute bout of eccentric loading in a patellar tendon with a history of tendinopathy: A case report

Objective: This case-based report assessed resting water content and exercise-driven water exchange within a tendon with a history of tendinopathy and compared the response to that of a healthy uninvolved tendon. Design: Case Report. Setting: University imaging center. Participant: The participant was a 27-year-old female basketball player 39 months following knee trauma. Patellar tendinopathy developed 12 months after the injury episode and was treated with eccentric exercises. Eighteen months from the beginning of the first eccentric training bout, the participant reported full resolution of symptoms and returned to her pre-injury sport participation without symptoms. Intervention: Eccentric decline squat exercise. Main Outcome Measures: Tendon water content obtained from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Results: MRI acquired 39 months post-injury demonstrated increased resting water content of the involved tendon (involved: 91.1% vs. uninvolved: 84.6%). Immediately after the eccentric squat maneuver, water content decreased on both involved and uninvolved tendons (involved: 89.5% vs. uninvolved: 83.3%). Conclusions: Elevated resting water content of the involved tendon found in this report may be indicative of reduced tendon stiffness. A similar amount of water content reduction was observed on both sides following mechanical loading, suggesting that the involved tendon may respond to the eccentric exercise similarly to the uninvolved tendon. Future investigations are needed to study the relationships among tendon water exchanges, mechanical properties, patient symptoms, and tissue injuries.     

Sonography of chronic Achilles tendinopathy: a case-control study

PURPOSE: To describe the sonographic appearance of Achilles tendon in normal subjects and patients with chronic Achilles tendinopathy with the aim of establishing diagnostic sonographic criteria for Achilles tendinopathy. METHODS: A prospective, cross-sectional, case-control sonographic study of the Achilles tendon was undertaken. Thirty tendons in 21 patients and 100 tendons in 50 control subjects were selected. Sonographic assessment included tendon thickness, echogenicity, fibrillar pattern, and presence of calcifications. Power Doppler imaging was used to assess tendon vascularity. Paratendinous structures and plantar fascia were also examined. RESULTS: Tendinopathic tendons were larger than normal tendons in both cross-sectional area and antero-posterior diameter. Hypoechoic areas within the tendon were more commonly seen in patients. Disruption of fibrillar pattern, increase in tendon vascularity, increased Kager's fat pad echogenicity, and paratenon thickening were solely seen in patients. Fluid in the retrocalcaneal bursa and calcaneal bony abnormalities were seen in both groups without a significant difference. CONCLUSION: Achilles tendinopathy results in enlargement, particularly of the mid- and distal portions of the tendon, disruption of fibrillar pattern, and increase in tendon vascularity. Additional signs are increased Kager's fat pad echogenicity and paratenon thickening. Tendon calcification, changes in retrocalcaneal bursae, and calcaneal contour are not specific for Achilles tendinopathy.     

Surgery for chronic Achilles tendinopathy produces worse results in women

Purpose. To report the middle term outcome in male and female patients who underwent surgery for chronic recalcitrant Achilles tendinopathy.

Methods. We tried to match each of the 58 female patients with a diagnosis of tendinopathy of the main body of the Achilles tendon with a male patient with tendinopathy of the main body of the Achilles tendon who was within two years of age at the time of operation. A match accordingly was possible for 41 female subjects.

Results. Female patients were shorter and lighter than male patients. They had similar BMI, lower calf circumference, similar side-to-side calf circumference differences, and greater subcutaneous body fat than men. Of the 41 sedentary patients, only 25 reported an excellent or good result. Of these, three had undergone a further exploration of the Achilles tendon. The remaining patients could not return to their normal levels of activity despite prolonged supervised post-operative physiotherapy, with cryotherapy, massage, ultrasound, pulsed magnetic, and laser therapy.

Conclusion. Females experience more prolonged recovery, more complications, and a greater risk of further surgery than males with recalcitrant Achilles tendinopathy.     

Minimally invasive stripping for chronic Achilles tendinopathy

Purpose. To present a minimally invasive technique for the management of chronic Achilles tendinopathy (AT).

Methods. Four longitudinal skin incisions each 0.5 cm long are made. Two incisions are made just medial and lateral to the origin of the tendon; the other two incisions are made just medial and lateral to the distal end of the tendon close to its insertion. A mosquito is inserted in the incisions, and the proximal and distal portions of Achilles tendon are freed of all the peritendinous adhesions. A Number 1 unmounted Ethibond (Ethicon, Somerville, NJ) suture thread is inserted proximally, passing through the two proximal incisions over the anterior aspect of the Achilles tendon. The Ethibond is retrieved from the distal incisions, over the anterior aspect of the Achilles tendon. The Ethibond is slid on the tendon, which in this way is stripped and freed from adhesions. The procedure is repeated for the posterior aspect of the Achilles tendon. In addition, longitudinal percutaneous tenotomies parallel to the tendon fibres can be performed, if necessary.

