腰椎间孔镜不良事件原因分析

目的分析腰椎间孔镜技术不良事件的原因。方法回顾性分析2015年3月~2018年3月椎间孔镜179例资料,16例共发生不良事件19例次(10.6%),其中Ⅱ级事件1例(神经根损伤),Ⅲ~Ⅳ级事件18例(硬膜囊撕裂3例,类脊髓高压综合征3例,椎间盘突出复发4例,术中减压不充分2例,导丝断裂1例,术后形成椎间盘囊肿1例,中转开放手术4例)。结果随访12~30个月,(15.2±1.2)月,除1例神经根损伤无恢复外,余均恢复。结论椎间孔镜治疗腰椎疾患初期有一定的不良事件发生率,良好清晰的镜下解剖结构、开放手术的经验、规范的培训以及术中及时的备选方案是防止不良事件发生、发挥椎间孔镜优势的关键。     

脊柱内窥镜技术治疗腰椎间盘突出症的进展

近年来,微创脊柱外科发展迅速,脊柱内窥镜技术在腰椎间盘突出症的手术治疗中具有损伤小、恢复期短、疗效确切、保持脊柱的稳定性等优势,其应用越来越广泛。目前应用于腰椎间盘突出症LDH的脊柱内窥镜技术包括：后路椎间盘镜下腰椎间盘摘除术（MED）、经皮穿刺椎间孔镜下椎间盘摘除术（PELD）及完全内窥镜下腰椎间盘摘除术（FLD）等。正确认识脊柱内窥镜技术,严格适应证和熟练的操作技巧是取得良好疗效的关键。本文将总结各种脊柱内窥镜手术方法在腰椎间盘突出症治疗中应用的现状与进展。     

MMP-3在退变腰椎间盘组织中的表达及意义

目的研究MMP-3在退变腰椎间盘髓核和纤维环组织中的表达及其临床意义。方法用半定量RT—PCR和免疫组织化学法检测实验组1（30例退变腰椎间盘髓核）、实验组2（30例退变腰椎间盘纤维环）和对照组（10例创伤腰椎间盘髓核）中MMP3mRNA和蛋白表达。结果实验组1MMP-3mRNA和蛋白的表达均显著高于对照组（P均〈0．01）,实验组1与2之间MMP-3mRNA和蛋白的表达没有显著差异（P均〉0．05）。结论MMP-3的表达增加可能参与腰椎间盘退变的进程。     

内镜下腰椎间盘切除术的治疗进展

内镜下微创腰椎间盘切除术由于切口小,创伤轻,出血少,能保持脊柱结构的稳定性,在严格掌握适应证的前提下,疗效优于传统的腰椎间盘髓核切除术,本文就内镜下腰椎间盘切除术的治疗进展作一综述。     

三种纤维环处理方式对腰椎生物力学影响的三维有限元分析

目的:通过建立"一"字型切口、环形切口、纤维环缝合的有限元分析模型,利用有限元分析方法,评估三种纤维环处理方式对于腰椎生物力学的影响。方法:选取健康成人L4/5腰椎节段的CT的DICOM结果,通过逆向建模方式建立人体正常腰椎模型、环形切口模型、"一"字型切口模型及缝合模型,测量腰椎在正常轴向压力的情况下,前屈、后伸、侧弯、旋转四种工况下的生物力学数据。结果:通过有限元分析方法计算正常椎体及三种不同纤维环处理方式的模型的应力数据,结果显示纤维环切开后,各种工况下纤维环、髓核的最大应力值均较正常模型增加;纤维环缝合后,在前屈后伸旋转工况下的最大应力,均低于"一"字型切口和环形切口;与未缝合模型相比,纤维环缝合模型的各部分在各种工况下的应力分布都更加均匀。结论:纤维环缝合后椎间盘、髓核和纤维环应力分布较未缝合模型均匀,缓解纤维环切开后造成的纤维环应力集中问题,对维持椎间盘的稳定性及防止术后再突出能起到积极作用。     

纤维环扩大开窗预防腰椎间盘术后椎间隙感染

腰椎间盘摘除术后椎间隙感染临床较为少见，但确是一种严重的手术并发症。一旦发生，临床处理困难且预后不好。由于椎间隙内失活组织存留、血肿引致椎间隙内压力增高是椎间隙感染的关键，我科用椎管内减压的原理，对154例腰椎间盘突出病人行纤维环扩大开窗摘除。结果无一例发生术后椎间隙感染，取得了显著的临床效果。与传统手术病人458例组术后椎间隙感染13例对比，统计学精确概率显示P＜0．05，具有显著性差导。本法起到了预防性治疗椎间盘术后椎间隙感染的作用。     

