他汀类药物与冠状动脉钙化关系的研究进展

冠状动脉钙化在冠状动脉粥样硬化、糖尿病血管病变和慢性肾脏病等多种疾病中普遍存在,他汀类药物是冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病等血脂代谢紊乱患者的常用药物。既往研究显示,他汀类药物可能具有抑制冠状动脉钙化的作用,而新近研究则提出相反意见。鉴于目前他汀类药物与冠状动脉钙化关系存在一定争议,故本文就冠状动脉钙化发生机制,他汀类药物与冠状动脉钙化关系及两者关系矛盾性结论成因作一分析。     

冠状动脉钙化研究进展

冠状动脉钙化(CAC)是导致一般人群和冠状动脉性心脏病患者不良结局的危险因素。CAC的发病机制和骨形成有共同的途径,目前已经确定了一些导致CAC发生和发展的危险因素。用药物治疗控制CAC的努力没有取得成功,而冠状动脉钙化的患者经皮冠脉介入术和冠状动脉搭桥术后的无事件生存率也较低。虽然应用药物洗脱支架和斑块修饰装置对钙化血管的预后有一定改善,但不良事件发生率仍然很高。在未来,仍需创新的药物和器械治疗来改善CAC患者的不良预后。     

冠状动脉钙化研究进展

冠状动脉钙化是动脉粥样硬化的一个重要的危险因素,多项研究揭示冠状动脉钙化和粥样硬化斑块负荷有着密切的关系,因此冠状动脉钙化程度的测量在预测未来心血管事件及死亡率中起着重要的作用。现将通过对冠状动脉钙化的危险因素、发病机制、冠状动脉钙化积分评测及方法、钙化与心血管疾病的关系、冠状动脉钙化与肾脏疾病的关系、冠状动脉钙化与全因死亡及钙化的治疗等方面做一综述。     

冠状动脉钙化的研究进展

冠状动脉钙化（CAC）是动脉粥样硬化的特异性标志,也是粥样斑块负荷程度的标志。冠脉钙化程度与冠脉管腔狭窄程度存在一定相关性,冠脉钙化对心血管疾病的发病率和死亡率具有独立影响。随着各种无创心血管检查技术的进步,冠状动脉钙化的检测和度量更为精确可靠,因此,对冠状动脉钙化的研究有利于早期针对亚临床动脉粥样硬化的干预。     

冠状动脉钙化的研究进展

冠状动脉钙化(CAC)始于微钙化,并发展为更大的钙碎片,最终形成片状沉积物甚至钙化结节,这些钙化可通过X线、CT和血管内成像来识别。最近的研究显示,冠状动脉内钙化斑块的体积与动脉粥样硬化(AS)的进展及未来严重心血管不良事件的发生率高度相关,或许可使用他汀类药物治疗。本综述主要回顾CAC的病理生理机制、目前的检测手段及治疗方法。     

冠状动脉钙化研究进展

冠状动脉钙化与不良预后明确相关,钙化越严重,动脉粥样硬化病变范围也越广,易发生心血管事件。该文主要介绍冠状动脉钙化的发生机制、检测方法与诊断治疗进展。     

冠状动脉钙化及其循证研究进展

冠状动脉钙化（CAC）是冠状动脉粥样硬化斑块发展到一定程度,钙盐在斑块中沉积而形成的。最初的研究认为钙化的形成与组织细胞的变性、坏死有关,但近来随着分子生物学和免疫组化等技术的进展,发现冠状动脉粥样硬化的钙化是一个有组织、有调控的主动性过程。在这一过程中有多种功能复杂的糖蛋白、mRNA、一谷氨酸羟基酶等参与,这些糖蛋白主要是与新骨生成和钙化有关的蛋白,如骨桥素、骨连接素、     

冠状动脉钙化研究进展

冠状动脉钙化与不良预后明确相关,钙化越严重,动脉粥样硬化病变范围也越广,易发生心血管事件。该文主要介绍冠状动脉钙化的发生机制、检测方法与诊断治疗进展。     

冠状动脉钙化的机制研究进展

冠状动脉钙化在动脉粥样硬化晚期出现,是冠状动脉粥样硬化的标志,也与临床意义上的冠状动脉疾病相关。临床检测到的钙化程度能反映斑块稳定状态,且能预测未来的心血管事件。冠状动脉钙化在病理上始于微钙化,然后生长成较大的钙碎片,最终导致片状沉积,这种演变与斑块的进展同时发生。本综述系统总结了冠状动脉启动钙化的两种细胞机制,并归纳了参与影响钙化进程的调节因素,同时重点讨论脂蛋白(a)和维生素K如何参与调节钙化进程,还总结了现有的特异性药物治疗以及潜在靶点,为防治冠状动脉钙化以及预防心血管事件提供了一定参考价值。     

