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1.
Ongeri DM Lalah JO Wandiga SO Schramm KW Michalke B 《Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology》2012,88(2):166-171
Trace metals Cadmium (Cd), Lead (Pb), Copper (Cu), Zinc (Zn) and Iron (Fe) were analyzed in edible portions of three main
finfish species namely Lates niloticus, Oreochromis niloticus and Rastrineobola argentea sampled from various beaches of Winam Gulf, Lake Victoria, Kenya, in order to determine any seasonal and site variations
and the results showed significantly (p < 0.05) higher mean concentrations of Cd, Cu, Zn and Fe during the wet season compared to the dry season for all the three
species indicating the impact of wash-off into the lake during the rainy periods. The overall mean concentrations of the heavy
metals (in μg/g dry weight) in all combined samples ranged from 0.17–0.40 (Cd), 0.47–2.53 (Pb), 2.13–8.74 (Cu), 28.9–409.3
(Zn) and 31.4–208.1 (Fe), respectively. It was found that consumption of Rastrineobola argentea can be a significant source of heavy metals especially Zn, to humans, compared with Lates niloticus and Oreochromis niloticus, if only the muscle parts of the latter two are consumed. 相似文献
2.
K. M. Swaileh A. Abdulkhaliq R. M. Hussein M. Matani 《Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology》2009,83(2):265-268
Graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrophotometry was used to measure the concentrations of Cu, Cd, Pb, and Zn in muscles
and internal organs (liver, kidneys, heart, and lungs) of cattle, sheep goat and poultry sampled from local markets in the
West Bank, Palestinian Authority. Mean levels of metals (dry weight basis) during this study were as follows: Cd: 0.34–0.57 μg/g,
Pb: 0.2–4.7 μg/g, Cr: 0.44–3.62 μg/g and Cu: 1.03–217.9 μg/g. Muscles and internal organs of each species were found to have
statistically different metal levels. Generally, livers and kidneys were found to have the highest levels of metals and muscles
the lowest levels. When compared to each other, the four animal groups either did not show any significant differences or
no clear trends. Compared to results reported in the literature, our results were comparable to or less than most of the studies
reported from clean sites in different countries. 相似文献
3.
Szefer P Zdrojewska I Jensen J Lockyer C Skóra K Kuklik I Malinga M 《Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology》2002,42(4):508-522
The concentrations of selected metals such as Cd, Pb, Cu, Zn, Cr, Ni, Mn, and Fe were determined in liver, kidney, and muscle
of harbor porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) from three geographical regions, i.e., the Baltic Sea and Danish and Greenland coastal waters. The concentrations of Cd in liver and kidney increased with age
of the specimens analyzed. Significant interspatial variations in both hepatic and renal levels of Cd were also observed.
Average hepatic levels of Cd in Baltic, Danish, and Greenland specimens were (age range) 0.05–0.09, 0.12–0.25, and 20.6–51.6
μg g−1 dry weight, respectively. Such values for renal Cd were as follows: 0.55–0.71, 0.14–1.84, and 0.55–94.3 μg g−1 dry weight. In contrast to Cd, concentrations of Cu in the liver and kidney of specimens from Baltic, Danish, and Greenland
areas did not indicate such great interspatial variability. The average hepatic values amounted to (age range) 14.1–15.5,
22.1–63.6, and 16.3–25.9 μg g−1 dry weight, and kidney contained on the average 7.83–8.80, 11.7–16.2, and 11.1–15.7 μg Cu g−1 dry weight, respectively. The higher levels of hepatic and renal Cd in Greenland specimens than in Baltic ones could be explained
by different food composition in the area studied. Baltic porpoises mainly feed on fish (cod, plaice) containing extremely
low levels of muscle Cd, but an important diet component of Greenlandic individuals is squid, characterized by elevated levels
of Cd.
Received: 22 May 2001/Accepted: 11 November 2001 相似文献
4.