全内镜下腰椎纤维环缝合术的技术要点及临床疗效分析

目的 :介绍全内镜下腰椎纤维环缝合术的技术要点,分析全内镜下腰椎间盘摘除、纤维环缝合术的临床疗效。方法:纳入2018年1月至2018年11月采用全内镜下腰椎间盘摘除、纤维环缝合术治疗的50例非包含型腰椎间盘突出症患者,根据病变节段选择经椎间孔入路全内镜下单针缝合术或经椎板间隙入路双针缝合术。术后第2天、3个月分别复查腰椎MRI及CT以评估突出椎间盘组织摘除的彻底性及神经减压的充分性。分别于术后第2天及3、6、12个月采用视觉模拟评分(visual analogue scale,VAS,100分制)评估患者疼痛症状缓解情况,于术后3、6、12个月采用Oswestry功能障碍指数(Oswestry Disability Index,ODI)评价患者腰椎功能恢复情况,术后1年随访时采用Macnab评定标准评估腰椎功能,记录神经根功能(感觉、肌力及反射)恢复状况。结果:所有手术顺利完成,采用经椎间孔入路27例(包括L_(3,4)8例、L_(4,5)19例),经椎板间隙入路23例(包括L_(4,5)11例、L_5S_112例)。手术时间平均43.2 min。无手术并发症发生,无腰椎间盘突出复发。所有患者术后腰椎MRI及CT检查显示突出椎间盘摘除完全、神经减压充分,无突出物残留。所有患者术后腰痛、下肢放射痛明显缓解,ODI评分明显改善(P0.01)。术后1年随访时采用Macnab评定标准评估疗效,结果优17例,良29例,可4例。术后1年时受损神经根感觉、肌力明显恢复(P0.01),但腱反射无明显恢复(P0.05)。结论:全内镜下腰椎间盘摘除、纤维环缝合术是安全、有效的微创脊柱外科手术技术,能减少全内镜下腰椎间盘摘除术后腰椎间盘突出的复发概率。     

经皮内窥镜腰椎间盘切除术与开放腰椎间盘摘除术治疗的临床对比研究

目的比较经皮内窥镜腰椎间盘切除术(PELD)和开放腰椎间盘摘除术(OLD)的临床疗效。方法对100例腰椎间盘突出症根据手术方法不同,分为PELD组和OLD组。手术效果按照Oswestry功能障碍指数(ODI)、疼痛视觉类比评分(VAS)和改良的MacNab标准评定。结果PELD组平均随访24.3个月,单个节段平均手术时间60min,失血11ml,术后卧床24h。OLD组平均随访24.5个月,单个节段平均手术时间50min,失血30ml,术后卧床120h。两组采用改良MacNab标准评定随访结果,PELD组优良率为92%,OLD组96%。PELD组和OLD组术后ODI、VAS与术前比较,明显改善(P<0.05)。结论在严格选择手术适应证的情况下,PELD和OLD具有相似的近期临床疗效,但是PELD具有切口小、创伤小和术后恢复较快等优点。     

高强度聚焦超声对离体兔腰椎间盘的生物学效应

目的观察不同剂量高强度聚焦超声对兔离体腰椎间盘的生物学效应。方法取6例剥离软组织的兔腰骶段脊柱标本（L1～S1）。将频率为9.6MHz、脉冲1 000Hz、剂量5W、焦距4mm的高强度聚焦超声从正前方聚焦于6例脊柱的L1S1椎间盘,各持续3、6、9、12、15、18min。此过程中,用热电偶针监测前方纤维环处与髓核交界处、HIFU焦点处、后方纤维环与髓核交界处、椎管内脊髓前表面的温度。结果 HIFU辐照过程中,监测点的温度逐渐升高,但升高的速度逐渐下降。HIFU在椎间盘前、后方纤维环处都能提供50℃以上的高温,并持续6min以上;焦点处能提供80℃以上的高温,并持续6min以上。结论高强度聚焦超声在椎间盘纤维环内可以提供足够高的温度,灭活纤维环内神经感受器可使髓核溶解、变性、萎缩,是治疗椎间盘源性腰痛的潜在方法。     