冠状动脉钙化研究进展

冠状动脉钙化越来越受到重视,发现钙化即意味着亚临床动脉粥样硬化的存在,而动脉硬化不一定都有钙化。通常钙化越严重,冠脉管腔狭窄程度也就越高。但有时二者却缺乏很好的相关性。现就冠脉钙化的发生机制,冠脉钙化及积分与冠心病及其严重程度的关系,冠脉钙化检测方法及积分,血管重构在严重的冠脉钙化却没有明显的管腔狭窄中的作用等方面做一综述。     

外周血中性粒细胞/淋巴细胞比值与透析患者冠状动脉钙化的关系

目的 通过透析患者资料分析该人群冠状动脉钙化(CAC)的危险因素,探讨中性粒细胞/淋巴细胞比值(NLR)对CAC的预测价值。方法 采用横断面调查方法,对163例透析患者(包括血液透析102例,腹膜透析61例)进行回顾性研究,根据多层螺旋CT评估结果,采用Agatston冠状动脉钙化积分(CACS)进行冠状动脉钙化程度的评估,将透析患者分成无钙化组59例(CACS 0～10分)和钙化组104例(CACS≥11分)。对两组患者的NLR、年龄、透析龄、高敏C反应蛋白(hs-CRP)、血钙、血磷、全段甲状旁腺激素(iPTH)、白蛋白(Alb)、血红蛋白、血清肌酐等指标进行统计学比较。应用Spearman相关性分析得出与CAC相关的因素,二元Logistic回归分析CAC发生的危险因素,受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线探讨NLR对CAC的预测价值。结果 163例透析患者中CAC总检出率为63.8%。钙化组NLR显著高于无钙化组(P＜0.001)。将钙化组分为轻度钙化组(CACS 11~400分)和重度钙化组(CACS＞400分),两亚组间NLR差异无统计学意义。Spearman相关性分析显示NLR与CAC显著相关(r＝0.403,P＜0.001)。二元Logistic回归分析结果显示年龄(OR=1.069,P＜0.001)、透析龄(OR=1.024,P＜0.001)、糖尿病(OR=15.871,P＝0.012)、NLR(OR=1.720,P＝0.001)是CAC的危险因素。ROC曲线分析结果显示,NLR与年龄的联合指标预测透析患者发生CAC时,曲线下面积为0.810(95%CI 0.739~0.880,P＜0.001),显著高于NLR(0.742,95%CI 0.666~0.818,P＜0.001)和年龄(0.754,95%CI 0.674~0.834,P＜0.001)单独分析时的曲线下面积。结论 高龄、透析龄和高水平NLR的透析患者发生CAC的风险较高,且NLR与年龄的联合指标对CAC的发生有着较好的预测价值。     

Current understanding of coronary artery calcification

Coronary artery calcification (CAC) is highly prevalent in patients with coronary heart disease (CHD) and is associated with major ad-verse cardiovascular events. There are two recognized type of CAC—intimal and medial calcification, and each of them have specific risk factors. Several theories about the mechanism of vascular calcification have been put forward, and we currently believe that vascular calcifi-cation is an active, regulated process. CAC can usually be found in patients with severe CHD, and this asymptomatic phenomenon make early diagnosis of CAC important. Coronary computed tomographic angiography is the main noninvasive tool to detect calcified lesions. Measurement of coronary artery calcification by scoring is a reasonable metric for cardiovascular risk assessment in asymptomatic adults at intermediate risk. To date, effective medical treatment of CAC has not been identified. Several strategies of percutaneous coronary interven-tion have been applied to CHD patients with CAC, but with unsatisfactory results. Prognosis of CAC is still a major problem of CHD patients. Thus, more details about the mechanisms of CAC need to be elucidated in order to improve the understanding and treatment of CAC.     

