腰椎滑脱症手术复位与未复位的对比

[目的]探讨腰椎滑脱症经手术减压、神经根松解后,对滑脱椎体行复位与未复位进行对比,为指导临床对该症的手术治疗提供参考。[方法]患腰椎滑脱症经手术减压,神经根松解、行Steffee或M8腰椎内固定手术治疗的病人61例,术中对滑脱椎复位或未复位。[结果]术后随诊平均37.8个月,参照Yuan评价标准。复位组与未复位组无显著性差异。[结论]对轻度(<50%)腰椎滑脱病人,术中对滑脱椎节段椎管、神经根管彻底减压,神经根松解,椎弓根内固定后,对滑脱椎体进行复位与不复位无显著性差异。轻度腰椎滑脱症,可以选择不复位。     

显微内窥镜下治疗腰椎椎管狭窄症的初步探讨

[目的]探讨显微内窥镜下单侧入路保留椎间关节的椎管内硬膜及双侧神经根减压术治疗腰椎椎管狭窄症的临床应用效果。[方法]对29例腰椎椎管狭窄症病人使用METRxTMsystem行单侧入路保留椎间关节的椎管内硬膜及双侧神经根减压术。对手术时间、出血量、术后消炎镇痛药使用的次数、并发症及影像学术后的改变进行了探讨。疗效评定采用日本骨科学会腰椎疾病29分评分法(JOA评分)。[结果]24例患者获得随访7~24个月,平均15.3个月。术前JOA评分(14.5±3.7)分,随访时JOA评分(22.4±2.3)。改善率平均54.7%。本组手术时间平均94.2分,平均出血量56.4 m。l术后消炎镇痛药使用的次数平均0.37次。并发症包括定位错误1例次,硬脊膜撕裂2例次。术中镜下显示双侧神经根和硬膜得以充分减压;术后CT、3D-CT示进入侧、对侧的椎间关节得以保留。[结论]显微内窥镜下单侧入路保留椎间关节的椎管内硬膜及双侧神经根减压术使病理压迫组织切除减小到最小,是治疗腰椎管狭窄症安全有效的理想的减压方法。     

腰椎椎间孔狭窄症的诊疗体会

[目的]探讨椎间孔神经根阻滞联合微创下经椎间孔腰椎椎间融合术诊治腰椎间孔狭窄症的有效性和优点。[方法]2013年7月~2015年2月采用椎间孔神经根阻滞术诊断并确认病变责任节段,微创下经椎间孔椎间融合术治疗腰椎间孔狭窄症17例。术中观察出口神经根是否卡压以及术后腰腿痛恢复情况。[结果]全部病例术中发现病变责任节段的神经根都有不同程度的卡压;术后随访3~12个月,平均6个月,末次随访时腰腿痛视觉模拟评分为(0.98±0.76),较术前明显降低;末次Mac Nab评分显示,优12例,良3例,可2例,优良率88.2%。[结论]采用椎间孔神经根阻滞术诊断椎间孔狭窄症及确认病变责任椎间孔,经术中证实其诊断方法可靠;mi-TLIF是一种治疗椎间孔狭窄症的有效方法,术后疗效满意。     

经皮微创椎板间入路椎间孔镜下椎管减压术对老年腰椎侧隐窝狭窄症的效果分析

目的研究经皮微创椎板间入路椎间孔镜下椎管减压术对老年腰椎侧隐窝狭窄症的临床疗效。方法纳入2014-06-2016-06,治疗的58例老年腰椎侧隐窝狭窄症患者,单节段狭窄44例,双节段14例,均采用经皮微创椎板间入路椎间孔镜下椎管减压术治疗。术后随访24～40个月,平均(30.45±3.94)月,观察其手术疗效和术后并发症情况。结果 58例患者均成功完成手术,手术平均时间(65.22±4.98)min;末次随访时,手术优良率93.10%;术后1个月、6个月和末次随访的VAS腰痛和下肢痛评分以及ODI评分均显著低于治疗前(P0.05);末次随访骨性与软性侧隐窝角均显著高于术前(P0.05)。结论经皮微创椎板间入路椎间孔镜下椎管减压术治疗老年腰椎侧隐窝狭窄症,能显著改善患者腰腿疼痛及活动功能,手术安全有效。     

临床论著多节段经椎板间隙椎管扩大术治疗腰椎管狭窄症

目的:探讨多节段经椎板间隙椎管扩大术治疗腰椎管狭窄症的疗效。方法:采用潜式扩大中央椎管和神经根管或摘除椎间盘术式治疗腰椎管狭窄症共86例。其中2节段减压57例,3节段减压19例,4节段减压10例。术后进行Oswestry疗效评分与影像学观察。结果:术后CT显示椎管直径明显增加,椎管造影显示神经根管明显扩大。术后1年随访79例,疗效优良率90.1%;术后3年随访76例,优良率86.3%。结论:多节段经椎板间隙椎管扩大术操作简单,手术并发症少,中央椎管和神经根管减压充分,对腰椎后柱张力带结构破坏小,治疗腰椎管狭窄症疗效满意。     