Endoscopic Transforaminal Lumbar Discectomy and Reconfiguration: A Postero-lateral Approach into the Spinal Canal

Background

In the past, minimally invasive procedures (chemonucleolysis, laser, automated percutaneous discectomy, percutaneous manual nucleotomy, arthroscopy) have been largely confined to intradiscal work. This study represents cases of working channel, transforaminal spinal endoscopy performed using an endoscope which, because of its small size and flexibility, can bend up to 90 degrees (depending on the guiding cannula), and pass completely through the foramen into the spinal canal (truly transforaminal, as opposed to just going through part of the foramen and into the disc), to directly remove free fragments and reconfigure disc, relieving root and dural displacement at all lumbar levels.

Methods

The records of 533 patients who had outpatient, minimally invasive operations performed over a 6-year period (ending in 1995) by this author were analyzed. Of these, 110 had small scope transforaminal procedures, forming the basis of this study.

Results

An independent observer followed the 110 patients who had endoscopic transforaminal procedures for 2 or more years. Using MacNab’s criteria, the success rate (excellent or good) was 95% in the 75 patients with disc presenting lateral to the dura—“lateral presenting,”—and 83% in the 35 patients not presenting disc for direct removal—“non-lateral presenting” (i.e., dura in the pathway)—making an overall success rate of 91%. One patient who developed discitis was the only complication.

Conclusion

Guideable endoscopes small enough to pass completely through the foramen allow percutaneous surgery to include non-contained disc herniations and even some migrated free fragments, depending on the location. The percutaneous transforaminal endoscopic technique can be an effective, safe approach for disc removal through the foramen, especially in cases where the disc presents itself for direct removal.     

腰椎间盘突出并椎管狭窄症手术失误及再手术治疗

目的：通过分析腰椎间盘突出并椎管狭窄症病人的初次手术失误原因，以预防手术失误的发生，并提出再手术的注意事项。方法：对西安西京医院１９５５年１月～１９９３年１２月所有手术治疗的腰椎间盘突出及椎管狭窄症２２４２例进行复查、整理，其中再手术者９８例，４３例（其中外院转入２４例）因第一次手术失误，导致症状无明显好转，或进一步加重，或合并其它症状而需再手术治疗，对４３例进行回顾分析。结果：从４３例再手术的腰椎间盘突出并椎管狭窄病人分析中，发现初次手术失误原因主要为腰椎管狭窄未解除，多间隙间盘突出遗漏，术中未找到突出间盘，仅行减压术和髓核未取尽。４３例再手术病人取得良好效果，优良率达９５．３％。结论：（１）初次手术时要加强术前检查明确诊断，确立正确手术方案。术中应注意解决椎间盘突出及椎管狭窄问题，既不能遗漏椎间盘突出或未解除椎管狭窄，也不能扩大减压损伤。在处理椎间盘突出的同时又要注意解决脊柱稳定性，对并发症要及时处理。（２）二次手术时应从正常部位进入椎管后细心分离粘连，摘除突出的髓核和解除椎管狭窄，防止损伤硬膜、马尾神经和神经根。     

Biomechanical rationale of endoscopic decompression for lumbar spondylolysis as an effective minimally invasive procedure - a study based on the finite element analysis.

We evaluated the biomechanical behavior of the endoscopic decompression for lumbar spondylolysis using the finite element technique. An experimentally validated, 3-dimensional, non-linear finite element model of the intact L3 - 5 segment was modified to create the L4 bilateral spondylolysis and left-sided endoscopic decompression. The model of Gill's laminectomy (conventional decompression surgery of the spondylolysis) was also created. The stress distributions in the disc and endplate regions were analyzed in response to 400 N compression and 10.6 Nm moment in clinically relevant modes. The results were compared among three models. During the flexion motion, the pressure in the L4/5 nucleus pulposus was 0.09, 0.09 and 0.16 (MPa) for spondylolysis, endoscopic decompression and Gill's procedure, respectively. The corresponding stresses in the annulus fibrosus were 0.65, 0.65 and 1.25 (MPa), respectively. The stress at the adjoining endplates showed an about 2-fold increase in the Gill's procedure compared to the other two models. The stress values for the endoscopic and spondylolysis models were of similar magnitudes. In the other motions, i. e., extension, lateral bending, or axial rotation, the results were similar among all of the models. These results indicate that the Gill's procedure may lead to an increase in intradiscal pressure (IDP) and other biomechanical parameters after the surgery during flexion, whereas the endoscopic decompression did not change the segment mechanics after the surgery, as compared to the spondylolysis alone case. In conclusion, endoscopic decompression of the spondylolysis, as a minimally invasive surgery, does not alert mechanical stability by itself.     