Association of cystatin C with coronary artery calcification in patients undergoing multidetector computed tomography

Cystatin C is associated with atherosclerosis, but the relationship between cystatin C and coronary artery calcification (CAC) is uncertain. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the predictive value of cystatin C on the occurrence and severity of CAC.A total of 1447 hospitalized patients with coronary computed tomography angiography were selected in this study. According to the CAC score (CACS), patients were divided into calcification group (with CAC, n = 749) and control group (without CAC, n = 698). The calcification group was further divided into low calcification group (CACS < 100, n = 407), medium calcification group (CACS 100–400, n = 203), and high calcification group (CACS≥400, n = 139).Patients with CAC had higher cystatin C level than those in control group (P < .05). With the increase of calcification score, the cystatin C level showed an upward trend. The cystatin C level in the high calcification group was significantly higher than those in the low and medium calcification group (P < .05). ROC curve analysis showed that cystatin C had a high predictive value for the occurrence of CAC [area under the curve 0.640, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 0.591–0.690, cut-off value 0.945 mg/L, sensitivity 0.683, specificity 0.558, P < .05] and severe CAC (area under the curve 0.638, 95% CI 0.550–0.762, cut-off value 0.965 mg/L, sensitivity 0.865, specificity 0.398, P < .05). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that cystatin C was an independent predictor of severe CAC (AOR 3.748, 95% CI 1.138–10.044, P < .05).Cystatin C was significantly associated with the occurrence and severity of CAC, suggesting that cystatin C had the potential as a predictor of CAC.     

冠状动脉旋磨术在冠心病钙化病变介入治疗中的应用

目的探讨冠状动脉旋磨术治疗冠状动脉钙化病变的安全性及有效性。方法回顾性分析12例行冠状动脉旋磨术结合冠状动脉球囊成形术和支架植入术的冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病(冠心病)患者的临床资料,着重分析手术方法、手术成功率、术后随访主要心血管事件(包括心源性死亡、心肌梗死、靶病变血运重建)的发生率。结果 12例患者共有16处钙化病变,有15处钙化病变行冠状动脉旋磨术,管腔狭窄由术前的87%±10%减少至42%±9%,结合冠状动脉球囊成形术,共植入18枚国产药物支架,手术成功率为93.75%(15/16)。1例因血管严重扭曲,球囊扩张后出现冠状动脉夹层,植入支架失败,建议行外科冠状动脉旁路移植术。术中均无主要并发症(包括心源性死亡、Q波心肌梗死、急诊冠状动脉旁路移植术)发生。所有患者随访(8.4±3.6)个月,有2例再发心绞痛,无主要心血管事件(包括心源性死亡、心肌梗死、靶病变血运重建)发生。5例患者复查冠状动脉造影,有1例出现支架内再狭窄30%。结论冠状动脉旋磨术联合球囊扩张和支架植入术治疗冠状动脉钙化病变可取得很高的手术成功率,是治疗钙化病变安全、有效的方法。     

Association of coronary calcification with obstructive disease in coronary arteries in Indian patients

A total of 1150 consecutive patients (1052 males and 98 females; age 51.2 +/- 10.1 years) with suspected coronary artery disease (Group I) were subjected to fluoroscopy for detection of coronary artery calcification (CAC) and coronary angiography. Another group (Group II) of 120 patients (95 males and 25 females; age 51.4 +/- 9.4 years) catheterized for cardiac diseases other than coronary artery disease (CAD) were subjected to the same protocol of fluoroscopy and coronary angiography to exclude incidental CAD in view of their age. CAC was present in 240 patients (20.0%) in Group I. Of these, 200 (83.4%) had triple-vessel disease (TVD); 20 (8.3%) had double-vessel disease (DVD); 19 (7.9%) had single-vessel disease (SVD); and 37 (15.4%) patients had left main coronary disease (LMCAD). Only one of these patients had insignificant CAD considered as "normal" coronary arteries (NC). Incidence of LMCAD, TVD, DVD, SVD, and NC in patients without CAC was 4.4%, 56.3%, 18.2%, 14.0%, and 11.5%, respectively. Incidence of CAC in patients with LMCAD, TVD, DVD, SVD, and NC was 48.1%, 28.1%, 10.8%, 13.0%, and 1.0% respectively. In Group II (n = 120), 24 patients (20%) had CAD, CAC was present in 5 patients with CAD (20.9%), and in two patients without CAD (2%). CAC is relatively uncommon in Indian CAD patients. Its presence, however, indicates severe multivessel disease.