Federico Páez-Osuna María F. Calderón-Campuzano Martín F. Soto-Jiménez Jorge R. Ruelas-Inzunza 《Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology》2010,59(4):632-641
Trace metals (Cd, Cu, Ni, and Zn) concentrations were assessed in the sea turtle Lepidochelys olivacea from a nesting colony of Oaxaca, Mexico. Twenty-five female turtles were sampled, a total of 250 eggs were collected during
the “arribada” event of the 2005–2006 season. Zn concentrations were highest in the yolk [72.3 ± 10.9 μg/g dry weight (dw)]
and blood (58.4 ± 4.7 μg/g dw), whereas Ni concentrations were highest in the shell (48.5 ± 12.9 μg/g dw). The mean concentrations
of Cu, and Cd in the analyzed tissues were lower than those reported in other sea turtle species. However, Zn and Ni concentrations
in the yolk and shell, respectively, had the same distribution pattern observed at loggerhead and green turtles. On the basis
of one nesting season, the maternal transfer and/or the excretion rates of trace metals via eggs-laying, estimated in terms
of metal burdens in whole body, were 0.2, 7.8, 3.4, and 21.5% for Cd, Cu, Zn, and Ni, respectively. 相似文献
5.
The relationship between sex, size (length and weight) and metal concentrations in the tissues of two commercially valuable fish species (silver pomfret, Pampus argenteus and tiger tooth croaker, Otolithes ruber) from Persian Gulf were evaluated. Concentrations of the metals in fish species ranged as follows: Mn 0.743–11.279; Cd 0.175–2.375; Pb 2.406–11.297; Zn 10.837–80.389; Fe 2.263–86.110; Cu 1.503–6.333 μg/g dry weight, respectively. Metal content in both fish varied with type of metals, organ, and sex. Results showed that, except in a few cases, significant relationships between metal concentrations and fish size were negative. 相似文献
6.
Ivana Jankovská Daniela Miholová Vladimír Bejček Jaroslav Vadlejch Miloslav Šulc Jiřina Száková Iva Langrová 《Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology》2010,58(2):469-477
Bioaccumulation of cadmium, chromium, copper, manganese, nickel, lead, and zinc in 56 foxes (Vulpes vulpes) and their parasites Mesocestoides spp. (Cestoda) and Toxascaris leonina (Nematoda) was studied. The levels of heavy metals were determined in the livers and kidneys of the animals depending on
parasitism in the following ranges: Pb, 0.029–3.556; Cd, 0.055–9.967; Cr, 0.001–0.304; Cu, 4.15–41.15; Mn, 1.81–19.94; Ni:
0.037–0.831; Zn, 52.0–212.9 μg/g dry weight (dw). Cd in parasites (0.038–3.678 μg/g dw) were comparable with those in the
livers of the host and lower than in the kidneys (0.095–6.032 μg/g dw). Contents of Pb, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, and Zn in cestodes
were predominantly higher than those in the kidney and liver of the host. Median lead levels in Mesocestoides spp. (45.6 μg/g dw) were 52-fold higher than in the kidney and liver of the red fox (Vulpes vulpes) infected by both parasites and median Pb values in T. leonina (8.98 μg/g dw) were 8-fold higher than in the tissues of the parasitized red fox. Bioaccumulation factors of copper, zinc,
nickel, and manganese are lower than those of lead and mostly range from 1.9 to 24 for Mesocestoides spp. and from 1.5 to 6 for nematode T. leonina depending on the tissue of host and element. A significant decrease in the content of Pb was found in the kidney of animals
infected by T. leonina (0.260 μg/g dw) as well as those infected by Mesocestoides spp. (0.457 μg/g dw) in comparison with the lead content (0.878 μg/g dw) in the kidneys of the nonparasitized red fox. Regardless
of a bioaccumulation of copper and manganese in the parasites, a significant increase of the concentrations of Mn and Cu was
observed in the host’s livers infected predominantly by Mesocestoides spp. 相似文献
7.