腰椎间盘突出症的分型及其临床意义

目的　对腰椎间盘突出症就蒋氏分类及其临床意义进行讨论。方法　根据腰椎间盘各组成部分及不同阶段的病理变化 ;从椎间盘到关节突关节 ,从软组织到骨结构 ,从青少年到中老年的病理特点 ,将椎间盘突出症分为软骨板破裂、弹力、退变失稳和增生狭窄四型。对 396例不同类型的治疗结果进行分析。结果　从 2 94例非手术治疗表明 ,弹力型优良率达 92 6 5 % ,增生狭窄型为 5 7 5 0 % ,两者有显著性差异 (P <0 0 5 )。手术治疗 10 2例 ,优良率为 92 16 %。结论　弹力型大多数可通过非手术达到满意结果 ,增生狭窄、软骨板破裂晚期以手术治疗为主     

下腰椎失稳合并椎管狭窄症的手术治疗

目的：观察下腰椎失稳合并椎管狭窄症患者经椎弓根螺钉系统及椎体融合器治疗的效果。方法：采用后路减压，椎弓根螺钉系统内固定，椎体间融合器BAK融合。结果：术后随访1年一4年3个月(平均2年4个月)，椎体间骨性融合率1年89．6％，2年2个月100％，临床症状消失满意率92％。结论：采用椎管减压、椎弓根螺钉系统加椎间融合器固定，可使滑脱失稳的椎体部分或全部复位，保证脊柱骨性融合，达到脊柱稳定、解除症状的目的。     

经皮椎间孔镜椎间盘切除术治疗青年腰椎间盘突出症

目的评价经皮椎间孔镜腰椎间盘切除术(PELD)治疗经保守治疗无效的青年腰椎间盘突出症的临床效果。方法 10例经保守治疗无效的青年腰椎间盘突出症患者,经椎间盘造影证实12个椎间盘后方纤维环均撕裂,行PELD治疗。比较术前、术后疼痛视觉模拟评分(VAS)和术前、末次随访时Oswestry功能障碍指数(ODI),按改良Macnab标准评价临床疗效。结果手术时间30~60(42±15.5)min。住院时间5~7(5.6±0.7)d。10例均获随访,时间12~20(15.4±3.3)个月。术中未发生脑脊液漏、脊髓神经损伤。VAS术前为6~9(7.5±0.8)分,术后为0~3(1.4±0.8)分,差异有统计学意义(P0.01)。ODI术前为40.0%~82.9%(74.6%±13.1%),末次随访时为8.6%~14.3%(12.0%±3.2%),差异有统计学意义(P0.01)。根据改良Macnab标准:优2例,良7例,可1例。结论 PELD治疗经保守治疗无效的青年腰椎间盘突出症患者具有创伤小、恢复快、住院时间短等特点,疗效较好。     

腰椎后路手术致脑脊液漏的病因分析及其处理

目的总结分析腰椎后路手术脑脊液漏（cerebrospinal fluid leakage,CSFL）的病因及治疗效果。方法41例行腰椎后路手术者发生CSFL。其中,腰椎间盘突出症行经腰椎后路椎体间融合术（posterior lumbar interbody fusion,PLIF）2例,腰椎管狭窄症行椎管减压术18例,腰椎滑脱行椎板减压复位椎弓根螺钉内固定＋PLIF术5例,腰椎黄韧带骨化行椎板减压术3例,腰椎管内占位行病变摘除术7例,腰椎术后翻修术6例。术中发现39例,术后发现2例。采用术中修补、纤维蛋白胶封堵,放置常压引流及术后仰卧位压迫方法治疗。结果术后平均3.2（2-6）d内CSFL停止,均按期切口拆线,无一例发生切口及深部感染。平均随访12（6-24）个月,均无迟发性感染及其他并发症发生。结论CSFL重在预防,强调早期发现,确切有效的修补技术是治疗的关键,仰卧体位压迫加短期常压引流是治疗早期CSFL的简单有效的方法。     

