腹腔镜胆囊切除术治疗萎缩性胆囊炎并结石25例

腹腔镜胆囊切除术（laparoscopic cholecystectomy,LC）现已成为胆囊切除的金标准[1],慢性萎缩性胆囊炎是慢性胆囊炎、胆囊结石的一种特殊类型。由于炎症反复发作,胆囊壁不断纤维化,增厚、变硬、体积缩小,胆囊三角解剖不清,术中易损伤肝外胆管及血管,手术难度大,被列为LC的相对禁忌证[2]。随着手术技术的不断提高,这一观念已被突破。     

腹腔镜在小肠梗阻中的应用进展

正急性肠梗阻是外科常见急腹症之一,80%为小肠梗阻[1-2]。大部分小肠梗阻经保守治疗会好转,但近30%的急性小肠梗阻会发生肠绞窄,如临床表现怀疑为肠绞窄[3],或腹部CT提示有肠缺血,以及经禁食、胃肠减压、补液、试验性口服造影剂等保守治疗失败的急性小肠梗阻[2],需行手术治疗。而对于反复发作的小肠梗阻,手术治疗比保守治疗通气早、进食早、排便早、复发率低,而且出院后第1次复发间隔时间长[4],建议行手术治疗[5]。     

阔筋膜张肌皮瓣在股前外侧皮瓣切取失败时的补救作用

股前外侧皮瓣是目前临床上应用较多的外科皮瓣之一[1,2],具有供皮面积大、部位隐蔽、蒂血管管径粗等优点。该皮瓣临床应用的成功率比较高,但仍有部分病例可能因为穿支血管变异或手术误伤等原因导致手术失败,不得不放弃手术。而由于解剖部位邻近,阔筋膜张肌皮瓣常可做为该皮瓣切取失败时的一种补救措施[3]。     

三维可视化技术在整形外科的应用进展

整形美容外科学的发展离不开对人体解剖结构的正确认识,通过尸体解剖可以帮助人们了解人体解剖结构,但其是一种破坏性的、不可重复的研究方法[1],难以在医务人员中广泛开展.超声成像、CT、MRI、组织切片等方法提供的是二维图像,不利于医务人员对众多结构的整体把握.近年来,随着计算机技术在医学领域的飞速发展,人体组织结构的三维可视化成为现实[2],它比二维图像能提供更多的信息[3],可以有效地反映组织结构的三维构造及空间关系[4],克服了传统研究方法的诸多缺陷,目前三维重建及三维可视化技术在基础科学研究、临床医师培训、手术方案设计与虚拟手术中都占有很重要的地位[5-6].     

CT定位引导下腰交感神经阻滞治疗代偿性多汗

胸交感神经( ETS)切断术是治疗手汗症的经典手术[1-2],但术后代偿性多汗的发生率可高达85％,其中发生严重代偿性多汗者占15％[3],这已成为患者对该手术满意度降低和后悔接受该手术的主要因素[4-5].尽管有人尝试口服胃长宁[6]、注射肉毒素[7]、甚至使用经皮电刺激[8 ]等多种方法来治疗代偿性多汗,但均未取得确切效果.     

miRNA在胰腺癌诊断中的意义

胰腺癌是一种恶性程度高、预后不良的消化道恶性肿瘤。据统计,美国1996～2004年胰腺癌病人总的5年生存率为5%,在所有癌症中最低[1]。手术根治是胰腺癌病人获得长期生存的唯一途径,手术达到R0切除并给以辅助化疗的胰腺癌病人的5年生存率可达到4%～26%[2-3]。但仅有10%～30%的胰腺癌病人在诊断时有手术根治的机会,其中也只有一半的病人可达到手术切除[4]由于胰腺的特殊解剖位     

3D打印定制化截骨导板辅助胫骨畸形一期截骨+全膝关节置换1例报告

胫骨畸形多见于胫骨骨折术后骨折畸形愈合,占所有胫骨骨折的2%~12%[1],患者常出现下肢力线偏移现象。而胫骨畸形和力线不良会改变患者的膝、踝关节的负荷传导,导致患者出现下肢疼痛、关节功能障碍等不适症状,进而加速下肢关节骨关节炎进展,严重影响患者的生活质量[2]。为了矫正畸形、缓解疼痛、防止继发性骨关节炎的发生,骨科医生尝试了多种外科手术方式,如截骨矫形术、髓内钉或钢板固定、关节置换等[3-4],而截骨矫形是改善下肢力线的主要方式,能大幅减小复杂关节置换的困难程度[5]。为了能准确纠正畸形,精确的术前规划必不可少。传统的截骨矫形术,多由高年资医生按照二维的X线片测量,凭借其临床经验进行操作,受主观因素的影响较大,可能会出现截骨角度、方向的失误,难以实现解剖重建的最优化。此外,由于骨骼畸形的性质是三维的、多平面的[6],因此,基于传统的二维X线片制定的术前规划已被证实无法满足对骨骼三维畸形的观察,难以实现精确的术前规划[7],截骨准确性难以保证。而术前CT三维重建技术能够提供更加直观的骨性解剖标志,和分析畸形程度,但难以在三维空间内为多平面的复杂畸形提供准确的量化评估[8],同时不能为保证术前规划在术中精准实施[9]。     

侧颅底区导航手术的实验研究

目前应用于神经外科的神经导航系统已比较成熟 ,并在各种神经外科手术中广泛运用 [1] 。但由于侧颅底解剖结构复杂、细微 ,导航精确度要求更高 ,使得神经导航系统在侧颅底手术中的应用受限[2 ,3 ] 。因此 ,我们采用侧颅底表面骨性解剖标志作为基准点与CT图像进行配准 ,应用StealthStation神经导航系统并在头颅标本上模拟颅中窝入路、乙状窦前入路 ,对侧颅底导航手术的可行性进行实验研究。一、材料和方法1.选取 10例甲醛固定的汉族成人尸体头颅标本 ,应用Simens公司螺旋CT机SOMATOMPLUS 4扫描 ,以眦耳线平面为基线进行轴向连续扫描 …     

枢椎棘突螺钉固定的研究进展

<正>经关节螺钉、椎弓根螺钉、椎板螺钉和峡部螺钉固定技术是目前主要的枢椎后路内固定方法。Magerl经关节螺钉固定技术是寰枢固定的经典方法,但具有较高的手术风险[1～4]。椎弓根螺钉、椎板螺钉和峡部螺钉固定可以解决绝大部分临床问题[5～10],但对于一些解剖变异,如椎动脉高位骑跨畸形、椎弓根过细、椎板薄等特殊情况则可能无法应     

一次性橡胶注水手套在整形外科术中预防压疮的应用

整形外科手术操作精细度高,手术时间相对较长,患者在全身麻醉状态下往往长时间固定于一种姿势,体表容易出现压红、压伤甚至压疮[1-2]。骶尾部和足跟部是压疮的好发部位[2-3],过去预防的方法是将多层棉垫或海绵垫放置于患者的骨隆突处,以及外敷凡士林油纱等[3],但是临床观察效果不很理想。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.