Ochieng EZ Lalah JO Wandiga SO 《Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology》2007,79(5):570-576
The concentrations of heavy metals Ag, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sn and Zn were analysed in water and surface sediments
of five Rift Valley lakes Nakuru, Elementaita, Naivasha, Bogoria and Baringo in Kenya. The dissolved mean concentration levels
(μg/L) in water ranged within 13.0–185.0 (Ag), 2.0–43.0 (Cd), 5.0–316.0 (Co), 25.0–188.0 (Cr), 4.7–100.0 (Cu), 50.0–282.0
(Mn), 19.0–288.0 (Ni), 25.0–563.0 (Pb), 300.0–1050.0 (Sn) and 29.0–235.0 (Zn). The mean sediment concentrations (in μg/g (dry
weight)) ranged within 0.1–0.35 (Ag), 0.05–1.18 (Cd), 0.17–1.38 (Co), 1.94–4.91 (Cr), 1.46–20.95 (Cu), 667.7–3946.8 (Mn),
11.69–39.72 (Ni), 10.92–38.98 (Pb), 17.21–56.52 (Sn) and 96.2–229.6 (Zn). The data indicate that some of the sites analysed,
especially in Lake Nakuru, had relatively higher concentration levels of heavy metals Cd, Co, Cu, Pb, Ni, and Zn in the water
which points to anthropogenic addition. However, potential influence of geochemical processes on the concentration levels
in sediment is also shown in Co, Ni, and Cu which were more concentrated in the remote Lake Baringo sediment as well as in
Pb and Mn which were more concentrated in the remote Lake Bogoria sediment. Data on some important limnological parameters
including pH, salinity, electrical conductivity and temperature are also presented. 相似文献
8.
Analysis of moss and topsoil to monitor metal emissions from a pulp and paper mill in Western Kenya 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Adoli FK Lalah JO Okoth AO 《Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology》2011,86(1):137-143
The mean concentrations of Zn, Cu, Cd, Cr and Fe in mosses around Webuye Pan Paper factory were found to be significantly
higher than in controls taken from Kakamega, indicating atmospheric contribution from the anthropogenic activities within
the factory, shown within a radius of 1 km around the factory. The mean concentrations (μg/g dry weight) in the mosses ranged
from 60.9–124.5, 22.6–34.2, 13.3–14.7, 20.1–33.3 and 1,822.4–2,079.2, respectively. The mean concentrations of Pb in mosses
sampled from the eastern and western side of the factory were also significantly higher than in controls. The mean concentrations
of Zn, Cu, Cd, Cr, Pb and Fe in topsoil samples ranged from 7 (Pb)–2,310 (Fe) mg/kg dry wt, depending on sample means based
on site direction, distance from the factory and season. There was no clear variation in metal concentrations in mosses and
topsoils with direction from the factory which was consistent with the observed fluctuations in wind direction which changed
from south-west in the mornings to north and south-west in the afternoons during sampling. 相似文献
9.
Lead,Zinc, and Cadmium in Vegetable/Crops in a Zinc Smelting Region and its Potential Human Toxicity
Yang Y Li F Bi X Sun L Liu T Jin Z Liu C 《Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology》2011,87(5):586-590
Lead, Zn, and Cd in vegetables/crops were investigated in a zinc smelting region in China, and their daily dietary intake
by local residents was estimated. It is observed that Pb, Zn, and Cd were in 34.7–91.1, 242–575, and 0.199–2.23 μg g−1 dry weight in vegetables/crops with their greatest concentrations in leafy vegetable. The daily dietary intake of Pb, Zn,
and Cd by adult residents reached 3, 646, 59,295, and 186 μg day, respectively, and lettuce and cabbage together contributed
75% of the Pb, 50% of the Zn, and 70% of the Cd. 相似文献
10.
L. Barjaktarovic J. E. Elliott A. M. Scheuhammer 《Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology》2002,43(4):0486-0491
Eighty-six surf (Melanitta perspicillata) and nine white winged (M. fusca) scoters were collected from 1989–1994 at 11 locations in British Columbia and the Yukon. Their kidney and liver tissues
were analyzed for cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), and metallothionein (MT) concentrations. Individual kidney Cd values
ranged from 2.4 μg/g dry weight (DW) in birds from northern Vancouver Island to 390.2 μg/g (DW) in birds from the Queen Charlotte
Islands, which is in the range of values potentially associated with kidney damage. Birds from the Queen Charlotte Islands
also had high kidney Zn concentrations, which were significantly higher than values in birds from Naniamo and Westham Island
on the south coast of BC. Cd values were significantly (p < 0.001) correlated with both Zn and MT concentrations in kidney
tissue (r = 0.66 and 0.62, respectively). Male surf scoters had significantly higher kidney Cd and Zn levels than females, with mean Cd values
of 47.3 and 19.7 μg/g DW (p < 0.002) for males and females, respectively. Mean Zn values were 120.8 and 108.0 μg/g DW (p <
0.05) for males and females, respectively. However, no sex differences were observed for either Cu or MT concentrations in
kidney tissue. Individual MT values ranged from 2.7 to 416.8 μg/g wet weight (WW). Individual kidney Cu values ranged from
15.1 to 48.4 μg/g DW for both sexes. Kidney and liver Cd concentrations were significantly correlated (r = 0.90, p < 0.05) with kidney levels almost always higher than liver values. Although Cd accumulation by the Skidegate scoters was
high, comparable tissue Cd values have been documented in other seabirds collected from the same general area, indicating
elevated Cd concentrations in marine food chains around the Queen Charlotte Islands (Haida Gwaii) region of the Pacific coast.