椎间孔镜治疗有典型根性症状的腰椎手术失败综合征

目的：评价椎间孔镜治疗有典型根性症状的腰椎手术失败综合征（failedbacksurgerysyndrome,FBSS）的临床效果。方法选择2012年11月～2013年6月12例有典型根性症状的FBSS,其中腰椎间盘突出单纯开窗髓核摘除术后复发5例,腰椎管狭窄髓核摘除并神经根管减压术后复发3例,腰椎间盘突出椎间孔镜髓核摘除术后复发4例。均采用椎间孔镜治疗。结果12例术后患肢直腿抬高试验阴性,神经根刺激所致的患肢疼痛症状均明显缓解,患肢疼痛评分依据视觉模拟评分法（visualanaloguescore,VAS）,术前8．3±1．9,术后1个月2．6±1．1（t＝16．301,P＝0．000）。结论椎间孔镜是治疗有典型根性症状的FBSS安全和有效的微创手术,合理选择手术适应证和成熟的椎间孔镜手术经验是保证手术成功的关键。     

Effects of lumbar spinal fusion on the other lumbar intervertebral levels (three-dimensional finite element analysis)

The risk of accelerating the degeneration of adjacent disc levels after lumbar spinal fusion is a controversial issue. A finite element model consisting of L1 to L5 lumbar spines was used to assess the effect on adjacent disc level after lumbar spinal fusion. We compared intact, L4/5 posterior interbody fusion (PLF), and L4/5 posterior lumbar interbody fusion (PLIF) models. The loading conditions applied were compressive force, compressive force plus flexion moment, and compressive force plus extension moment. Evaluations were made for von Mises stress on each vertebral end-plate, Tresca stress of all the annulus fibrosus, and Tresca stress of the annulus fibrosus from the posterior surface of the disc to the neural foramen. As the result, the von Mises stress adjacent to the fusion level was higher than the other nonfusion levels; it was higher under conditions of flexion moment loading plus compression loading [112% (2.59PMa) in the PLF model and 117% (2.72Mpa) in the PLIF model] than in the intact model. The Tresca stress of all the annulus fibrosus adjacent to the fusion level was higher than that on other nonfusion intervertebral levels; it was higher under conditions of flexion moment loading plus compression loading [127% (0.57PMa) in the PLF model and 209% (0.89Mpa) in the PLIF model] than in the intact model. The Tresca stress of the annulus fibrosus from the posterior surface of the disc to the neural foramen adjacent to the fusion level was higher than that on other nonfusion intervertebral levels; and it was higher under conditions of flexion moment loading plus compression loading [107% (1.48PMa) in the PLF model and 112% (1.54Mpa) in the PLIF model] than in the intact model. These findings demonstrate that with lumbar fusion, stresses on the vertebral end-plate and the annulus fibrosus were high adjacent to the fusion level; furthermore, stresses were higher in the PLIF model than in the PLF model. These results suggested that lumbar spinal fusion might bring with it a risk of damage to the annulus fibrosus and the vertebral end-plate adjacent to the fusion level.     

Factors in the development of the spinal stenosis syndrome.

The spinal stenosis syndrome is a potential hazard when congenital or developmental narrowing of the bony canal, particularly in its lateral recesses where it can be demonstrated by axial tomography, places the emergent nerve root and its blood supply at risk to further small compressive elements. When lumbar disc degeneration allows rotatory and lateral instability, posterolateral bulging of the annulus fibrosus into the root canal occurs when weight is taken on the ipsilateral lower limb. Symptoms of the spinal stenosis syndrome do not arise until the development of this instability. To relieve the symptoms, the nerve root must be freely mobilised and decompressed by full lateral decompression, with partial or total facetectomy if necessary, by enucleation of the intervertebral disc and by removal of the posterolateral portions of the annuli fibrosi.     

Technique of microendoscopy in medial lumbar disc herniation.

Various percutaneous techniques to approach the lumbar disc were studied in the past. Chemonucleolysis, laser vaporization, lateral endoscopic foraminal approaches and different techniques of percutaneous nucleotomy remained disappointing due to insufficient root visualization, insufficient decompression or insufficient disc removal. The microendoscopic discectomy is performed via a median approach that allows thorough root exploration, direct evaluation of the compression and determination of contained or non-contained disc material. This is achieved by applying open surgical tools through a tubular retractor under endoscopic visualization. The endoscope is inserted via a sequential set of dilators passed over the initial guide wire. The technique allows a smaller incision and less tissue trauma with comparable visualization of the nerve structures than does standard open surgery.