Conclusions. This technique has the advantages of achieving a safe and secure disruption of neo-vessels and the accompanying nerve supply in a minimally invasive fashion.     

体外冲击波治疗国家队运动员髌腱末端病的疗效分析

目的观察体外冲击波治疗髌腱末端病的效果。方法 2006年1月-2010年12月67例髌腱末端病患者全部采用非手术治疗,其中38例采用体外冲击波治疗,11例采用手法按摩疗法,5例采用体外擦药酒、药膏,4例注射醋酸泼尼松龙加普鲁卡因,9例采用针灸疗法。观察体外冲击波治疗与其他非手术疗法之间的效果有无差异。结果经相同疗程治疗后,采用体外冲击波治疗者显效25例,有效10例,效果不明显3例;采用其他非手术疗法者显效9例,有效12例,效果不明显8例;两组治疗结果差异有统计学意义(Z=?2.966,P=0.003)。结论应用体外冲击波治疗髌腱末端病方法简便,操作安全,疗效显著,较其他非手术治疗方法有明显的优势。但对运动员患者应用此方法时,应与训练安排紧密结合起来,才能收到最大的效果。     

Quadriceps tendinopathy — a forgotten pathology for physiotherapists? A systematic review of the current evidence-base

Abstract

Background: The evidence-base surrounding the pathophysiology and management of specific tendinopathies has evolved over the past 20 years. Recent research examining lower limb tendinopathies has focussed primarily on Achilles and patellar tendon injuries. However, on further examination of the different types of patella/knee tendinopathies, confusion has arisen surrounding the diagnosis and management of patellar compared to quadriceps tendinopathy.

Objectives: The purpose of this paper was to critically examine the evidence-base surrounding the diagnosis and management of quadriceps tendinopathy.

Methods: A systematic literature search of published and unpublished literature databases was conducted to identify literature pertaining to quadriceps tendinopathy. Data from each paper were extracted to examine four key areas related to quadriceps tendinopathy: nomenclature, prevalence, assessment, and management.

Results: Twelve studies satisfied the eligibility criteria and were included in the review. On analysis, little literature has been published solely informing clinicians on the pathology, diagnosis, or management of quadriceps tendinopathy. The terms patellar tendinopathy and jumper’s knee have been incorrectly used interchangeably with quadriceps tendinopathy. Activities such as repetitive squatting and prolonged knee flexion have been associated with the development of this tendinopathy. Sports such as football and volleyball have been cited as causative factors. Quadriceps tendinopathy’s principal diagnostic feature is pain on palpation of the quadriceps/patella interface, and resisted knee extension with the knee hyperflexed. There are no clear recommendations on how to specifically treat quadriceps tendinopathy.

Conclusion: Quadriceps tendinopathy is less commn than patellar tendinopathy. Possibly as a result of this, little is known about how to assess and manage this particular knee tendinopathy. Further research is required to determine the optimal management strategy for patients diagnosed with quadriceps tendinopathy, acknowledging the biomechanical and anatomical difference of the quadriceps compared to the patellar tendon.     

非止点性跟腱病患者的肌骨超声显像特征

目的  分析非止点性跟腱病患者肌骨超声显像特征。方法  收集2020年11月~2022年4月共60例患者82足跟腱超声结果,将其分为健康对照组(A组,15例30足)和非止点性跟腱病组(B组,45例52足),应用肌骨超声和彩色多普勒血流显像观察并分析比较各组：(1)跟骨后结节上2 cm处跟腱厚度; (2)跟腱止点上2 cm处跟腱横截面积; (3)跟骨上缘上1 cm处Kager脂肪垫前后径; (4)跟骨后滑囊积液检出率; (5)跟腱内血流信号检出率。总结归纳非止点性跟腱病的超声显像特征。结果  (1) 跟骨后结节上2 cm处跟腱厚度：A组小于B组(0.43±0.06 cm vs 0.55±0.17 cm,P < 0.05);(2)跟腱止点上2 cm处跟腱横截面积：A组小于B组(0.52±0.11 cm² vs 0.74±0.23 cm²,P < 0.05);(3)跟骨上缘上1 cm处Kager脂肪垫前后径：A组小于B组(1.01±0.21 cm vs1.49±0.26 cm,P < 0.05);(4)跟骨后滑囊积液检出率：A组未检出,B组38.46%,差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05);(5)跟腱内血流信号检出率：A组未检出,B组51.92%,差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05)。结论  非止点性跟腱病超声显像特征为跟腱厚度增厚,跟腱横截面积增大,跟腱前Kager脂肪垫前后径增宽,跟骨后滑囊积液产生或增加,以及跟腱内部血管增生。