Received: 17 January 2002/Accepted: 2 June 2002 相似文献
11.
A. Milton J. A. Cooke M. S. Johnson 《Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology》2003,44(3):0405-0411
Lead, zinc, and cadmium were determined in a range of tissues from wild populations of bank voles (Clethrionomys glareolus) trapped on an abandoned metalliferous mine site and a reference site. Estimated dietary intakes indicated that animals were
exposed to elevated levels of all three metals at the mine site, and this was generally reflected in metal residues in body
tissues. Lead concentrations were significantly higher in all tissues of animals from the mine compared to the reference site,
while Cd was higher only in the kidney. There was evidence of age-accumulation (using total body weight as an index of age)
of Cd in both the liver and kidney of mine site animals but no evidence of such accumulation of lead in bone. In contrast
to Cd and Pb, Zn was lower in the tissues of mine site animals compared to the reference site. Based on critical tissue concentrations,
the ecotoxicological risk to a wild population of bank voles (Clethrionomys glareolus), associated with total substrate levels of 1 μg g−1 dry weight Cd and 700 μg g−1 dry weight Zn at this mine site is negligible, but that associated with 4000 μg g−1 dry weight Pb may be considered significant.
Received: 28 January 2002/Accepted: 29 July 2002 相似文献
12.
Langner HW Greene E Domenech R Staats MF 《Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology》2012,62(4):681-695
We investigated links between mining-related contaminants in river sediment and their occurrence in nestling ospreys (Pandion haliaetus) in the Clark Fork River Basin, Montana, USA. Blood and feather samples from 111 osprey chicks were collected during 4 years
from nests along river sections with greatly different sediment concentrations of arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu),
lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), and mercury (Hg). No significant differences between river sections were found among Zn (3,150 ± 160 μg
L−1) and Cd (<5 μg L−1) concentrations in blood. Cu, Pb, and As concentrations in blood were significantly increased in chicks from the most contaminated
river sections (mean values of 298, 8.9, and 100 μg L−1, respectively). Cu, Zn, and Pb concentrations increased significantly during a year of above-average river runoff combined
with high suspended sediment loads in rivers. Total Hg concentrations in blood and feathers were highly correlated and depended
on the geographic locations of the nests. The lowest blood concentrations of Hg were observed in the most upstream river section
(mean 151 μg L−1) where total sediment concentrations were increased (0.80 mg kg−1). River sections with intermediate blood concentrations (mean 206 and 303 μg L−1) were associated with low to intermediate sediment concentrations (0.058 and 0.46 mg kg−1). The highest concentrations of Hg in ospreys (mean 548 μg L−1) were observed downstream from a contaminated tributary (1–4 mg kg−1 in sediment). In river sections with lower Hg concentrations in sediment, there was a negative correlation between blood
Hg concentration and chick mass, presumably due to high deposition rates into growing feathers. This relationship was absent
in sections of high Hg exposure. Osprey blood and feathers are suitable for monitoring Hg in aquatic ecosystems; however,
responses of As, Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn are more subtle. 相似文献
13.
Mingxin Dai Shitao Peng Jian Xu Chunguang Liu Xinglong Jin Shuifen Zhan 《Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology》2009,83(6):907-912
Characteristics of the spatial and temporal distributions of selected dissolved heavy metals (Cu, Zn, Pb, Hg and Cd) in Bohai
Bay, north China was investigated. Water samples from 22 sites were collected and analyzed for the selected metals with atomic
absorption spectrometry from the year of 1996 to 2005. Relatively high concentrations of Cu, Zn, Pb and Hg were detected,
with maximum concentrations in the 10-year period of 16.30, 422.00, 40.40, 0.23 μg/L respectively. The concentrations of Cd
in all samples were quite low, with maximum level of 0.89 μg/L. The spatial distribution of dissolved Cu, Zn and Pb was analogous,
where their average concentrations generally descended from the coastline to the central areas of the bay. Differently, for
Hg and Cd, relatively high concentrations occurred not only in inshore but also in offshore areas. Measured data of heavy
metals were compared with sea water quality standard of China (SWQSC). Cd concentrations in all samples were below SWQSC Grade-I.