两种入路内镜减压腰神经根管狭窄症近期比较

[目的]比较经椎间入路内镜治疗腰神经根管狭窄症的早期临床效果。[方法] 2017年1月～2019年5月,80例腰神经根管狭窄症患者纳入本研究,依据随机数字表法分为两组。其中40例采用经椎间孔内镜减压,40例采用经椎板间入路减压。比较两组围手术期、近期随访和影像资料。[结果]两组术中均未发生严重并发症,虽然经椎间孔组建立通道时间显著长于经椎板间组(P0.05),但是经椎板间组的内镜下减压时间、总手术时间和住院日均显著优于经椎板间组(P0.05)。随时间推移,两组患者VAS评分显著减少(P0.05),而JOA评分显著增加(P0.05)。术后不同时间点经椎间孔组VAS和JOA评分均显著优于经椎板间组(P0.05)。影像方面,两组患者术后CT测量单侧椎管面积均较术前明显增大(P0.05),术后不同时间点经椎间孔组CT测量的单侧椎管面积显著大于经椎板间组(P0.05)。[结论]经椎间孔后路内镜治疗腰神经根管狭窄症的早期临床结果显著优于经椎板间入路。     

微创单侧入路双侧减压治疗腰椎椎管狭窄症早期疗效观察

目的评估微创单侧入路双侧减压经椎间孔椎体间融合术治疗腰椎椎管狭窄症的短期疗效？方法2010年6—10月,38例腰椎椎管狭窄症患者接受开放或微创手术治疗,微创组17例,开放组21例。记录手术时间、术中出血量和引流量、术后住院时间、并发症情况以及手术前后的腰痛视觉模拟量表（visualanalogscale,VAS）评分及日本骨科学会（Japanese Orthopaedic Association,JOA）评分。结果平均随访7．6个月。微创组平均出血量较少,手术时间较长,而术后住院时间较短。2组患者术后腰痛及功能均有显著改善,微创组末次随访时腰痛VAS评分低于开放组,微创组术后、随访时JOA评分及JOA改善率均明显高于开放组。微创组患者并发症发生率略高于开放组但差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论微创单侧入路双侧减压结合微创经椎间孔椎体间融合术治疗腰椎椎管狭窄症短期疗效满意,其长期疗效有待进一步随访明确。     

两种手术方法治疗腰椎管狭窄症182例的临床研究

目的：通过精确责任神经根定位微创开窗减压和全椎板切除椎管减压椎弓根钉内固定术治疗腰椎管狭窄症的临床疗效,讨论两种方法的优缺点及适应证。方法：2007年3月～2013年3月收治的腰椎管狭窄症患者182例,男97例,女85例;年龄46～82岁,平均58．6岁。所有患者均行腰椎正侧、双斜、过伸、过屈位片及CT、MRI检查。中央管狭窄17例,侧隐窝狭窄95例,混合性狭窄70例,合并腰椎假性滑脱或不稳定者56例。患者分为：微创开窗减压治疗组88例,全椎板切除椎管减压椎弓根钉内固定术治疗组94例。结果：按NAKAI疗效评定标准,优良率：微创开窗减压组90．9％（80／88）,全椎板切除椎弓根钉内固定术治疗组92．6％（87／94）,两组优良率差异无显著性。微创开窗减压治疗组,手术时间、术中失血量、镇痛药使用、术后下床活动时间、住院时间均少于全椎板切除椎管减压椎弓根钉内固定术治疗组（P〈0．01）,两组间脑脊液漏的发生率和术后疗效优良率差异无显著性（P〉0．05）。腰椎失败综合证3例发生于全椎板切除椎弓根钉内固定术治疗组。结论：微创开窗减压与全椎板切除椎管减压椎弓根钉内固定术治疗腰椎管狭窄症疗效无明显差异,微创开窗减压治疗腰椎管狭窄症创伤小,术后恢复快,疗效确切。全椎板切除椎管减压椎弓根钉内固定术应用于合并腰椎假性滑脱或不稳定患者更为合理。     

腰椎椎间孔狭窄症的影像学诊断和治疗进展

<正>腰椎椎间孔作为腰神经根的出口通道,其周围多种组织结构病变可造成椎间孔狭窄,压迫神经根,引起下肢放射性疼痛、麻木及功能障碍,即腰椎椎间孔狭窄症(lumbar foramen stenosis,LFS),是腰腿痛常见病因之一[1]。然而,对该疾病认识不充分造成的误诊或治疗失败并不少见。近年来,随着影像技术的发展和手术方式的革新,椎间孔狭窄症的诊断更加准确[2],治疗方式也更加微创[3]。笔者     

经皮椎板间隙入路270°椎管减压治疗腰椎管狭窄症

[目的]探讨经皮椎板间隙入路的椎管减压技术治疗伴有双侧侧隐窝狭窄的腰椎管狭窄症临床疗效。[方法]本组单节段双侧侧隐窝腰椎管狭窄症患者20例,采取单侧经皮椎板间隙入路,通过改变内镜的倾斜角度并利用角度椎板钳和镜下磨钻行双侧侧隐窝和中央椎管270°减压,随访时间超过24个月,分析术后疗效参数如VAS评分、ODI评分、Macnab分级评分、单次连续行走距离和手术并发症。[结果]术后影像学证实所有患者进行了有效的中央椎管和双侧侧隐窝的减压。术后ODI评分和VAS评分较术前显著降低,差异有统计学意义;Macnab评分,80%的患者取得了满意或良好的疗效;单次连续行走距离较术前明显增加。[结论]单侧经皮椎板间隙入路双侧侧隐窝和中央椎管270°减压术,具有良好的中央椎管和双侧侧隐窝手术视野显示,可有效减压,是微创治疗退变性椎管狭窄症特别是合并双侧侧隐窝狭窄的有效安全的手术方式。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.