The percentages of Cu, Zn, Pb, and Hg at Grade-III levels in Bohai Bay were 2.67%, 30.00%, 30.43% and 0.36%, respectively,
suggesting the severe contamination of Zn and Pb in this area. Terrestrial inputs via different rivers and sewages may be
the important source for the heavy metals contamination. 相似文献
14.
Osuna-Martínez CC Páez-Osuna F Alonso-Rodríguez R 《Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology》2011,87(3):272-275
In order to determine the metal concentrations in cultured oysters from four coastal lagoons from SE Gulf of California, several
individuals of Crassostrea gigas and C. corteziensis were collected and their cadmium, copper, lead and zinc levels were measured by atomic absorption spectrometry after acid
digestion. The concentration of metals in oyster soft tissue was Zn > Cu > Cd > Pb. In two lagoons, Cd concentrations (10.1–13.5 μg g−1 dw) exceeded the maximum level allowed according to the Official Mexican Standard (NOM-031-SSA1-1993), which is equivalent
to the WHO recommended Cd levels in organisms used for human consumption. 相似文献
15.
Widmeyer JR Bendell-Young LI 《Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology》2008,55(3):442-450
Wild Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) and sediment, both resuspended and suspended (RSS) samples (<53 μm), were collected over an 8-month period from a coastal
estuary in Baynes Sound, BC, Canada. Stable isotope analysis (δ13C, δ15N) was used to determine, first, if RSS sediments was an important dietary source to C. gigas and, second, if so, whether it served as a significant dietary exposure route for Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn. Although RSS sediments
were high in trace metals such as Cd, Pb, Zn, and notably Cu, stable isotope signatures for oyster tissues did not correspond
to those of RSS sediments. These results indicate that RSS sediments are not a significant source of metal to the oysters.
In addition, we compared the potential risk to humans ingesting C. gigas with levels of Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn from this study to the current Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR)
chronic oral minimal risk levels (MRLs) using current Canadian consumption guidelines of three oysters/week. Cu, Pb, and Zn
levels were below MRL levels, with Cd exceeding the recommended 0.2 μg/kg/day MRL level fourfold. Total daily intake levels
(TDI) for Cd were additionally calculated and either reached or exceeded the Food and Agriculture Organization/World Health
Organization (FAP/WHO) reference dose of 1 μg/kg/day for Cd consumption in Canadians. Our results indicate that the current
Canadian Cd consumption guidelines do not protect individuals consuming the maximum recommended levels of wild oysters. 相似文献
16.
Bulk and Bioavailable Heavy Metals (Cd,Cu, Pb,and Zn) in Surface Sediments from Mazatlán Harbor (SE Gulf of California) 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Jara-Marini ME Soto-Jiménez MF Páez-Osuna F 《Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology》2008,80(2):150-153
This work evaluates current metal concentrations (Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn) and the operational bio-available chemical extraction
fraction in surface sediments in Mazatlán Harbor in Northwest México. Sediment samples were also analyzed for organic carbon,
carbonates and particle size. Ranges of bulk metal were as follows: Cd from 3.1 to 3.3 μg/g, Cu from 31.9 to 44.9 μg/g, Pb
from 49.6 to 54.0 μg/g, and Zn from 217.8 to 323.5 μg/g. In terms of biological effects, metals concentrations in the sediments
lie between the low and median ranges of the mean quality guideline criteria. Comparatively, the metals concentrations increased
from 1983 to 1994 and then for 2006, except Pb and Cd that decreased in the last period of time. The bio-available fraction
of metals increased from 1983 to 1994, but only bio-available Cu increased from 1994 to 2006, due to mobilization of this
metal from the organic matter–sulfide phase. 相似文献
17.
E. Y. Kim R. Goto S. Tanabe H. Tanaka R. Tatsukawa 《Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology》1998,35(4):638-645
The concentrations of 14 trace elements (Li, V, Mn, Co, Cu, Zn, Se, Rb, Sr, Ag, Cd, Cs, Pb, and Hg) were determined in tissues
and organs of three species and in the liver of 11 species of seabirds. Comparatively high concentrations of Li, Co, Sr, and
V were found in the femur. Cd, Se, Cu, and Mn concentrations were relatively higher in the kidney than in other tissues and
organs. Rb, Cs, and Pb concentrations were rather uniform among tissues. Concentrations of essential elements such as Mn,
Cu, and Co were comparable among seabird species, except high Cu concentrations in northern giant petrel. Among nonessential
elements, concentrations of Cd and Hg were variable according to seabird species. Pb levels were low in all the species. High
Se levels (100 μg/g dry weight) were found in the liver of black-footed albatross and grey petrel. There were significant
positive correlations between Se and Cd concentrations in three species and between Se and Hg in black-footed albatross, suggesting
that Se has an antagonistic action on the toxic effects of Cd and Hg. Concentrations of Li, V, Ag, and Cs were usually low
(less than 1 μg/g dry weight).
Received: 30 October 1997/Accepted: 17 May 1998 相似文献
18.
Sakai H Saeki K Ichihashi H Kamezaki N Tanabe S Tatsukawa R 《Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology》2000,39(3):378-385
Concentrations of nine heavy metals (Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Pb, Ni, Cd, Co, and Hg) were determined in liver, kidney, and muscle
of 50 green turtles (Chelonia mydas) collected from Yaeyama Islands, Okinawa, Japan, to elucidate growth-related changes in heavy metal accumulation during different
growth stage. Considerably high Cu concentrations were found in the liver of smaller turtles. Mean hepatic concentration of
Cu was 50.2 μg/g wet weight which varied widely (4.27–113 μg/g wet weight). Cadmium concentrations decreased with increasing
the carapace length. The juvenile green turtles in the pelagic ocean are likely feed on zooplankton, while adult coastal inhabiting
green turtles mainly feed on sea grasses and seaweeds. Concentrations of Cd in sea plants are lower than those in zooplankton.
The specific accumulation of Cd found in the green turtle seems to be attributable to their feeding habit, which is a shift
from carnivore to herbivore at different growth stages.
Received: 13 September 1999/Accepted: 29 March 2000 相似文献
19.
Frías I Rubio C González-Iglesias T Gutiérrez AJ González-Weller D Hardisson A 《Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology》2008,80(1):30-33
Ashes and contents of Zn, Cu, Fe, Cd and Pb in 140 fresh honey samples from three different areas of Tenerife Island were
determined by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry and graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry.
A mean ash content of 0.35% has been determined. The mean Fe, Cu, Zn, Pb and Cd concentrations observed have been 3.37 mg kg−1, 1.28 mg kg−1, 2.83 mg kg−1, 37.33 μg kg−1, 4.38 μg kg−1, respectively. A direct statistical correlation has been found between the Fe–Zn and Fe–Pb content, and between the Cd–Zn
and Cd–Pb levels. 相似文献
20.
Ongeri DM Lalah JO Wandiga SO Schramm KW Michalke B 《Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology》2009,82(1):64-69
In this study, the distribution and sources of inputs of trace metals including Cd, Cu, Zn and Pb from various sources as
well as Fe which is widely used in the construction industry, into Winam Gulf of Lake Victoria were investigated. The sampling
sites were located up streams and down streams of four rivers (Sio, Nyamasaria, Nyando and Sondu-Miriu), in four beaches along
the lake (Port Victoria, Kisumu Car Wash, Dunga and Hippo point beaches) and in three estates (Nyamasaria, Migosi and Nyawita)
in Kisumu city, covering potential agrochemical and industrial sources and drinking water points, respectively. The concentrations
(in μg/L) of trace metals analysed in the lake and river waters ranged from <1.79 (Cd), <3.83 (Pb), <1.53–3.86 (Cu), 4.37–11.6
(Zn), 11.8–2,440 (Fe). The sediment concentrations (in μg/kg × 103) ranged from 0.19 to 1.91 (Cd), 6.86–138 (Pb), 18–100 (Cu), 36.2–443 (Zn) and 960–73,200 (Fe), with highest concentrations
of all metals being recorded at Kisumu Car Wash area. The study confirmed that the concentrations of the metals accumulate
downstream in the rivers both in water and sediment and these rivers are major sources of the heavy metal load into Winam
Gulf of Lake Victoria. 相似文献